21. LIFE AFTER DEATH, NIHILISM, AND MODERN PHILOSOPHY nihilism is far from the isolated, oddball, radical philosophy many consider itto be. I would suggest that nihilism is the logical conclusion of most http://ws5.com/nihilism/

LIFE AFTER DEATH, NIHILISM, AND MODERN PHILOSOPHY (Third Millennium Final Edition - corrections and revisions are continuing) What Nihilism, Rationalism, Humanism, Agnosticism, Existentialism, etc., Really Say About Your Future Do you believe that life does end, or may end, at death? Everyone who believes that death may be the end should read the following essay from cover to cover. It represents a serious attempt to identify what may be a critical flaw in the foundation of many modern philosophies. It will help those who study Nihilism, Rationalism, Humanism, Agnosticism, and Existentialism, recognize questions that are probably already on their minds. It will address essential questions that you need to seek answers for. We will suggest that, whether they realize and admit it or not, anyone who does not believe in an "afterlife" is necessarily a "nihilist". In response to what appears to be a strong, intuitive, predisposition of readers to dismiss the conclusions of this essay as simply wrong, it has grown from a few pages to a lengthy, sometimes difficult to read, somewhat rambling, occasionally boring, text. For those who want a shorter introduction to our thoughts on nihilism, please read the summary of this essay by clicking here . Most readers will want to read the summary before proceeding with the detailed analysis. Those who choose to continue with this version may also find the summary interesting, as it includes some additional materials (the summary is from a chapter in a book we publish, which we provide links to at the end of this essay).

22. Nihilism Books And Articles - Research Nihilism At Questia Online nihilism Scholarly books and articles on nihilism at Questia, JOSEPH FRANKnihilism and Notes from Underground If philosophy does not consist merely http://www.questia.com/library/politics-and-government/political-science/politic

23. Fashionable Nihilism: Critique Of Analytic Philosophy :: Ephilosopher :: Philoso philosophy News, Research and Philosophical Discussion. http://www.ephilosopher.com/article299.html

@import url("themes/PostNukeBlue2/style/style.css"); E P H I L O S O P H E R Sep 24, 2005 - 07:53 AM Hey You! Want to join? or Login Search advanced web Menu Home Site Map Academic Jobs Fun Stuff Philosophy ... Community Special Sections Feeds Help Archives Notices Philosophy Tutor in London Professorship in the Inst... Mellon Postdoctoral Fello... Ramapo College of New Jer... ... More... Quotables A hundred years ago there lived a philosopher named Jeremy Bentham, who was universally recognized to be a very wicked man. I remember to this day the first time that I came across his name when I was a boy. It was in a statement by the Rev. Sydney Smith to the effect that Bentham thought people ought to make soup of their dead grandmothers. The practice appeared to me as undesirable from a culinary as from a moral point of view, and I therefore conceived a bad opinion of Bentham. - The Harm That Good Men Do Bertrand Russell EP Newsletter You are currently not logged in , but you can still subscribe to our newsletter. Links Books Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Fashionable Nihilism: Critique of Analytic Philosophy Posted by: Adimantis on Tuesday, October 29, 2002 - 11:46 AM

24. Nihilism, Nihilists, And Nihilistic Philosophy: Losing Values, Morality, Authori nihilism is not so much a school of philosophy as it is a general trend or attitudein philosophy, moral philosophy, and politics. http://atheism.about.com/od/nihilismnihilists/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Agnosticism / Atheism Philosophy, Philosophers Philosophy Schools, Systems ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Agnosticism / Atheism newsletter! See Online Courses Search Agnosticism / Atheism Nihilism, Nihilists, and Nihilistic Philosophy Nihilism is not so much a school of philosophy as it is a general trend or attitude in philosophy, moral philosophy, and politics. What all forms of nihilism share in common is a sense that some basic facets of life - be it morality or structures of political authority - are in reality baseless and without genuine substance. Although nihilism may seem at first to be a very negative perspective, nihilists themselves would be quick to dismiss such a conclusion. Alphabetical Recent Up a category What is Nihilism? By and large nihilists direct their negative critiques at prevailing social structures, but they simultaneously argue that the elimination of those false facades would allow for the development of improved and more 'real' social relations. The goal, ultimately would be the complete freedom and liberation and every sovereign individual from all prejudices, pieties, and figures of authority. Radical Skepticism and the Origins of Nihilism As is the case with Existentialism, the basic principles which underlie nihilism existed long before there was a term that attempted to describe them as a coherent whole. In the case of nihilism, most of the basic principles can be found in the development of ancient skepticism among the ancient Greeks.

25. Nietzsche And Nihilism: Nihilism, Nihilists, And Nihilistic Philosophy There is a common misconception that the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzschewas a nihilist. You can find this assertion in both popular and academic http://atheism.about.com/od/nihilismnihilists/a/nietzsche.htm

var zLb=4; zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Agnosticism / Atheism Philosophy, Philosophers Philosophy Schools, Systems Nietzsche and Nihilism: Nihilism, Nihilists, and Nihilistic Philosophy Atheism Essentials 10 Commandments: News, Analysis Pledge of Allegiance, Under God ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Agnosticism / Atheism newsletter! See Online Courses Search Agnosticism / Atheism Friedrich Nietzsche Stay up to date! Friedrich Nietzsche Email to a friend Print this page Suggested Reading What is Nihilism? Most Popular Islam FAQ: Muslim Beliefs Philosophy FAQ: Biographies of Famous Philosophers seven deadly sins Islam: Islamic Calendar and Muslim Holy Days ... Church / State Separation: Myths and Misconceptions What's Hot Thomas the Apostle: Profile Supreme Court Decision - Wallace v. Jaffree Who Wrote Mark's Gospel? Related Topics 20th Century History U.S. Politics: Current Events Civil Liberties Nietzsche and Nihilism From Austin Cline Your Guide to Agnosticism / Atheism FREE Newsletter.

26. Nihilism: Definition And Much More From Answers.com nihilism literally means belief in nothing. As a philosophical position, Though it is often described as a fundamentally nihilist philosophy, http://www.answers.com/topic/nihilism

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Arts Business Entertainment Games ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Medical Literature Obscure WordNet Wikipedia Translations Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping nihilism Dictionary ni·hil·ism nī ə-lĭz əm, nē n. Philosophy. An extreme form of skepticism that denies all existence. A doctrine holding that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. Rejection of all distinctions in moral or religious value and a willingness to repudiate all previous theories of morality or religious belief. The belief that destruction of existing political or social institutions is necessary for future improvement. also Nihilism A diffuse, revolutionary movement of mid 19th-century Russia that scorned authority and tradition and believed in reason, materialism, and radical change in society and government through terrorism and assassination. Psychiatry. A delusion, experienced in some mental disorders, that the world or one's mind, body, or self does not exist. [Latin nihil , nothing + –ISM ni hil·ist n.

27. MORAL REALISM AND INFINTE SPACETIME IMPLY MORAL NIHILISM By Quentin Smith CONSEQUENCES IN THE philosophy OF RELIGION. If moral nihilism is true, then sois atheism (at least the disbelief in the “god the of the philosophers”, http://www.qsmithwmu.com/moral_realism_and_infinte_spacetime_imply_moral_nihilis

Home PAINTINGS Poetry Publications ... Links MORAL REALISM AND INFINITE SPACETIME IMPLY MORAL NIHILISM by Quentin Smith Page 43 of Smith, Quentin, 2003, “Moral Realism and Infinite Spacetime Imply Moral Nihilism”, in Dyke, Heather (ed.), 2003, Time and Ethics: Essays at the Intersection , Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 43-54. MORAL REALISM AND INFINITE SPACETIME IMPLY MORAL NIHILISM by Quentin Smith 1. INTRODUCTION I argue that if the future is infinite, as contemporary astronomers believe it is, then moral nihilism is true if both moral realism and aggregative value theory is true. Usually, moral nihilism is defined as meaning nothing has value . But I am a moral realist, indeed a global moral realist, since I believe everything has value. I argued that everything is intrinsically valuable in my 1997 Ethical And Religious Thought In Analytic Philosophy of Language . Nonetheless, I believe the recent astronomical discovery that future time is infinite implies that it does not morally matter what we do . This is what I mean by moral nihilism. It does not matter what actions humans or other agents perform. My derivation of moral nihilism has as one of its premises that moral realism is true. So this is a different approach than emotivists such as A,J. Ayer or relativists such as Nagel, Nietzsche and Sartre, who derived moral nihilism from moral anti-realism

28. Philosophy: Continental-philosophy: Nihilism Spirit And Sky Internet Encyclopedia of philosophy nihilism nihilism, Life after death,and Modern philosophy. nihilism, Life after death, and Modern philosophy http://www.spiritandsky.com/philosophy/continental-philosophy/nihilism/

Home philosophy continental-philosophy : nihilism Web www.spiritandsky.com Home Search Suggest a Site Submission Guidelines ... continental-philosophy : nihilism Links: An article which claims that on TV, meaninglessness is played for laughs. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 117134 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Nihilism Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Nihilism Definition, origins, and history in relation to Friedrich Nietzsche. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 117135 Nihilism and the Law Nihilism and the Law Article by Phillip E Johnson, Professor of Law at UC-Berkeley. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 117136 nihilism and writing nihilism and writing nihilism, writing, critique, books, movies, free styles, poems, depression, dejection, despondency (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 117142 Nihilism's Home Page Nihilism's Home Page Nihilism's Home Page contains 110% of your necessary daily nihilism requirement. No filler just nihilism history, news, people, links and the counterorder cadre. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 117141 Nihilism, Life after death, and Modern philosophy Nihilism, Life after death, and Modern philosophy Something About Nothing - What Nihilism, Rationalism, Humanism, Agnosticism, Existentialism, etc., Really Say About Your Future

29. Philosophy.com: The Nihilism Of Academe From my Nietzschean perspective she is describing nihilism in the In thistradition philosophy is a compassionate doctor ministering to human needs. http://www.sauer-thompson.com/archives/philosophy/000580.html

Philosophy.Com 'An aphorism, properly stamped and molded, has not been "deciphered" when it has simply been read; rather one has then to begin its interpretation, for which is required an art of interpretation.' Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals Main July 13, 2003 the nihilism of academe I have been meaning to write about this article The Flight from Knowing by Lisa Ruddick-ever since I came across it courtesy of Invisible Adjunct and Amanda at Household Opera. Its taken a couple of days since real life has intervened. Lisa Ruddick has raised an important issue. From my Nietzschean perspective she is describing nihilism in the everyday practices of academe in the corporate university. The values of the humanitiesthe human in the humanities as Invisible Adjunct puts it have been hollowed out. It links in with a previous post of mine. Let me spell out the argument. Lisa starts her article by saying that after 9/11 a question presses in on her and her students. It is: "...how to bridge the chasm between the syllabuswhatever it containsand the students who are looking for help in figuring out how to sustain a humane connection to a world that’s overwhelming them....and I feel as if I'm in two different worlds. For years, scholarship in English has been refining the art of stepping away from humane connection.... Maybe some percentage of you will identify with the experience of a recent Ph.D. from my department... who told me that since the terrorist attacks she’s found less comfort than she expected in working on her book project, and confessed that right now she can't blame the people who look at our discipline and say, "What's the point? If you're not getting at anything that sustains people, what's the point?"

30. What Is Nihilism? | CounterOrder.com nihilism is a rejection of philosophy and the metaphysical nebulae such reasoning nihilism is the destruction of philosophy not the magnification of it! http://www.counterorder.com/nihilism.html

WHAT IS NIHILISM? Nihilism Defined Historical Nihilism A Little Perspective Nihilism As Philosophy ... Comments? "The more the universe seems comprehensible, the more it also seems pointless." -Steven Weinberg, physicist Nihilism Defined Nietzsche once said that faith means not wanting to know. Faith is 'don't let those pesky facts get in the way of our political plan or our mystically ordained path to heaven'; faith is 'do what I tell you because I said so'. All things that can't be disproved need faith, utopia needs faith, idealism needs faith, spiritual salvation needs faith. F**k faith. there is no final purpose . This is the simple beauty nihilism has that no other idea-set does. By breaking free from the tethers of teleology one is empowered in outlook and outcome because for the first time it's possible to find answers without proceeding from pre-existing perceptions. We're finally free to find out what's really out there and not just the partial evidence to support original pretext and faulty notions only making a hell on earth in the process. So f**k teleology too. Nihilism is primarily skepticism coupled with reduction but in practical reality it takes on more than one facet which often leads to a confusion of definitions. In the most general sense nihilism has two major classifications, the first is passive and usually goes by the term existential or 'social' nihilism and the second is active and is termed 'political' nihilism.

31. Days Of Decay - Nihilism Links | CounterOrder.com To get an idea of how Andy Warhol viewed the world try The philosophy of AndyWarhol, by A. Warhol 1975. Internet Encyclopedia of philosophy nihilism http://www.counterorder.com/nihilismlinks.html

DAYS OF DECAY Books Music Links Quotes ... Top Five Note on Resources Although nihilism is not new it arguably has more significance now than ever before, and yet the material that reaches into the mainstream of public awareness is usually inconsistent or just inaccurate. Nevertheless a small amount of coherent classic literature and philosophy is easy to find, mostly from Turgenev, Dostoyevsky, Kafka and Nietzsche. A fair amount of serious and in-depth research and discussion exists in large libraries like those in universities. Some useful keywords to combine here are nihilism, anarchism, post-modernism, existentialism and Russian revolutionaries The vast majority of content applicable to the discussion of nihilism is tangential which makes finding it difficult because often the expected keywords are missing. In other words most of the material of interest on nihilism is nihilistic rather than just directly nihilism and thus much of the content on this page falls into that category. Two pages the reader should also view locally are

32. Philosophy, Et Cetera: Avoiding Nihilism Avoiding nihilism. The Maverick Philosopher writes. Many naturalists aremorally decent people but what justification could these naturalists have for http://pixnaps.blogspot.com/2005/02/avoiding-nihilism.html

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=6642011"); var memory = 0; var number = 0; @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/main.css); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/1.css); Notify Blogger about objectionable content. What does this mean? BlogThis! Philosophy, et cetera Friday, February 25, 2005 Avoiding Nihilism The Maverick Philosopher writes: [M]any naturalists are morally decent people... but what justification could these naturalists have for maintaining the ideals and holding the values that they do maintain and hold? Where do these ideals come from if, at ontological bottom, it is all just "atoms in the void"? And why ought we live up to them? Where does the oughtness, the deontic pull, if you will, come from? If ideals are mere projections, whether individually or collectively, then they have precisely no ontological backing that we are bound to take seriously. These are important questions - indeed, I've asked about 'deontic pull' (or '

33. Entertainment & Arts, Humanities, Philosophy, Nihilism, WebRing Ring directory of Entertainment Arts, Humanities, philosophy, nihilism, ,Nietzsche, Friedrich@. Lists WebRings by topic. http://dir.webring.com/rw?d=Entertainment___Arts/Humanities/Philosophy/Nihilism;

34. Nihilism -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article Though it is often described as a fundamentally nihilist philosophy, While fewphilosophers would claim to be nihilists, nihilism is most often http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/n/ni/nihilism.htm

Nihilism [Categories: Epistemology, Ethics] This article is about the philosophical position. For the Russian political and revolutionary movement, see (Click link for more info and facts about Nihilist movement) Nihilist movement Nihilism literally means belief in nothing . As a (Click link for more info and facts about philosophical) philosophical position, nihilism is the view that the world, and especially (Any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae) human existence, is without meaning, purpose, comprehensible (A true statement) truth , or essential value. It is more often a charge levelled against a particular idea than a position to which someone is overtly subscribed. Movements such as (A nihilistic art movement (especially in painting) that flourished in Europe early in the 20th century; based on irrationality and negation of the accepted laws of beauty) Dada (A philosophical theory of criticism (usually of literature or film) that seeks to expose deep-seated contradictions in a work by delving below its surface meaning) Deconstructionism and (Substance that smolders when ignited; used to light fuses (especially fireworks))

35. The Journal Philosophical Film Theory and the philosophy of Film” Cultural Change andnihilism in the Rollerball Films John Marmysz. nihilism and Noir -Kevin http://www.lhup.edu/dshaw/journal.html

Home Dark Thoughts Film and Philosophy ... Articles FILM AND PHILOSOPHY CLICK HERE FOR JOURNAL BROCHURE (INCLUDES DOWNLOADABLE MEMBERSHIP FORM) CALL FOR PAPERS FILM AND PHILOSOPHY, VOLUME 10 (2006) "Philosophical Film Theory and the Philosophy of Film” Guest Editor Dan Flory Montana State University, Bozeman This Special Interest Edition of Film and Philosophy on Philosophical Film Theory and the Philosophy of Film will focus on questions such as what might best constitute the philosophy of film, what conditions might establish a film theory as philosophical, what distinguishes philosophy of film from film interpretation or the application of philosophy to film, what role theory might best play in approaching film, as well as questions concerning how philosophical theorizing might best address film cognitively, aesthetically, in genre terms, etc. Essays that focus on how philosophy might appropriately address questions of theorization regarding film are strongly encouraged. Essays discussing how philosophical theorization might appropriately address such issues as narrative, spectator emotion, empathy, sympathy, affective mimicry, cognition, perception, identification, or character engagement are also encouraged. Essays addressing other philosophical questions prompted by film may also be submitted, although this Special Interest Edition will focus on issues of philosophical film theory and philosophy of film more narrowly construed.

36. Re: Nihilism: Advanced Philosophy Advanced philosophy Re nihilism. Re nihilism Advanced philosophy CampfireIf ye would like to moderate the Advanced philosophy Campfire, http://hatteraslight.com/navy/AdvancedPhilosophyhall/cas/346.html

Re: nihilism: Advanced Philosophy Campfire If ye would like to moderate the Advanced Philosophy Campfire, please drop becket@jollyroger.com a line. //Required //var site = '681666'; //var mnum = '139010'; //Not Required var max_words = 3; var max_links_per_word = 4; var link_color = '0107A1'; var boxbg_color = 'FFFAEA'; var boxtitle_color = 'black'; var boxdesc_color = 'black'; var boxurl_color = 'red'; DR. ELLIOT'S NORTH AMERICAN GREAT BOOKS TOURCOMING TO A BOOK STORE NEAR YOU WRITER S WORD.COM: Open Source CMS for Writers][ ... The World's Largest Literary Cafe Posted by s.e.k. on July 11, 19101 at 13:28:01: In Reply to: Re: nihilism posted by allison on October 08, 19100 at 02:47:36: In my opinion a true Nihilist is a very dangerous person....a TRUE Satanist. Not like the Anton LaVey ideal of Satanism but more like the PROCESSEAN belief of a Satanist. They believe that a person who leans toward Satan only thinks about destruction. Every act he/she does is for the purpose of destruction. Very Nihilistic in nature. To me a Nihilist doesn't care about anything. A person who has no morals at all, and if you think about it, that person is capable of great harm to his/herself and others. Like , murder, mind-control if they choose to do so. You have to think this person believes in nothing so why not give in to the inner animal. Follow Ups: Re: nihilism Angela Post a Followup Name: E-Mail: Subject: Comments: : In my opinion a true Nihilist is a very dangerous person....a TRUE Satanist. Not like the Anton LaVey ideal of Satanism but more like the PROCESSEAN belief of a Satanist. They believe that a person who leans toward Satan only thinks about destruction. Every act he/she does is for the purpose of destruction. Very Nihilistic in nature. To me a Nihilist doesn't care about anything. A person who has no morals at all, and if you think about it, that person is capable of great harm to his/herself and others. Like , murder, mind-control if they choose to do so. You have to think this person believes in nothing so why not give in to the inner animal.

37. ANUS.COM American Nihilist Underground Society (ANUS) At Www.anus.com nihilism. Articles. philosophy nihilism How does a Nihilist live? nihilism.Also see Center for nihilism and Nihilist Studies http://www.anus.com/zine/nihilism/

Nihilism Plato created his famous metaphor of the cave to illustrate the two states in which humans live. He said that what we know of reality is like shadows projected on the cave wall by objects in front of a fire; silhouettes of what really exists. There's several ways to interpret this. The first is the most popular way, in which there's a pure world somewhere and the physical objects we sense are pale shadows of that world. This creates a causal problem, because if this pure world exists, what created it, and why is there duality with this world? The usual response here is "God did it," which just gets silly when you consider the modern nature of God: some absolute being who like a democratic leader makes sure we all get tucked into bed at night. WTF LOL Another way is the method chosen by the ancient Indo-European scribes who wrote the Vedas: to suggest that we can only know impressions of physical objects as filtered through our senses, thus the shadows we see on the wall are those impressions - whether of our own perception, or of social conditioning, is a questions moderns, who are beset by a constant stream of electronic images, have to contend with more than ancients, who actually had some peace and goddamn quiet in which to contemplate reality. A nihilism is one who denies all value except the inherent; this means that nothing can be filed in neat categories like "good" or "evil" or even "profitable," but exists as it functions as part of the larger structure and design of nature. To a nihilist, most of what we know as "reality" is value associations conditioned into us by society and linked to objects, such that when we perceive the objects, we're seeing them as an adjunct to the socially conditioned value.

38. Integralism: Love And Nihilism, A Primer Integralism as a philosophy including nihilism, idealism, antidualism, ecofascism,naturalism, environmentalism, postmoralism, greenism and discussion of http://www.anus.com/zine/philosophy/

Love and Nihilism: An Integralist Primer by S.R. Prozak We are born and only later awaken to the possibilities of our lives. Our brains come first, then our minds grow within them. In this awakening process, we come to realize that an external world exists, and operates by consistent principles. If at that point we decide that we like being alive, we change our values to encourage the life process that produced us. I. Nihilism II. Integralism III. Blasphemies IV. Changes - Personal V. Changes - Society VI. Conclusion Resources for further reading: The Iliad The Bhagavad-Gita On truth and lies in a nonmoral sense Collection by Pentti Linkola The FC Manifesto by Ted Kaczynski Nihilism by S.R. Prozak mock Him productions

39. Nihilism (Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) While few philosophers would claim to be nihilists, nihilism is most oftenassociated with Friedrich Nietzsche who argued that its corrosive effects would http://www.geocities.com/mindstuff/nihilism.html

Nihilism Section Headings: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Friedrich Nietzsche and Nihilism Existential Nihilism Antifoundationalism and Nihilism ... Objectivism Origins "Nihilism" comes from the Latin nihil , or nothing, which means not anything, that which does not exist. It appears in the verb "annihilate," meaning to bring to nothing, to destroy completely. Early in the nineteenth century, Friedrich Jacobi used the word to negatively characterize transcendental idealism. It only became popularized, however, after its appearance in Ivan Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons (1862) where he used "nihilism" to describe the crude scientism espoused by his character Bazarov who preaches a creed of total negation. In Russia, nihilism became identified with a loosely organized revolutionary movement (C.1860-1917) that rejected the authority of the state, church, and family. In his early writing, anarchist leader Mikhael Bakunin (1814-1876) composed the notorious entreaty still identified with nihilism: "Let us put our trust in the eternal spirit which destroys and annihilates only because it is the unsearchable and eternally creative source of all lifethe passion for destruction is also a creative passion!" ( Reaction in Germany , 1842). The movement advocated a social arrangement based on rationalism and materialism as the sole source of knowledge and individual freedom as the highest goal. By rejecting man's spiritual essence in favor of a solely materialistic one, nihilists denounced God and religious authority as antithetical to freedom. The movement eventually deteriorated into an ethos of subversion, destruction, and anarchy, and by the late 1870s, a nihilist was anyone associated with clandestine political groups advocating terrorism and assassination.

40. Architecture And Nihilism Architecture and nihilism. On the philosophy of Modern Architecture. Massimo Cacciari;Translated by Stephen Sartarelli; Introduction by Patrizia Lombardo http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=0300052154

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