61. History Of Nigeria Agriculture By Sector - OnlineNigeria.com The agricultural history of nigeria is intertwinedwith its political history . The Western Region Fisheries Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and http://www.onlinenigeria.com/agriculture/?blurb=481

62. AllRefer.com - Nigeria - Regional Groupings | Nigerian Information Resource The broadest groupings of linked ethnic units are regional. Britain ruled mostof the area of presentday nigeria as two protectorates from 1900 to 1914, http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/nigeria/nigeria57.html

You are here allRefer Reference Nigeria History ... Nigeria Nigeria Regional Groupings The broadest groupings of linked ethnic units are regional. Britain ruled most of the area of present-day Nigeria as two protectorates from 1900 to 1914, the southern and northern protectorates each having separate regional administrations. These portions were joined finally under a single Nigerian colonial government in 1914. But they retained their regionally based authorities, divided after 1914 into three regional units. The announcement of their imminent demise by the first postcoup military government in 1966 helped to set off violent reactions in the north against southerners who had settled in their midst, contributing to the outbreak of civil war. Within each of the major northern and southern regions, there were significant subregions that combined ethnicity, geography, and history. What is generally referred to historically as the south included a western Yoruba-speaking area, an eastern Igbo area (the "g" is softly pronounced), a midsection of related but different groups, and a set of Niger Delta peoples on the eastern and central coastal areas. The north was widely associated with the Hausa-speaking groups that occupied most of the region, but the Kanuri predominated in the northeast, with a belt of peoples between the two; there were also important pastoral nomadic groups (mostly Fulani) that lived throughout the same region. In the middle belt (see Glossary) were congeries of peoples in an area running east-west in the hills, along the southern rim of the north, dividing it from the larger region of Nigeria's south. On its northern side, the middle belt shaded culturally into the Muslim north. In contrast, on the southern side, its peoples were more similar to those of the south.

63. AllRefer.com - Nigeria - Census History | Nigerian Information Resource Census history. Although numerous estimates of the nigerian population were madeduring nigeria TABLE OF CONTENTS The Society and Its Environment http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/nigeria/nigeria54.html

You are here allRefer Reference Nigeria History ... Nigeria Nigeria Census History Although numerous estimates of the Nigerian population were made during the colonial period, the first attempt at a nationwide census was during 1952-53. This attempt yielded a total population figure of 31.6 million within the current boundaries of the country. This census has usually been considered an undercount for a number of reasons: apprehension that the census was related to tax collection; political tension at the time in eastern Nigeria; logistical difficulties in reaching many remote areas; and inadequate training of enumerators in some areas. The extent of undercounting has been estimated at 10 percent or less, although accuracy probably varied among the regions. Despite its difficulties, the 1952-53 census has generally been seen as less problematic than any of its successors. After the civil war of 1967-70, an attempt was made to hold a census in 1973, but the results were canceled in the face of repeated controversy. No subsequent nationwide census had been held as of 1990, although there have been various attempts to derive population estimates at a state or local level. Most official national population estimates are based on projections from the 1963 census. The great improvements in transport and accessibility of most areas, in technological capability, and in the level of education throughout the country, as well as the generalized acceptance of national coherence and legitimacy, favored the success of the fall 1991 census. It was to be conducted in about 250,000 enumeration areas by the National Population Commission, with offices in each of the country's LGAs. To reduce possible controversy, religious and ethnic identification would be excluded from the census forms, and verification of state results would be handled by supervisors from outside the state. Some analysts believe that the effort to carry out a reliable census with perceived legitimacy might become an unexpectedly positive exercise, reinforcing a sense of shared nationhood and providing a model for the attempt to overcome regional and ethnic differences.

64. Nigeria Travel Information | Lonely Planet Destination Guide history. The earliest nigerians were the Nok people, skilled artisans from In 1960 nigeria declared independence. Unfortunately the British system of http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/nigeria/history.htm

@import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_structure.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_theme.css"; worldguide shop thorn tree forum travel services ... travel links Explore Nigeria Nigeria An oil-rich Cinderella state that still hasn't quite made it to the ball. View Map Click here Feature Attraction Yankari Game Reserve Yankari is Nigeria's best park for observing wildlife. With a bit of luck you may come across elephants,... more > WORLDGUIDE Introduction See Image Gallery Transport Money Essential Info RELATED Thorn Tree Forum Postcards Travel Links At a Glance Fast Facts The very thing that makes Nigeria so ornery and difficult to unite into a single peaceful republic is also its attraction. There are over 250 different peoples, languages, histories, and religions all rubbing shoulder to shoulder in this hectic, colourful and often volatile republic. Check Travel Advice and Polio Risk Polio vaccination in Nigeria is intermittent and there is currently a high rate of infection in the north of the country. Stay up-to-date with consular warnings about Nigeria. From religious tensions in the north, to border conflict in the southeast with Cameroon, as well as violent crime throughout the south, travellers need to be aware of what is going on around them at all times.

65. Nigeria: History Little is known of the earliest history of nigeria. In the Western region,a bloc of the Action Group split off (1962) under SI Akintola to form the http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0860005.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites Hurricane Katrina Ramadan Children Inventors The Doctor's In ... 2006 TFK Almanac Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Site Map Sponsored Links TripAdvisor Nigeria (Africa) Encyclopedia Nigeria History Early History Little is known of the earliest history of Nigeria. By c.2000 B.C. most of the country was sparsely inhabited by persons who had a rudimentary knowledge of raising domesticated food plants and of herding animals. From c.800 B.C. to c. A.D. 200 the neolithic Nok culture (named for the town where archaeological findings first were made) flourished on the Jos Plateau; the Nok people made fine terra-cotta sculptures and probably knew how to work tin and iron. The first important centralized state to influence Nigeria was Kanem-Bornu, which probably was founded in the 8th cent. A.D. , to the north of Lake Chad (outside modern Nigeria). In the 11th cent., by which time its rulers had been converted to Islam, Kanem-Bornu expanded south of Lake Chad into present-day Nigeria, and in the late 15th cent. its capital was moved there. Katsina In the late 15th cent. Portuguese navigators became the first Europeans to visit Nigeria. They soon began to purchase slaves and agricultural produce from coastal middlemen; the slaves had been captured further inland by the middlemen. The Portuguese were followed by British, French, and Dutch traders. Among the Igbo and Ibibio a number of city-states were established by individuals who had become wealthy by engaging in the slave trade; these included

66. Catholic Bishops Conference Of Nigeria - A Brief History Of The Catholic Church The Catholic Church in nigeria A brief history In the region of nigeriaYoruba liberated slaves were the most enterprising both in trade and in http://www.cbcn.org/aspscripts/page1.ASP

Home Catholic Secretariat History of the Church News ... Login Search the CBCN Directory A brief history of the Church The Catholic Church in Nigeria - A brief history The Initial Contact with Christian Mission - 15th to 18 th century The first wave of contact our people had with Christians and missionaries under the protection of Portugal was between the 15 th and 18 th th century were confessing Christians. A son of such a ruler was even sent to train as a priest in Portugal as the Portuguese felt that Africans might be the best missionaries to themselves. Despite the close connection between trade and mission work at this time, a lot of heroism was noted on the part of missionaries and Nigerian Christians. The evils of the society between the 16 th and 18 th From the 19 th to the 20 th centuries: The second wave of mission in the 19 th century West African sub-region started with the Protestants. The sheer burden of this missionary work lay with the liberated slaves and lay men and women of the West African region. In the region of Nigeria Yoruba liberated slaves were the most enterprising both in trade and in spreading Christianity. Henry Townsend and Ajai Crowther stand out clearly, as missionaries of no mean stature in the western, Niger and delta areas of Nigeria. The church they founded, made up initially of liberated slaves, later included the indigenes of the southern Nigeria area. Similar to the first wave of evangelisation from the 16

67. Nigeria: History In the Western region, a bloc of the Action Group split off (1962) under SI Education, ethnicity and national integration in the history of nigeria http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0860005.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 24, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Texas Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips Sponsored Links TripAdvisor Nigeria (Africa) google_ad_client = 'pub-1894504138907931'; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; google_ad_format = '120x240_as'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel =''; google_color_border = ['336699','B4D0DC','DFF2FD','B0E0E6']; google_color_bg = ['FFFFFF','ECF8FF','DFF2FD','FFFFFF']; google_color_link = ['0000FF','0000CC','0000CC','000000']; google_color_url = ['008000','008000','008000','336699']; google_color_text = ['000000','6F6F6F','000000','333333']; Encyclopedia Nigeria History Early History Little is known of the earliest history of Nigeria. By c.2000

68. Nigeria History Choose a Country or Region, World Regions , Africa, Asia nigeria. Introduction Chapter 1. Historical Setting EARLY history http://www.countryreports.org/history/nigehist.htm

History of Nigeria This page has changed if you are not redirected click here

69. AFRICAN HISTORY TIMELINE Independent Nigeria AFRICAN history TIMELINE Independent nigeria Those were the years of oilprice increases, and nigeria experienced an economic boom. http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-nigeri.htm

Africa Since 1875 AFRICAN HISTORY TIMELINE: Independent Nigeria .......DATE............. ...........................EVENT............................. ......... First Republic of Nigeria under a British parliamenary system. At independence, the Nigerian government consisted of three ethnic states united in a federation. Each state was controlled by a single dominant ethnic-based party. 1960/late One of Nigeria's first independent political acts was to join with Liberia and Togo in the "Monrovia Group" which advocated at most an extremely loose organization of African states. By this time, the northern Northern People's Congress (NPC) controlled the federal government, while violence in the western region forced the dominant party there, the Yoruba "Action Group" (AG), to split in two. . Elections triggered violence in the western region, where Igbo civil servants of the Hausa- dominated federal government represented authority to the Yoruba population. . The Nigerian army staged its first coup. Rioting broke out against the Igbo minority in the north and nearly 30,000 died. . Igbo survivors of the northern violence fled back to the southeast and formed the independent state of the Republic of Biafra. The Nigerian government refused to yield control over the oil-rich southeast region, and the Biafran War ensued.

70. Nigeria The Economic Community Of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional group ofsixteen However, the process of reversing nigeria’s chronic economic and http://www.ecowas.info/ngahist.htm

Useful Links Contact Us Advertise Privacy Policy ... Home SEARCH -Quick Search- - ECOWAS - -Introduction -Members -Different Roles -Defense Protocol -Development -Choose A Country -Benin -Burkina Faso -Cape Verde -Côte d'Ivoire -Gambia -Ghana -Guinea -Guinea-Bissau -Liberia -Mali -Niger -Nigeria -Senegal -Sierra Leone -Togo Advertise Contact Us Privacy Policy Useful Links Main Page SECTIONS Fact-File Hotels History Climate ... Contact Addresses History: The states of Kanem and Borno (which flourished from about AD 10) on the shores of Lake Chad were the first imperial states in the region; their wealth was founded on control of trans-Saharan trade routes. From the 11th to 14th centuries the Islamic Hausa city states were also a dominant influence, whilst in the southwest the Yoruba cities of Ife, Oyo and Benin became major trading centres. In the 15th century, the Portuguese began trading – first for spices, later for slaves. The Portuguese were then supplanted by other European trading nations. The slave trade disrupted the balance of power in the region as did, in the 18th century, the southward expansion of the Islamic faith and the arrival of Christian missionaries.

71. United Nations - OCHA IRIN | Web Special | Nigeria A history of conflicts The Niger Delta a crisis unlikely to go away nigeria Planned census facing boycott threats nigeria Dozens feared dead http://www.plusnews.org/webspecials/nigeria/conflicts114.asp

Your browser does not support script Saturday 24 September 2005 Search IRIN Web Special on Nigeria N IGERIA: A History of Conflicts Lagos. Credit: IRIN Nigeria's 120 million people belong to more than 250 distinct ethno-linguistic groups, and are evenly split between Muslims and Christians, while there are also significant numbers of people who follow traditional African religions. Various historical and other factors have spurred conflict between the country's various peoples, especially in modern times. In the pre-colonial era many of the peoples who now make up Nigeria related primarily through trade. It was through trade across the Sahara with North Africa that Islam was introduced to parts of northern Nigeria more than 1,000 years ago. A turning point in Nigerian history came in 1804 when a Fulani preacher, Othman dan Fodio, began a holy war that resulted in the subjugation of the old Hausa city states of northern Nigeria. Having conquered the Hausa, the Fulani adopted their language and merged with their ruling classes to create a Hausa-Fulani ethnic group under the rule of what was now the Sokoto Caliphate. Another major development, this time in the southern coastal and forest region, was the contact with Europeans in the 16th century through trade, mainly in slaves. Colonisation began in the 19th century, when the industrial revolution in Europe spurred interest in agricultural and mineral commodities in the African interior. Along with the colonialists came Christian missionaries who converted large parts of southern Nigeria.

72. History Of Civil-Military Relationship history of CivilMilitary Relations in nigeria (Part 2) Yorubas of the westernregion, for example, still looked down on a career in the military. http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui4.htm

DAWODU.COM Dedicated to Nigeria's socio-political issues History of Civil-Military Relations in Nigeria (Part 2) By Nowa Omoigui, MD, MPH, FACC Nowa@prodigy.net NIGERIAN CIVILIAN CONTROL OF THE NIGERIAN MILITARY 1958-60 But one sign that the Nigerian Political class was not totally united in its support of the Nigerian military in utero came at the Calabar Conference of the Action Group in 1958. Chief Awolowo declared his opposition to the establishment of a Navy and Air Force while Chiefs Akintola and Rotimi Williams opposed him. Other pro-military voices included those of Chike Obi, Fani-Kayode, Jereton Mariere, Ayo Rosiji and Eneh. Over the next one to two years, those in favor of expanding the military cited ceremonial purposes, "national dignity", terrorism in western Cameroon, the Sawaba crisis in Niger republic and rivalry with Ghana as justification. The day after abrogation and two weeks before the annual congress of the AG in Jos, however, Balewa invited the AG to join him in government. Nevertheless, Chief Awolowo (Awo) refused, leading to a split in the Action Group.

73. History Of Civil-Military Relations The Tiv and western region crises of the sixties had been resolved. Even landtenure had changed in southern nigeria, courtesy of the Land use decree. http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui6.htm

DAWODU.COM Dedicated to Nigeria's socio-political issues History of Civil-Military Relations Part 4 - The Second Transition (1979-83, Part 1) By Nowa Omoigui, MD Nowa@prodigy.net In September 1978, the ban on political party activity, in force since January 1966, was lifted. This was in anticipation of the return to civil rule in October 1979 after nearly 14 years. In the interval, however, the country and military had witnessed profound changes. We had been ruled by four military leaders and had differentiated from four regions to 19 states. The discovery of Oil brought in its wake petrodollars and rapid expansion of the economy. It created a rapidly expanding new urban middle class with new values. The sleepy agrarian rural countryside of the early sixties was in for a shock. Massive new infrastructures were built to support various facets of the economy including new military bases and expanded older ones. The second and third national development plans had been completed. New barracks dotted the landscape. Military uniforms had evolved. The Army had imported large numbers of excess Vietnam era American trucks. In 1976 there had been an abortive coup which led to executions after the promulgation of new decrees specifically designed to address coup plotting [http://www.gamji.com/nowa3.htm]. Civilians could not even drive personal cars that were painted green.

74. Political History Of Nigeria nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) which had control of the Eastern Region (Igbo) When nigeria became a Republic in 1963, Nnamdi Azikiwe was elected http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/crawfor/apcg/Nigeria/Unit4NigeriaHistory.htm

POLITICAL HISTORY of NIGERIA TIME IN OFFICE GOVERNMENT HISTORICAL EVENTS Nnamdi Azikiwe (Governor General) Abubakar Balewa (Prime Minister) Nigeria was scheduled for Independence from Britain in 1960, and three main political parties ran in the preparatory elections in 1959. the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) which had control of the Eastern Region ( Igbo ) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe the Northern People's Congress (NPC) which had control of the Northern Region ( Hausa Fulani ), led by Ahmadu Bello the Action Group (AG) which had control of the Western Region ( Yoruba ), led by Obafemi Awolowo When no party won a majority during the 1959 elections, the NPC combined with the NCNC to form a government, and when independence arrived in 1960, Abubakar Balewa was made the Prime Minister, and Nnamdi Azikiwe was appointed Governor-General. Nnamdi Azikiwe (President) Civilian Died in 1996 Balewa ( Prime Minister) Civilian Killed in 1966. When Nigeria became a Republic in 1963, Nnamdi Azikiwe was elected President of the Federal Republic, and Balewa remained as Prime Minister. However, there was great controversy over the 1963 population census, which the Igbo thought overestimated the number of Hausa-Fulani in order to give the Northern region more representation in the federal parliament. The NCNC split with the NPC and joined with a splinter of the Action Group led by Obafemi Awolowo to form the United Progressive Grand Alliance (UPGA) while the NPC led a coalition with Akintola's faction of the old AG to form the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP).

75. Nigeria History... FLAG OF nigeria. nigeria history CO Ojukwu, empowered by the Eastern Region sConsultative Assembly, declared the Eastern Region a sovereign and http://www.upusc.org/page3.html

Nigeria History UPU Home MISSION STATEMENT GOALS PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE About UPU HISTORY URHOBO WOMEN Introduction REGISTRATION LINKS DESIGNER Info EMPLOYMENT JOB EVALUATION COLLEGES /UNIVERSITY Others MORE... POST IMPERIAL AND POSTCOLONIAL NIGERIA Like most African nations, Nigeria consists of many different groups forced to co-exist within artificial boundaries drawn by the European power that had formerly controlled the region. A British colony until its independence in 1960, Nigeria became a republic with four regional governments, in which the ruling party, largely Northerners, dominated the new nation. A crisis occurred in 1964 when electoral boycotts took place during the first general elections. Then in 1965 disorders broke out after the ruling political party rigged elections in the Western (Ibo) region. In January 1966, a coup led by army officers belonging to the Ibo tribe overthrew the civil government and murdered the prime minister and the premiers of the north and western regions. A military government led by Maj. Gen. Johnson T. U. Aguiyi-Ironsi then ruled Nigeria, until another coup led by the officers of the Hausa tribe of the northern region. The murder of Ibos living in the north led to a mass migration of Ibos to their native eastern region. Hausas were also killed in the Eastern Region. The four regions attempted to negotiate a return to a civilian government from September to November 1966 but failed to produce an agreement, in part because the representatives of the Eastern Region failed to appear after the first conference. Although more negotiations took place in 1967, the situation quickly deteriorated, and on May 27, Lieut. Col. C. O. Ojukwu, empowered by the Eastern Region's Consultative Assembly, declared the Eastern Region a sovereign and independent republic. The federal government declared a state emergency and divided Nigeria into 12 states.

76. Nigeria - Art History Online Reference And Guide nigeria Your Art history Reference Guide! ArthistoryClub Information Site onnigeria Art history, Art history Search Art history Browse Classroom http://www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Nigeria

77. ICSN - History/Artifacts - The Biafran War An account of the Biafran War in nigeria, focusing on the effects on the Igbo people. http://www.igbocsn.com/biafra.htm

78. WHKMLA : History Of Nigeria, 1918-1939 The result was that the north, traditionally the more advanced region, came tolag behind. FILES, Timeline of nigerian history, from nigeria Exchange http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/westafrica/nigeria191839.html

Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, 1918-1939 While Northern and Southern Nigeria were placed under a unified administration in 1914 (with seat in Lagos, headed by the Governor-General), the entities of Southern and Northern Nigeria continued to exist. In 1939 the provinces of Southern Nigeria were allocated to one of two regions : east and west. In 1946, for each of the 3 regions (E, W, N) a House of Assembly was introduced. The regions, and on a lower level the provinces had a strong impact on Nigerian history (REGIONALISM). The principle of INDIRECT RULE, first introduced in Muslim Northern Nigeria, was extended to the Yoruba and Igbo lands in Southern Nigeria. Here the British policy of indirect rule resulted in a significant change of traditional political structures : in Yorubaland, the position of the king was strengthened at the expense of the community; in Igboland royal authority was a new phenomenon. Indirect rule consequently met with considerable resistance, especially in the eastern region (Igboland). A consequence of indirect rule was that traditional law, in addition to newly passed laws of British Nigeria, continued to be in effect, and that the regional administration/jurisdiction was executed in the regional language, i.e. in Haussa in the North.

79. List Of Possible Topics Overview of developing regional communities in nigeria Case studies of developinga regional community in nigeria Research article on developing regional http://itira.cqu.edu.au/encyclopedia/topics.htm

Encyclopedia of Developing Regional Communities with Information and Communication Technology Home Call For Short Articles List of Possible Topics Sample Manuscript ... Editorial Board List of Possible Topics Section 1: General Theoretical Issues This section comprises research articles that develop theories relating to the use of ICT to develop the social, economic and cultural capital in regional communities. The following list of topics and titles is indicative only - suggestions for other topics and titles are welcomed. Overview: Developing regional communities with ICT Community informatics and regional development Community Technology: Policy, partnership and practice Enhancing information access and e-commerce opportunities Information access in regional communities: Bridging the digital divide Effective use of ICT: Digital Inclusion Section 2: Thematic Issues This section comprises research articles and case studies that cover various thematic issues of using ICT to develop the social, economic and cultural capital in regional communities. The following list of themes and titles is indicative only - suggestions for other themes and titles are welcomed.

80. X INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REGIONAL HISTORY IN CIUDAD JUAREZ, MEXICO The International Congress of regional history has consistently provided an openforum for interdisciplinary discussions that have provided new approaches http://www.h-net.org/announce/show.cgi?ID=143638

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