1. Nuclear Fusion Basics Nuclear fusion energy basics and advantages, presented by EFDA. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

2. Fusion Energy Education Site FusEdWeb Fusion Energy Educational Web Site Bringing the Power Source of the Stars Down to Earth! http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. Fusion Basics Fusion Basics. Fusion Energy. Advantages of Fusion. How Fusion Energy is Produced. Fusion Reactions. Conditions for Fusion. Plasma Heating. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

4. Fusion Energy And Plasma Physics Research At PPPL United States Department of Energy facility devoted to plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. IAEA Nuclear Fusion Journal Nuclear Fusion Editorial office International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Wagramerstrasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A1400 Vienna, Austria nf@iaea.org http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. General Atomics Fusion Education resources for teachers and students; links to a more technical GAT fusion site http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. Fusion Power - Fusion Research At UKAEA Culham UKAEA Fusion at Culham home of UK research into fusion energy. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

8. American Nuclear Society Resource of nuclear science and technology which are very important nuclear medicine, nuclear energy, food irradiation, and nuclear techniques used http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. The Energy Story - Chapter 13 Nuclear Energy - Fission And Fusion Chapter 13 Nuclear Energy Fission and Fusion. Another major form of energy is nuclear energy, the energy that is trapped inside each atom. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

10. Nuclear Energy Fusion of lowZ nuclei can release a considerable amount of energy. Because fusion requires extreme conditions, producing this nuclear reaction on Earth http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/01/7.html

Chapter Head Home Table of Contents Glossary ... Appendix Nuclear Energy Fission Fission occurs when the nucleus of an atom divides into two smaller nuclei. Fission can occur spontaneously; it may also be induced by the capture of a neutron. For example, an excited state of uranium (created by neutron capture) can split into smaller " daughter " nuclei. Fission products will often emit neutrons because the N/Z ratio is greater at higher Z. With a proper arrangement of uranium atoms, it is possible to have the neutrons resulting from the first fission event be captured and to cause more uranium nuclei to fission. This "chain reaction" process causes the number of uranium atoms that fission to increase exponentially. When the uranium nucleus fissions, it releases a considerable amount of energy. This process is carried on in a controlled manner in a nuclear reactor, where control rods capture excess neutrons, preventing them from being captured by other uranium nuclei to induce yet another uranium fission. Nuclear reactors are designed so that the release of energy is slow and can be used for practical generation of energy. In an atomic bomb, the chain reaction is explosively rapid. Fusion Fusion last updated: August 9, 2000

11. Nuclear Fusion Basics nuclear fusion energy basics and advantages, presented by EFDA. http://www.jet.efda.org/pages/content/fusion1.html

EFDA-JET Home Nuclear Fusion Basics Contents : The Nuclear Fusion Reaction Plasma Confinement Conditions for a Fusion Reaction Heating of Plasma Section 1 - The Nuclear Fusion Reaction Nuclear Fusion is the energy-producing process which takes place continuously in the sun and stars. In the core of the sun at temperatures of 10-15 million degrees Celsius, Hydrogen is converted to Helium providing enough energy to sustain life on earth. For energy production on earth, different fusion reactions are involved. The most suitable reaction occurs between the nuclei of the two heavy forms (isotopes) of Hydrogen - Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T); eventually reactions involving just Deuterium or Deuterium and Helium ( He) may be used. Most suitable fusion reaction. At the temperatures required for the D-T fusion reaction - over 100 Million deg. C - the fuel has changed its state from gas to PLASMA. In a plasma, the electrons have been separated from the atomic nuclei (usually called the "ions"). Understanding plasma required major developments in physics. Plasmas are now used widely in industry, especially for semi-conductor manufacture. Advantages of Fusion A vast, new source of energy.

12. LENR-CANR.org Comprehensive treatment of Low energy nuclear Reactions (LENR), or Chemically Assisted nuclear Reactions (CANR). Contains library with fulltext papers, and introductions and history of Cold fusion for both the general public and researchers in the field. http://www.lenr-canr.org/

Search lenr-canr.org Search WWW LENR-CANR CONTENTS LENR-CANR Home Page Introduction to LENR-CANR News, links, download tally A look at experiments Special Collections ... Cold Fusion and The Future The future might be better than you think. A. C. Clarke says this book calls for "a reliable Mind-Deboggler." Paperback version, $8. This site features a library of papers on LENR, L ow E nergy N uclear R eactions, also known as Cold Fusion. (CANR, C hemically A ssisted N uclear R eactions, is another term for this phenomenon.) It features a library of more than 400 original scientific papers in Acrobat format, reprinted with permission from the authors and publishers. The papers are linked to a bibliography of over 3,000 journal papers, news articles and books about LENR. Click on the CONTENTS listed on the left to see: The Introduction to LENR-CANR section, featuring A Student's Guide to Cold Fusion , by Edmund Storms, and other essays by Storms, Peter Hagelstein and Talbot Chubb. News, links to other web sites about LENR, download tally. A look at experiments: photographs of laboratories and equipment, poster session material.

13. The Energy Story - Chapter 13: Nuclear Energy - Fission And Fusion The energy Story is a general introduction to energy. Chapters explore renewable energy, fossil fuels, electricity, circuits and many other things. http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter13.html

Chapter 13: Nuclear Energy - Fission and Fusion Another major form of energy is nuclear energy, the energy that is trapped inside each atom. One of the laws of the universe is that matter and energy can't be created nor destroyed. But they can be changed in form. Matter can be changed into energy. The world's most famous scientist, Albert Einstein , created the mathematical formula that explains this. It is: E m c This equation says: E [energy] equals m [mass] times c c stands for the velocity or the speed of light. c means c times c, or the speed of light raised to the second power or c-squared.] You can listen to Einstein's voice explaining this at: www.aip.org/history/einstein/voice1.htm Please note that some web browser software may not show an exponent (raising something to a power, a mathematical expression) on the Internet. Normally c-squared is shown with a smaller "2" placed above and to the right of the c. Scientists used Einstein's famous equation as the key to unlock atomic energy and also create atomic bombs. The ancient Greeks said the smallest part of nature is an atom. But they did not know 2,000 years ago about nature's even smaller parts.

14. Professor Quester Answers - Nuclear Power So far, nuclear fusion is still in the theoretical and experimental stages of The following is from the Department of energy s fusion energy Office http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/ask_quester/answers_nuclear.html

Professor Quester Answers Questions on Nuclear Power Dear Professor Quester: I was wondering... when you split two positively charged atoms, you make nuclear energy. But, when they try to make cold fusion, they split two negatively charged atoms and can't do it. Why can't you try to split a positive and a negative atom to make cold fusion? (I know you have to have nickel to do it also!) -Thanks (John, 8th grade, Queen of Angels School, B.C. Canada) The Professor Answers: Dear John: It's not really a question of two positively charged atoms versus two negatively charges ones when discussing nuclear power. First, you already know that atoms are made up of protons (positive charge), electrons (negative charge) and neutrons (neutral charge). Because atoms have the same number of electrons and protons, the positive and negative charges balance equally. The force that holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus is called nuclear force. Each atom of Uranium-235, the fissionable isotope of uranium, contains 92 protons, 92 electrons and 143 neutrons. That's what makes it an isotope; having more neutrons. Although each atom is balanced, all nuclei are unstable to a certain degree. The bigger the nucleus, the more unstable it is. It is this instability that makes U-235 perfect for fission to occur. The balanced, but large, unstable U-235 nucleus is bombarded by neutrons. When a neutron hits the nucleus, the nucleus splits into two smaller, more stable nuclei. These smaller nuclei need fewer neutrons to make them stable and two or three neutrons are usually released. These then cause other nuclei to break up and can start a chain reaction. The energy needed to hold all of the particles together in the new nuclei is less than that required in the original nucleus and the "spare" energy is released, mostly as heat.

15. Fusion Energy And Plasma Physics Research At PPPL United States Department of energy facility devoted to plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research. http://www.pppl.gov/

The Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) is a collaborative national center for plasma and fusion science. The Laboratory is managed by Princeton University for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science. An associated mission for PPPL is to provide the highest quality science education in fusion energy, plasma physics, and related technologies. DOE Office of Science Celebrates 2005 World Year of Physics Search Contact PPPL About PPPL ... PPPL: Fueling the Future (video) 2004-2005 Colloquium Series PPPL HOTLINES August Issue (PDF) 25th Anniversary Issue (PDF) Teamwork Credited for DIII-D Fast-wave Milestone PPPL Provides Small Plasma Lab to Goshen College ... Licensing Agreement Signed to Commercialize Nuclear Detection Technology Developed by PPPL PPPL is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy is part of the DOE Office of Science and is managed by Princeton University. DOE Eurekalert USDOE and Other Fusion Links U.S. Fusion Energy Program Policy Information ... Download PPPL Logo Updated: 23 August 2005 Send questions or comments to Anthony R. DeMeo

16. Please Note The Change Of Address! Information about the undergraduate and graduate degrees offered by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in nuclear engineering and energy systems, plasma physics and fusion technology and radiation science and technology. http://web.mit.edu/ned/www/

The Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering has changed its name and moved to a new address. Please update your bookmarks! If you are not automatically redirected to the new address in 5 seconds, please go to http://web.mit.edu/nse/

17. The Office Of Science - Home Page Funds basic research to advance the fundamental science knowledge base and train future scientists. Topics include materials and chemical sciences, engineering and geosciences, and energy biosciences; magnetic fusion energy; health and environmental research; high energy and nuclear physics; computational and technology research in mathematical, informational, and computational sciences. http://www.er.doe.gov/

Contact Web Publishing Inventory Site Map Privacy Policy FirstGov for Science Relief for Researchers Affected by Hurricane Katrina Letter from Dr. Raymond L. Orbach, Director of the Office of Science, to the science community In Memory of John N. Bahcall Tribute to Dr. John N. Bahcall by Dr. Raymond L. Orbach, Director, Office of Science Solar Energy Workshop Report DOE Outlines Research Needed to Improve Solar Energy Technologies Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Solar Energy Utilization, April 18-21, 2005 Rice Genome Sequence International Rice Genome Sequence Effort Completed Multiscale Mathematics Awards New DOE Program Funds $20 Million for Mathematics Research FY 2005 Multiscale Mathematics Research Awards Lawrence Livermore Researchers Capture Four Awards for Industrial Innovation Call for Proposals for High Performance Computing Resources Energy Department Seeks Proposals to Use Scientific Computing Resources at Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge National Laboratories

18. Nuclear Fusion For potential nuclear energy sources for the Earth, Since the most practical nuclear fusion reaction for power generation seems to be the http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fusion.html

Nuclear Fusion If light nuclei are forced together, they will fuse with a yield of energy because the mass of the combination will be less than the sum of the masses of the individual nuclei. If the combined nuclear mass is less than that of iron at the peak of the binding energy curve, then the nuclear particles will be more tightly bound than they were in the lighter nuclei, and that decrease in mass comes off in the form of energy according to the Einstein relationship . For elements heavier than iron, fission will yield energy. For potential nuclear energy sources for the Earth, the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction contained by some kind of magnetic confinement seems the most likely path. However, for the fueling of the stars , other fusion reactions will dominate. Fusion reactors Conditions for fusion Index Fusion concepts ... Nuclear R Nave Go Back Deuterium-Tritium Fusion The most promising of the hydrogen fusion reactions which make up the deuterium cycle is the fusion of deuterium and tritium. The reaction yields 17.6 MeV of energy but requires a temperature of approximately 40 million Kelvins to overcome the coulomb barrier and ignite it. The

19. Nuclear Binding Energy nuclear binding energy, fusion example, Fission example, Further discussion The buildup of heavier elements in the nuclear fusion processes in stars is http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin.html

Nuclear Binding Energy Nuclei are made up of protons and neutron , but the mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the individual masses of the protons and neutrons which constitute it. The difference is a measure of the nuclear binding energy which holds the nucleus together. This binding energy can be calculated from the Einstein relationship The enormity of the nuclear binding energy can perhaps be better appreciated by comparing it to the binding energy of an electron in an atom. The comparison of the alpha particle binding energy with the binding energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom is shown below. The nuclear binding energies are on the order of a million times greater than the electron binding energies of atoms. Binding energy curve. Nuclear units. Index Nuclear Structure Concepts ... Nuclear R Nave Go Back Fission and fusion can yield energy Nuclear binding energy Fusion example Fission example Further discussion ... Nuclear R Nave Go Back Nuclear Binding Energy Curve The binding energy curve is obtained by dividing the total nuclear binding energy by the number of nucleons. The fact that there is a peak in the binding energy curve in the region of stability near iron means that either the breakup of heavier nuclei (fission) or the combining of lighter nuclei (fusion) will yield nuclei which are more tightly bound (less mass per nucleon).

20. Metals And Ceramics Division Diversified materials research organization, supporting all of the major energy technologies, including nuclear, fossil, fusion, and conservation. http://www.ms.ornl.gov/

The Metals and Ceramics Division is a large, diversified materials research division with programs that support all of the major energy technologies, including nuclear (civilian, defense, and space), fossil, fusion, and conservation. Basic and applied research programs are focused on the thrust areas of high-temperature design, structural ceramics, and radiation effects. efficient, cost-competitive, and environmentally acceptable material's technologies; and to enhance science education and improve scientific awareness of students from precollege through postgraduate levels. The division is a matrix organization made up of fifteen research groups seven program offices , and three major user facilities here (for internal use only) Research Groups Research Programs User Facilities Organization Chart (PDF) ... Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is operated by UT-Battelle, LLC

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