21. Nigeria Introduction - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resourc nigeria s role as an African regional leader, peacekeeper, and mediator has emerged Despite nigeria s recent history of military domination of politics, http://workmall.com/wfb2001/nigeria/nigeria_history_introduction.html

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... [TOP] Nigeria Introduction http://workmall.com/wfb2001/nigeria/nigeria_history_introduction.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS Figure 1. Administrative Divisions of Nigeria as of August 1991 THE MOST POPULOUS COUNTRY IN AFRICA and the largest in area of the West African states, Nigeria was an early twentieth century colony that became an independent nation in 1960. A country of great diversity because of the many ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups that live within its borders, Nigeria is also a country with a long past. The history of the peoples that constitute the present state dates back more than 2,000 years. The earliest archaeological finds were of the Nok, who inhabited the central Jos Plateau between the Niger and Benue rivers between 300 B.C. and 200 A.D. A number of states or kingdoms with which contemporary ethnic groups can be identified existed before 1500. Of these, the three dominant regional groups were the Hausa in the northern kingdoms of the savanna, the Yoruba in the west, and the Igbo in the south. The European slave trade that occurred in Africa as early as the late fifteenth century and that crested between the 1650s and the 1850s had a significant impact on Nigeria. Britain declared the slave trade illegal in 1807 and sent its navy to West African waters to enforce the ban. Britain's action led ultimately to British intervention in Nigeria, which had become a major area for the slave trade. Meanwhile, whereas European missionaries were bringing Christianity to the peoples of southern Nigeria, Islam had been introduced along the caravan routes of northern Nigeria. The jihad, or holy war, waged within what became the Sokoto Caliphate between 1804 and 1808, was instrumental in spreading the Muslim faith not only in the north but also into adjacent regions, such as the area that came to be known as the middle belt, running from the Niger River valley in the west to the Cameroon Highlands in the east.

22. History And Government, Nigeria. Information About Nigeria, Complete Guide For N history and Government, nigeria. Tourism guide for nigeria, A particularproblem was the decision of several local and regional governments in the http://destinia.com/guide/the world/africa/nigeria/1-30001-30165/16/en

History and Government, Nigeria. Tourism guide for Nigeria, information about Nigeria, Book online or call home hotels beaches paradores ... guide All about your favorite travel destination: Europe Asia North America South America ... Africa you are in the... Travel guide Nigeria Information about Nigeria Browse by Nigeria ... Luxury hotels General Information Accommodation Business Profile Climate Contact Addresses ... Travel - International Information bulletin Receive our latest offers and promotions by e-mail. Suscribe!!! travel guide Africa Nigeria Hotels History and Government - Nigeria History : The states of Kanem and Borno, which flourished on the shores of Lake Chad from about AD 10 onwards, were the first imperial states in the region. Their wealth was founded on control of trans-Saharan trade routes. From the 11th to 14th centuries, the Islamic Hausa city-states were also a dominant influence, while in the southwest, the Yoruba cities of Ife, Oyo and Benin became major trading centres. In the 15th century, the Portuguese began trading ? first for spices, later for slaves. The Portuguese were then supplanted by other European trading nations. The slave trade disrupted the balance of power in the region, as did the southward expansion of the Islamic faith and the arrival of Christian missionaries in the 18th century. At the end of the 19th century, the British conquered the territory of present-day Nigeria. After World War II, the first step towards decolonisation was the introduction of a federal system of government. A Muslim northerner, Alhaji Abulbakar Tafawa Balewa, became the first prime minister. After a period of internal self-government, full independence from Britain was achieved in 1960. The first post-independence government was a coalition of members of the Northern People's Congress and the eastern-based National Council for Nigeria and Cameroon. Since then, the country has endured numerous changes of government, in which the most important factor has almost always been the influence of the military. Concerned that ethnic and religious differences could split the country apart, the army has chosen to intervene on several occasions to thwart a perceived threat to the integrity of the nation.

23. The Nigerian Embassy - History The history of nigeria from the early 1920s is, in a sense, the history of regional selfgovernment was attamed by both Eastern and Western nigeria in http://www.nigerianembassy-chile.org/nigeria/xhistory.shtml

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Long before colonial rule, the peoples of Nigeria had established their own indigenous system of government. The various ethnic groups in Nigeria had different patterns of government. The Hausa-Fulani, Igbo and Yoruba in particular had each established political systems that were distinct. Evidence of contact between the peoples on the northern part of Africa and Nigerians can be found in the legends of some ethnic groups. The Hausas, for example, 'have a legend which traces their ancestry to migrants from the Far-east. So also does a Yoruba legend. One can assume that as the Sahara began to desiccate, some of the groups who lived in what was changing into an inhospitable region moved out. The few who probably moved south into what became Nigeria would in turn displace those already living there, forcing the latter to repeat the process elsewhere. The Benin Empire Kanem-Borno Empire Hausa States To the West of the Kanem Borrio empire, were Hausa states. The Hausa legend of a common origin also idenifies seven of the state - Biramo, Daura, Gobir, Kano, Katsina, Rano and Zauzau - as the oldest, while another seven - Gwari, Yoruba, Kebbi, Kororofa, Zamfara, Nupe and Yauri - are regraded as relatively more recent. The Hausa states were not united until the opening years of the 19th century, although in the 16th century the borders of the Songhai Empire extended to some of the western states. Nevertheless, their geographical position enabled them to thrive and prosper, for they were able to exploit the agricultural potentials of the northern region and to carry on a vigorous, trade with caravans from across the Sahara as well as with the people of Southern Nigeria.

24. Nigeria - Regional Groupings nigeria. regional Groupings. The broadest groupings of linked ethnic units were significant subregions that combined ethnicity, geography, and history. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9375.html

Country Listing Nigeria Table of Contents Nigeria Regional Groupings The broadest groupings of linked ethnic units are regional. Britain ruled most of the area of present-day Nigeria as two protectorates from 1900 to 1914, the southern and northern protectorates each having separate regional administrations. These portions were joined finally under a single Nigerian colonial government in 1914. But they retained their regionally based authorities, divided after 1914 into three regional units. The announcement of their imminent demise by the first postcoup military government in 1966 helped to set off violent reactions in the north against southerners who had settled in their midst, contributing to the outbreak of civil war. Within each of the major northern and southern regions, there were significant subregions that combined ethnicity, geography, and history. What is generally referred to historically as the south included a western Yoruba-speaking area, an eastern Igbo area (the "g" is softly pronounced), a midsection of related but different groups, and a set of Niger Delta peoples on the eastern and central coastal areas. The north was widely associated with the Hausa-speaking groups that occupied most of the region, but the Kanuri predominated in the northeast, with a belt of peoples between the two; there were also important pastoral nomadic groups (mostly Fulani) that lived throughout the same region. In the middle belt (see Glossary) were congeries of peoples in an area running east-west in the hills, along the southern rim of the north, dividing it from the larger region of Nigeria's south. On its northern side, the middle belt shaded culturally into the Muslim north. In contrast, on the southern side, its peoples were more similar to those of the south.

25. Nigeria - Census History nigeria. Census history. Although numerous estimates of the nigerian charges ofinaccuracy and manipulation for regional and local political purposes. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9372.html

Country Listing Nigeria Table of Contents Nigeria Census History Although numerous estimates of the Nigerian population were made during the colonial period, the first attempt at a nationwide census was during 1952-53. This attempt yielded a total population figure of 31.6 million within the current boundaries of the country. This census has usually been considered an undercount for a number of reasons: apprehension that the census was related to tax collection; political tension at the time in eastern Nigeria; logistical difficulties in reaching many remote areas; and inadequate training of enumerators in some areas. The extent of undercounting has been estimated at 10 percent or less, although accuracy probably varied among the regions. Despite its difficulties, the 1952-53 census has generally been seen as less problematic than any of its successors. After the civil war of 1967-70, an attempt was made to hold a census in 1973, but the results were canceled in the face of repeated controversy. No subsequent nationwide census had been held as of 1990, although there have been various attempts to derive population estimates at a state or local level. Most official national population estimates are based on projections from the 1963 census. The great improvements in transport and accessibility of most areas, in technological capability, and in the level of education throughout the country, as well as the generalized acceptance of national coherence and legitimacy, favored the success of the fall 1991 census. It was to be conducted in about 250,000 enumeration areas by the National Population Commission, with offices in each of the country's LGAs. To reduce possible controversy, religious and ethnic identification would be excluded from the census forms, and verification of state results would be handled by supervisors from outside the state. Some analysts believe that the effort to carry out a reliable census with perceived legitimacy might become an unexpectedly positive exercise, reinforcing a sense of shared nationhood and providing a model for the attempt to overcome regional and ethnic differences.

26. Nigeria PreColonial history, nigeria had an eventful history. From the outset,nigeria s ethnic, regional, and religious tensions were magnified by the http://www.zyama.com/Iowa/Countres/Nigeria.htm

Nigeria Information General Information for Nigeria Country: Nigeria (Federal Republic of Nigeria) Location: West Africa Independence: Nationality: Nigerian Capital City: Abuja Population: Important Cities: Abuja, Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, Zaria, Ife, Abeokuta Head of State: Olusegun Obasanjo Area: 923,770 sq.km. Type of Government: Democratically elected Currency: 21 Naira=1 USD Major peoples: Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Hausa Religion: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, African religion 10% Climate: Tropical to arid Literacy: Official Language: English Principal Languages: Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, Fulfulde Major Exports: Oil, Minerals Pre-Colonial History Post-Colonial History Back to the Museum

27. WiLDAF/FeDDAF-History WiLDAF/FeDDAFnigeria is a branch of the regional body with membership strengthof over 70 organizations and hundreds of individuals spread across the http://www.wildaf-ao.org/eng/article.php3?id_article=18

28. Nigeria Country Guide - History And Government - World Travel Guide Provided By nigeria. history and Government. history The states of Kanem and Borno, A particular problem was the decision of several local and regional governments http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/nga/nga580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Africa/Nigeria/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Nigeria hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses General Information Passport/Visa Money ... Nigeria Nigeria History and Government History: The states of Kanem and Borno, which flourished on the shores of Lake Chad from about AD 10 onwards, were the first imperial states in the region. Their wealth was founded on control of trans-Saharan trade routes. From the 11th to 14th centuries, the Islamic Hausa city-states were also a dominant influence, while in the southwest, the Yoruba cities of Ife, Oyo and Benin became major trading centres. In the 15th century, the Portuguese began trading – first for spices, later for slaves. The Portuguese were then supplanted by other European trading nations. The slave trade disrupted the balance of power in the region, as did the southward expansion of the Islamic faith and the arrival of Christian missionaries in the 18th century. At the end of the 19th century, the British conquered the territory of present-day Nigeria. After World War II, the first step towards decolonisation was the introduction of a federal system of government. A Muslim northerner, Alhaji Abulbakar Tafawa Balewa, became the first prime minister. After a period of internal self-government, full independence from Britain was achieved in 1960. The first post-independence government was a coalition of members of the Northern People’s Congress and the eastern-based National Council for Nigeria and Cameroon. Since then, the country has endured numerous changes of government, in which the most important factor has almost always been the influence of the military. Concerned that ethnic and religious differences could split the country apart, the army has chosen to intervene on several occasions to thwart a perceived threat to the integrity of the nation.

29. Economist.com | Country Briefings: Nigeria Colonialera regional and ethnic rivalries carried on without pause. The Commonwealth expelled nigeria in 1995 after the military government executed http://www.economist.com/countries/Nigeria/profile.cfm?folder=History in brief

30. WHKMLA : History Of Nigeria, Since 1960 nigeria consisted of 3 regional entities (1) the North, predominantly Muslim, FILES, Timeline of nigerian history, from nigeria Exchange http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/westafrica/nigeriaind.html

Independence, since 1960 A.) Territory Nigeria consisted of 3 regional entities : (1) the North, predominantly Muslim, the most important ethny being the Haussa, the largest region in area as well as in population,(2) the East, dominated by the Igbo, many of whom were Christian, and (3) the west, inhabited by the Yoruba. Soon (4) the Midwest region was separated from the West. In 1961, a plebiscite was held in BRITISH CAMEROONS, since 1916 administrated as an annex to Nigeria. The Northern area (predominantly Muslim) voted for integration into Nigeria, the southern (predominantly christian) area for integration into Cameroun. In 1967 BIAFRA (i.e. the East, inhabited by the Catholic IBO or Igbo) declared it's secession and independence. The Nigerian government was unwilling to accept secession; the oil fields in the Niger delta were contested by both the government and Biafra. The ensuing war was decided by physical exhaustion of secessionist Biafra and ended in a government victory in 1970; the renegade province was reintegrated. B.) Government

31. H-Net Review: Ray Kea On The History Of Nigeria The history of nigeria. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Series . nigeria is a regional power in West Africa and it is one of the world s http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=159421064252985

32. Global Education: Display Modules By Region Start by visiting the nigeria s Early history section, which provides information has links that address business, travel, regional and cultural issues. http://www.coe.ohio-state.edu/globaled/display.cfm?parent=17&child=28

33. Guinea Coast, 1800-1900 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum Timeline of Art history World Map regional Map 19th century In the Anagoregion of presentday western nigeria, the Anago Master produces a corpus http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/10/sfg/ht10sfg.htm

See also Central Africa Eastern Africa Southern Africa , and Western and Central Sudan Northwestern Nigeria experiences a mixing of cultural traditions as various ethnic groups enter the region following the disintegration of Hausa and Yoruba states and the organization of the Sokoto caliphate in that region. To the southwest, Abeokuta becomes a celebrated center of Yoruba woodcarving as noted sculptors establish workshops there, while its neighbors to the west, the Anago and Ketu Yoruba, develop the gelede masquerade. Elsewhere on the Guinea coast, ex-slaves from Europe and the Americas return to Africa and settle at Sierra Leone, Liberia, and other points along the coastline. Their ranks are augmented by liberated slaves confiscated by the British Navy as it enforces its ban on the international slave trade. Well-educated and highly skilled, these populations comprise a successful mercantile class that constitutes an economic and cultural bridge between European and African peoples. The Asante and Dahomey states continue to expand their economic and territorial interests, but by the latter half of the century their ascendance is checked by the emerging European colonial presence.

34. Encyclopedia Of African History Outlines of regional history PanAfrican/Comparative Topics and Debates nigeria Murtala Muhammed, Obasanjo and Return to Civilian Rule, 1975-1979 http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/africanhist/thematic.html

(List is not final and is subject to change prior to publication. Early Pre-History Later Pre-History and Ancient History Iron Age to End of 18th Century: North Africa Iron Age to End of 18th Century: Western Africa ... Pan-African/Comparative Topics and Debates Early Pre-History Climate and Vegetational Change Humankind: Hominids, Early: Origins of Olduwan and Acheulian: Early Stone Age Permanent Settlement, Early Rock Art: Eastern Africa Rock Art, Saharan Rock Art: Southern Africa Rock Art: Western and Central Africa Stone Age (Later): Central and Southern Africa Stone Age (Later): Eastern Africa Stone Age (Later): Nile Valley Stone Age (Later): Sahara and North Africa Stone Age (Later): Western Africa Stone Age, Middle: Cultures back to top Later Pre-History and Ancient History Akhenaten Aksum, Kingdom of

35. - Regional - Africa - Nigeria - Society And Culture - - Web nigeria Nation Web Directory And Search Engine. Search and browse the internet . Information concerning the people, history and culture. http://directory.nigeriannation.com/cat.asp?/Regional/Africa/Nigeria/Society_and

36. Regional > Nigeria Indepth introduction to the country s history, society and culture, Shell nigeria Contains information about operations in the delta region and about http://www.site-sift.com/1698

Home About Us Contact Us Welcome to Site-Sift Web Directory! Add URL Suggest Category Site-Sift Web Directory Regional ... Nigeria Nigeria Submission Guidelines TOS Site Map Site-Sift Web Directory

37. Overview And History Of IWHC's Work In Nigeria home our regional programs africa nigeria overview and history of iwhc s Given the overwhelming youth of nigeria s population (more than half of http://www.iwhc.org/programs/africa/nigeria/overview.cfm

AFRICA Cameroun Mozambique Nigeria ... nigeria overview and history of iwhc's work in nigeria NIGERIA Since 1988, IWHC has fostered intensive and collaborative relationships with a small group of Nigerian organizations working to effect change in their communities and across their country. During that time, many of our colleagues have grown from individuals with visionary ideas to national, regional, and global leaders on adolescent health, sexuality education, curriculum development, and sexual rights. The Other Half Op-Ed by Babatunde Osotimehin, Chairman, National Action Committee on AIDS, Nigeria. Originally published in the New York Times. Available in HTML. "My Father Didn't Think This Way": Nigerian Boys Contemplate Gender Equality Case study published in Quality/Calided/Qualit©, 34 pages. Profiles the Conscientizing Male Adolescents (CMA) program, based in Calabar, Nigeria. Available in PDF from the Population Council. Coming to Terms with Politics and Gender: The Evolution of an Adolescent Reproductive Health Program in Nigeria Case study published in Responding to Cairo anthology (The Population Council), 19 pages. Profiles Action Health Incorporated (AHI), based in Lagos, Nigeria. Available in PDF. Mairo Bello, Nigeria

38. Benin (08/05) Benin enjoys stable relations with nigeria, the main regional power. The UnitedStates and Benin have had an excellent history of relations in the years http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6761.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of African Affairs August 2005 Background Note: Benin PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Benin Geography Area: 116,622 sq. km. (43,483 sq. mi.). Cities: Capital Porto-Novo (pop. 295,000). Political and economic capital Cotonou (pop. 2 million). Terrain: Mostly flat plains of 200 meters average elevation, but the Atacora Mountains extend along the northwest border, with the highest point being Mont Sokbaro 658 meters. Climate: Tropical, average temperatures between 24 o and 31 o C. Humid in south; semiarid in north. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Beninese (singular and plural). Population (2004 est.): 7.25 million. Annual growth rate (2001 est.): 2.89%. Ethnic groups: African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, and Bariba), Europeans 5,500. Religions: Indigenous beliefs (animist) 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%. Languages: French (official), Fon and Yoruba in the south; Nagot, Bariba and Dendi in the north. Education (2001 est.):

39. Africa Regional Preparatory Meeting For WTDC-06 Abuja, Nigeria Save for citizens of countries within the ECOWAS region, all other history TheFederal Republic of nigeria is made up of 36 States and a Federal Capital http://www.ncc.gov.ng/ITUWorkshop/itu-arpm/factsandfigures.html

Programmes Draft Agenda Civil Society Women PPP Forum ... News Accommodation List of Hotels English Version word PDF List of Hotels French Version word PDF Registration Form word PDF Exhibition Plan Exhibitors Manual English Version word PDF Exhibitors Manual French Version word PDF Visa Requirements Save for citizens of countries within the ECOWAS region, all other delegates are required to enter Nigeria with valid visas. The Nigerian visa can be obtained from the Nigerian Embassy or High Commission in the delegate’s country of origin. But for delegates who are citizens of countries where there is no Nigerian Embassy or High Commission, visas would be issued to them at the point of entry into Nigeria, and that is, an international airport. However, such delegates are required to forward photocopies of their international passports and such other information as full names, date of birth, place of issue of international passport, date of expiry of the passport, flight details and two current passport photographs to Doxa Digital Services Limited, the official Visa procurement agency for RPM-05. Vaccinations Nigeria’s only mandatory health requirement is a yellow fever vaccination. Anti – malaria medication is recommended. However, participants are requested to check with the health authorities in their respective countries.

40. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Nigeria Information on the overview of the country, its history, economy, From theoutset, nigeria s ethnic, regional, and religious tensions were magnified by http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistory.asp?CountryID=121&RegionID=5

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