61. World Congress On Language Policies The differences in name have to do with the fact that the (maravi) people who Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe. (1997). Manufacturing African Studies and Crises. http://www.linguapax.org/congres/taller/taller1/Matiki.html

LANGUAGE PLANNING AND LINGUISTIC EXCLUSION IN THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS IN MALAWI Alfred J. Matiki, PhD University of Malawi Introduction This paper examines the dynamic functioning of linguistic diversity in Malawi from a language planning perspective. It explores how the asymmetrical and competitive coexistence of English and indigenous languages in the secondary domains of national life has adjusted to current sociopolitical and sociocultural realities. More specifically it examines the efficacy of introducing indigenous languages, particularly the national lingua franca Chinyanja, into the legislative assembly. The State of Language Planning in Post-colonial Malawi The census also showed that 0.006% of the population used English as a home language while 4.9% understood it. Only 22.5% of the population understood only an indigenous language other than Chichewa, and 0.9% understood English and another language but not Chichewa. As Stubbs (1972:72) notes, when Malawi won its independence from Britain in 1964 and attained its republican status in 1966, "slightly over one in five of the population aged 5 and over were unable to understand either of the languages in which information was diffused and administration and business conducted." In spite of this realization, the new government adopted the colonial language policy with the only exception that Chichewa was given a new status and a prominent position in the policy.

62. Demographics Of Malawi - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia On reaching the area north of Lake Malawi, the (maravi) divided. Predominantly arural people, Malawians are generally conservative and traditionally http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi/People

Demographics of Malawi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Malawi/People Malawi derives its name from the Maravi , a Bantu people who came from the southern Congo about 600 years ago. On reaching the area north of Lake Malawi , the Maravi divided. One branch, the ancestors of the present-day Chewas , moved south to the west bank of the lake. The other, the ancestors of the Nyanjas , moved down the east bank to the southern part of the country. By AD 1500, the two divisions of the tribe had established a kingdom stretching from north of the present-day city of Nkhotakota to the Zambezi River in the south, and from Lake Malawi in the east, to the Luangwa River in Zambia in the west. Migrations and tribal conflicts precluded the formation of a cohesive Malawian society until the turn of the 20th century. In more recent years, ethnic and tribal distinctions have diminished. Regional distinctions and rivalries, however, persist. Despite some clear differences, no significant friction currently exists between tribal groups, and the concept of a Malawian nationality has begun to take hold. Predominantly a rural people, Malawians are generally conservative and traditionally nonviolent. The Chewas constitute 90% of the population of the central region; the

63. A Popular Account Of Dr. Livingstone's Expedition To The Zambesi And Its Tributa His people were friendly enough with us now, and covered the banks with a variety A short way beyond the Ruo lies the Elephant marsh, or nyanja Mukulu, http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/l/livingstone/david/zambesi/chapter3.html

David Livingstone A Popular Account of Dr. Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries CHAPTER III. The wretched little steamer could not carry all the hands we needed; so, to lighten her, we put some into the boats and towed them astern. In the dark, one of the boats was capsized; but all in it, except one poor fellow who could not swim, were picked up. His loss threw a gloom over us all, and added to the chagrin we often felt at having been so ill-served in our sorry craft. Next day we arrived at the village of Mboma (16 degrees 56 minutes 30 seconds S.), where the people raised large quantities of rice, and were eager traders; the rice was sold at wonderfully low rates, and we could not purchase a tithe of the food brought for sale. A range of hills, commencing opposite Senna, comes to within two or three miles of Mboma village, and then runs in a north-westerly direction; the principal hill is named Malawe; a number of villages stand on its tree-covered sides, and coal is found cropping out in the rocks. The country improves as we ascend, the rich valley becoming less swampy, and adorned with a number of trees. Towards evening, hundreds of pretty little hawks (Erythropus vespertinus) are seen flying in a southerly direction, and feeding on dragon-flies and locusts. They come, apparently, from resting on the palm-trees during the heat of the day. Flocks of scissor-bills (Rhyncops) are then also on the wing, and in search of food, ploughing the water with their lower mandibles, which are nearly half an inch longer than the upper ones.

64. A Popular Account Of Dr. Livingstone's Expedition To The Zambesi And Its Tributa I believe that the information it will give, respecting the people visited andthe countries The lagoon itself is called nyanja ea Motope (Lake of Mud). http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/l/livingstone/david/zambesi/zambesi.html

by David Livingstone TO THE RIGHT HON. LORD PALMERSTON, K.G., G.C.B. My Lord, I beg leave to dedicate this Volume to your Lordship, as a tribute justly due to the great Statesman who has ever had at heart the amelioration of the African race; and as a token of admiration of the beneficial effects of that policy which he has so long laboured to establish on the West Coast of Africa; and which, in improving that region, has most forcibly shown the need of some similar system on the opposite side of the Continent. DAVID LIVINGSTONE. NOTICE TO THIS WORK. PREFACE. I have to acknowledge the obliging readiness of Lord Russell in lending me the drawings taken by the artist who was in the first instance attached to the Expedition. These sketches, with photographs by Charles Livingstone and Dr. Kirk, have materially assisted in the illustrations. I would also very sincerely thank my friends Professor Owen and Mr. Oswell for many valuable hints and other aid in the preparation of this volume. Newstead Abbey, April 16, 1865. INTRODUCTION.

65. 1. Chiume, M.W.K. - Kwacha: An Autobiography, (East African Publishing House, Na The country was renamed Malawi which is a modern derivation of (maravi) whichmeans reflected Fish is a major source of animal protein for the people. http://www.sdnp.org.mw/undp/Mlwinfo/living/condt.html

The UN System Other development partners The European Union maintains a delegation in Malawi to coordinate the substantial amount of aid provided by the EDF. In addition, there are several countries providing bilateral aid, notably the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, Japan, and the Republic of China (all with resident missions) and Australia, Canada, France, Norway, Sweden and Finland (non residential). Several non-governmental aid organisations (for example, Save the Children, The Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief, World Vision, Plan International, The Christian Service Committee and the Africa Muslim Agency) give assistance to Malawi mainly in the fields of education and health. Religious missions have made significant contributions, particularly in these two sectors, since the initiation of the first Livingstonia Mission in 1875. Physical features Lilongwe : (Altitude - 3,500 ft). The main city in the Central Region has been Malawi's capital since January 1975. The population was 234,000 according to the 1987 Census and is currently estimated at 500,000. Lilongwe is centrally located in an agriculturally productive area, lying in the hub of communication arteries, criss-crossed by the north-south and east-west roads as well as the Mchinji-Blantyre railway and the Lilongwe International Airport. The Zambian border is 100 kms from Lilongwe and within easy reach by a modern highway. Blantyre : (Altitude 3,400 ft). The main city in the Southern Region is Malawi's chief commercial and industrial centre. Founded by missionaries in 1876, it has been associated with tea growing and tobacco processing since 1908. Served by a railhead in Limbe, 8 kms away, Blantyre became a distribution point for the rest of Malawi. Limbe and Blantyre were amalgamated in 1956 and in 1966 Blantyre was granted a City Charter. It is Malawi's most populous city with an estimated population of 750,000 which has increased from 332,000 at the time of the 1987 Census. Blantyre is served by Chileka International Airport and a railway line to the ports of Beira and Nacala in Mozambique. The national road network connects Blantyre to all cities and towns of Malawi. The Mozambican border is 100 kms from Blantyre and the Blantyre-Mwanza-Tete-Harare highway provides easy access to Mozambique, Zimbabwe and on to South Africa.

66. A Popular Account Of Dr. Livingstone's Expedition To The Zambesi And Its Tributa I believe that the information it will give, respecting the people visited andthe countries The lagoon itself is called nyanja ea Motopé (Lake of Mud). http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/5/1/2519/2519-h/2519-h.htm

A Popular Account of Dr. Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries, by David Livingstone The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Popular Account of Dr. Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries, by David Livingstone This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: A Popular Account of Dr. Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries And of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa (1858-1864) Author: David Livingstone Release Date: May 13, 2005 [eBook #2519] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF DR. LIVINGSTONE'S EXPEDITION TO THE ZAMBESI AND ITS TRIBUTARIES*** Transcribed from the 1894 John Murray edition by David Price, email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF AND THE DISCOVERY OF LAKES SHIRWA AND NYASSA TO THE RIGHT HON. LORD PALMERSTON

67. A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF DR. LIVINGSTONE S EXPEDITION TO THE ZAMBESI The remarkably few people seen appear to be tolerably well fed, but there was adearth of The lagoon itself is called nyanja ea Motope (Lake of Mud). http://www.cumorah.com/etexts/zambs10.txt

68. Map Zones : Mozambique Map Mozambique Map, History, Culture, People, Population, Climate, Economy, Mozambique, independent republic, southeastern africa, bordered on the north by http://kids.mapzones.com/world/mozambique/

fiSearchFormMaxSetId='AX006201'; Mozambique Plants and Animal Back to Top Mozambique Communications Back to Top fair system but not available generally (telephone density is only 3.5 telephones for each 1,000 persons) domestic: the system consists of open-wire lines and trunk connection by microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat Mozambique Culture Back to Top Many of the cultural traditions of the Mozambican people survived centuries of colonialism. The Makonde in the north are renowned for their ebony sculptures and masks. The Chopi of the south central coast are famous for their complex musical arrangements and dance. Mozambique’s tradition of visual art has produced several modern artists who have achieved international renown. One of the most famous Mozambican artists is Malangatana, whose paintings portray the sufferings of the colonial period and the civil war. Mozambique enjoys a great range of cultural and linguistic diversity. Islamic culture, Swahili language, and matrilineal Bantu-speaking groups coexist in northern and central regions, reflecting prevailing patterns in neighbouring Tanzania and Malawi. The great variety of people of the Zambezi valley overlap culturally and linguistically with neighbouring Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, and patrilineal, cattle-keeping people who share a heritage with neighbouring Nguni-speaking groups in South Africa and Zimbabwe are common in the south. Amid the variety of languages, social relationships, artistic traditions, clothing, and ornamentation patterns is a common theme of dynamic and creative cultural expression in song, oral poetry, dance, and performance.

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