81. Slovenia News Under the title niger Crescent, it will host a festival of West African culture, The first ambassador of West African culture will be the threemember http://slonews.sta.si/index.php?id=2035&s=77

82. AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST: CITY GUIDES/EVENTS | FLY | GLOBAL MUSIC CULTURE Online magazine featuring africa/Middle East City Guides/Events. Welcome to Fly Global Music culture. This section is devoted to africa/Middle East City http://www.fly.co.uk/fly/archives/cat_africamiddle_east_city_guidesevents.html

Sunday, September, 18, Africa/Middle East: City Guides/Events FLY HOME NEWS AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST -Features ... US/CANADA Monday 27 June 2005 Oumou Sangare and Orchestra Baobab - Live 8 Johannesburg It has just been confirmed that African superstars Oumou Sangare and Orchestra Baobab are both to appear at the Live 8 concert at the Mary Fitzgerald Square, Johannesburg, South Africa on July 2nd. They join Salif Keita, who was due to play at the Eden project originally. Friday 20 May 2005 Africa Comes to Carnaby Street From Monday 23 May until Bank Holiday Monday 30 May, Central London's Carnaby Street and the surrounding area will be transformed into a carnival of sounds, colours, voices and tastes as the Out of Africa Festival comes to the West End! Friday 20 May 2005 MTV BASE 100th Live! - African Artists Reach Out MTV networks around the world will be getting a real flava of African music talent in the next few weeks as all MTV networks join together to air highlights from MTV base 100th LIVE!, the two celebratory urban music concerts staged by MTV base in Abuja, Nigeria and Johannesburg, South Africa Wednesday 11 May 2005 East African Hip Hop in London Monday 9 May 2005 Michiel Borstlap Jazz Trio Concert - Dar es Salaam Last year, the Michiel Borstlap Jazz Trio gave a sold out concert in the Golden Tulip Hotel in Dar es Salaam, the proceeds of went to supporting students' scholarships at the Dhow Countries Music Academy in Zanzibar.

83. The Negro, By W.E.B. Du Bois: IV. The Niger And Islam In the western Sudan the niger plays the same role as the Nile in the east. From this center the black originators of African culture, and to a large http://www.sacred-texts.com/afr/dbn/dbn06.htm

Sacred Texts Africa Index Previous ... Next p. 27 IV THE NIGER AND ISLAM The Arabian expression "Bilad es Sudan" (Land of the Blacks) was applied to the whole region south of the Sahara, from the Atlantic to the Nile. It is a territory some thirty-five hundred miles by six hundred miles, containing two million square miles, and has to-day a population of perhaps eighty million. It is thus two-thirds the size of the United States and quite as thickly settled. In the western Sudan the Niger plays the same role as the Nile in the east. In this chapter we follow the history of the Niger. The history of this part of Africa was probably something as follows: primitive man, entering Africa from Arabia, found the Great Lakes, spread in the Nile valley, and wandered westward to the Niger. Herodotus tells of certain youths who penetrated the desert to the Niger and found there a city of black dwarfs. Succeeding migrations of Negroes and Negroids pushed the dwarfs gradually into the inhospitable forests and occupied the Sudan, pushing on to the Atlantic. Here the newcomers, curling northward, met the Mediterranean race coming down across the western desert, while to the southward the Negro came to the Gulf of Guinea and the thick forests of the Congo valley. Indigenous civilizations arose on the west coast in Yoruba and Benin, and contact of these with the Mediterranean race in the desert, and with Egyptian and Arab from the east, gave rise to centers of Negro culture in the Sudan at Ghana and Melle and in Songhay, Nupe, the Hausa states, and Bornu.

84. Foreign Governments/Africa Mauritius Mozambique Namibia niger nigeria Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Somalia South africa Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zaire http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/forafr.html

FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS Sub-Saharan Africa Frames Index No-Frames Version Angola Benin ... Related Regional Web Sites Last updated on March 17, 2005 Angola Angola Website Maintained by the Embassy of the Republic of Angola, Washington, DC Angolan culture, business, news; relief efforts to aid the country Under Government: structure of the government, profile of the President, and election statistics Under Reference: directory of key officials, constitution, news releases and speeches Constitution Text of 1992 constitution in English Parliament Searchable text in Portuguese Selected Recent Legislation Military and economic laws in English Benin Benin Government Portal Official government website in English and French Brief history and politics of country Basic population and economic statistics Constitution in French Describes structure of government Government documents AFRIKINFO.COM In French Constitution of Benin Directories of government institutions and officials Links to sites with general and political information about Africa Botswana Republic of Botswana Extensive description of government offices and their e-mail addresses linked through an organization chart Economic development and travel information President Executive branch of government Parliament Legislative branch of government Burkina Faso President Executive branch of government Searchable text in French Constitution Text of 1991 constitution in French Embassy to Canada Brief history and description of country Economic laws and policy Directory of government officials and membership in international organizations

85. Christian Today - UK & World Christian News Every Day Archbishop of Cape Town meets with President of South africa on Zimbabwe World Vision Tackle niger Famine Next Two Months Critical http://www.christiantoday.com/

var sc_project=249535; var sc_invisible=1; Simply let your 'Yes' be 'Yes', and your 'No', 'No'. (Mt 5:37) search: About us Advertise with us Register for Newsletter RSS Feed ... Enhanced by Updated: Saturday, 24 September 2005, 12:25 (UK) News Main Page World Church Missions ... Editorial Other Sections Cartoons Clipart s Christian Holidays Christian Organisations Charities Daily Bible Study ... India Releases Controversial Anti-Christian Short Film LATEST HEADLINES Christians called to International Day of Prayer for the Persecuted Church Up to 20 Killed as Bus Carrying Hurricane Rita Evacuees Catches Fire Hurricane Rita Weakens, Still Considered 'Extremely Dangerous' WORLD NEWS GALLERY ... Leaders at UN World Summit make Call for Action against Poverty TOP STORIES World Evangelical Alliance Praises Worldwide Prayer Movements Akinola Affirms Commitment to Historic Faith in Letter to Anglicans One Million Evangelicals Called to Huge Prayer Rally Against Religious Hatred Bill Christian Aid Calls for Bold Action on Poverty as G8 Fails Majority of Poor TODAY'S FOCUS African Anglican Bishop Vows to Build 100 New Churches Across Lagos, Nigeria

86. AISI National ICT Profiles Union of National Radio and Television Organisations of africa (URTNA) URTNA is a satellites to education, culture, and development in africa. http://www2.sn.apc.org/africa/countdet.CFM?countries__ISO_Code=SN

87. Central Africa Cultural Atlas of africa • Jocelyn Murray • CULTURAL PORTRAIT • Newly revised, Nomads of niger • Carol Beckwith • Marion Van Offelen • CULTURAL PORTRAIT http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/d/3123/pc/Africa/mcms.html

Choose a Region Polar Regions North America Middle America South America Northern Europe Southern Europe Mediterranean Middle East Africa South Asia Southeast Asia Advanced Search Have An Item Number? ... Visiting AFRICA Central Africa READING AND TRAVEL GUIDE We feature a handpicked selection of travel guides, maps, literature, books on art, nature and culture, all designed to help you get more out of your travels to Central Africa. Order an essential package, and we'll ship any additional items for free. These items are available for , including U.S. shipping, a discount (Item no. EXCAF01) E-mail this reading guide Printer-friendly version Select Item African Silences In this narrative of Equatorial Africa Matthiessen recounts several trips to The Gambia, Senegal, Zaire, and the Congo Basin in search of endangered rhinos, elephants and other endangered wildlife. King Leopold's Ghost An enthralling narrative of the 19th-century colonization of the Belgian Congo. The focus of the book, written by an award-winning journalist, is the man who oversaw the colonization, Belgian King Leopold, a ruler who portrayed himself as a great humanitarian, but who was in fact a murderous tyrant. No Mercy, A Journey to the Heart of the Congo

88. Back To Africa A lot happens below the surface in this story of clashing cultures. Set in the moodily evoked West African country of niger, where the thresholds of http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/11/reviews/990711.11kobakt.html

89. Black Cowboy/African Culture Nomads of niger also presents the contemporary beauty of the Fulani people While accounts describe cattle herding in some African cultures as gender http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-west/index.cgi?noframes;read=107

90. The British In The Niger Delta (from Western Africa, History Of The British in the niger delta (from western africa, history of) In fact the The niger River in the western region of africa is used for irrigation, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-54856

91. The Niger Basin (from Africa) --  Encyclopædia Britannica The niger basin (from africa) The niger basin is the largest river basin of The niger River, which rises in the mountains of Guinea, enters the sea http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-37143

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction Geologic history General considerations Rock types and structural evolution The Precambrian The Paleozoic Era The Mesozoic Era Marine formations ... Pleistocene and Holocene developments The land Relief Drainage The Nile basin changeTocNode('toc37141','img37141'); The Niger basin The Congo basin The Zambezi basin The Orange basin ... The Chad basin Soils Soil types Desert soils Chestnut-brown soils Chernozem-like and black soils ... Soil problems Climate Factors influencing the African climate Climatic regions Plant life Ecological relationships Vegetational zones Lowland rain forest Eastern African forest and bush Mangrove swamp Broad-leaved woodland and grassland ... Madagascar Cultural patterns Languages Religions Domestic groupings Demographic patterns ... The economy Resources Mineral resources Metallic deposits Nonmetallic deposits Water resources ... Agriculture Principal crops Cereals and grains Legumes and fodder Tubers and root crops Fruits and vegetables ... Power Trade Internal trade External trade Exports Imports ... Navigation Additional Reading General works Geologic history The land The people ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled.

92. Afromix - The Portal Of African And Caribbean Cultures The Portal of African and Caribbean Cultures. The opposition says niger s president is ignorant after he said people were wellfed in the midst of a http://www.afromix.org/

@import url("/layout/css/afromix/fixed.css"); Skip site navigation Skip section navigation Search Peripheral Links English Header And Logo Site Navigation Home News Music Culture ... Society Section Navigation All French West Indies Haiti Guyana ... Trinidad and Tobago North Africa All Algeria Egypt Libya ... Tunisia Ouest Africa All Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde ... Togo Central Africa All Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic ... Rwanda East Africa All Djibouti Erythrea Ethiopia ... Uganda Southern Africa All South Africa Angola Botswana ... Zimbabwe Indian Ocean Comoros Madagascar Mauritius Seychelles ... Reunion Informations About Faq Contribute Submit an Article Welcome This server is devoted to the promotion of the Afro-Caribbean culture. News, Culture, Society. Headlines S African white farm to be seized South Africa moves for the first time to expropriate a white farmer amid calls to speed up land reforms. ( BBC News Ghana crash out Ghana slip out of the Under-17 World Championship in Peru following a 1-1 draw with China. ( BBC News Somali 'al-Qaeda leader' arrested Somaliland says it has arrested four militants, including an internationally known al-Qaeda member. ( BBC News Ugandan rebel chief 'in DR Congo' The deputy leader of Uganda's Lord's Resistance Army rebels is seeking asylum in DR Congo, the defence minister says. (

93. Afromix - The Portal Of African And Caribbean Cultures The Portal of African and Caribbean Cultures. Leading UK charities band together to launch an aid appeal for niger s 2.5 million starving people. http://www.afromix.org/index.en.jsp

94. Yoruba History Page not only throughout the Yoruba country but to other West African cultures as well. A common Yoruba belief system dominated the region from the niger, http://www.cultural-expressions.com/ifa/ifahistory.htm

Yoruba History The Yoruba People, of whom there are more than twenty-five million, occupy the southwestern corner of Nigeria along the Dahomey border and extends into Dahomey itself. To the east and north the Yoruba culture reaches its approximate limits in the region of the Niger River. However ancestral cultures directly related to the Yoruba once flourished well north of the Niger. Portuguese explorers "discovered" the Yoruba cities and kingdoms in the fifteenth century, but cities such as Ife and Benin, among others, had been standing at their present sites for at least five hundred years before the European arrival. Archeological evidence indicates that a technologically and artistically advanced, proto-Yoruba (Nok), were living somewhat north of the Niger in the first millennium B.C., and they were then already working with iron. Ifa theology states that the creation of humankind arose in the sacred city of Ile Ife where Oduduwa created dry land from water. Much later on an unknown number of Africans migrated from Mecca to Ile Ife. At this point the Eastern Africans and Western Africans synergized. Ife was the first of all Yoruba cities. Oyo and Benin came later and grew and expanded as a consequence of their strategic locations at a time when trading became prosperous. Ife, unlike Benin and Oyo, never developed onto a true kingdom. But though it remained a city-state it had paramount importance to Yoruba's as the original sacred city and the dispenser of basic religious thought.

95. African Arts: Economic And Cultural Prehistory Of The Niger Delta Full text of the article, Economic and cultural prehistory of the niger Delta from African Arts, a publication in the field of Reference Education, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0438/is_1_35/ai_90331355

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles African Arts Spring 2002 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Related Searches Excavations (Archaeology) / Planning Archaeology / Practice Deltas / Antiquities Niger River / Antiquities Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Economic and cultural prehistory of the Niger Delta African Arts Spring, 2002 by A.A. Derefaka F.N. Anozie Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. Lacking the written records on which the historian relies, the prehistorian seeks to reconstruct the past through means of archaeological evidence. [O]bjects recovered from archaeological excavations ... bear the evidence of man's exploitation of his natural resources and utilization of those materials that serve to fulfill his aspirations. These may be objects of warfare, tools for hunting, procuring and preparing his food, for collecting and storing drinking water, ornaments for beautifying his body, objects to satisfy psychological and philosophical needs, ritual objects, and currency. These objects and their placement within a geographical context assume added importance if they are associated with materials such as charcoal and shell for radiometric dating; or objects of trade such as beads, copper manillas and cowrie shells for cross-cultural dating. Each object has its potential for supplying information on the disposition, habits, attitudes and technological progress of the people who lived on the site or in the area under study. (Anozie 1988:141)

96. African History They may regard African cultures as devising unusual solutions to problems Meanwhile, speakers of nigerCongo languages living in what is today eastern http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/history/giblinhistory.html

Issues in African History Professor James Giblin, Department of History, The University of Iowa Like the art of all peoples, the art of Africans expresses values, attitudes, and thought which are the products of their past experience. For that reason, the study of their art provides a way of learning about their history. Through the study of African art we can study the questions which have long preoccupied historians of Africa. This essay written by a historian who studies the African past presents an introduction to these questions. Its purpose is to encourage students to use their knowledge of African art to think about issues in African history. As students of African art begin to consider the African past, they must also consider how Western conceptions of "race" and "racial" difference have influenced our notions of the African past. These ideas, which have usually contrasted the presumed inferiority of black peoples with the superiority of whites, arose in Western societies as Europeans sought to justify their enslavement of Africans and the subsequent colonization of Africa. Historians now recognize that ideas of racial inferiority have inspired the belief that in the past African peoples lived in a state of primitive barbarism. At the same time, they have realized that many of the European writings which they use to reconstruct the African past such as accounts by nineteenth-century missionaries and travelers, for example are themselves tainted by these same notions of African inferiority.

97. African Timelines Part I African Orature Power of the Word What Is culture? Ethnicity, Language culture Can We Generalize about a Common African culture? http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline.htm

Part I: Ancient Africa from the beginnings BC / BCE African Timelines Table of Contents COCC Home Cora Agatucci Home Classes ... African Timelines Web tip: When you revisit this web page, please "refresh" or "renew" in your Internet Browser Short Cuts on this web page to brief Discussions on: Problem of Sources Sacred Writing Ma'at African Orature ... Can We Generalize about a Common African Culture? 5 to 2.5 million BCE Fossils, rocks, ancient skeletal remains have been uncovered in the Rift Valley and surrounding areas Photo of an African rift (Univ. of Pennsylvania), 1 Apr. 2005: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Misc_GIFS/African_rift.gif Evidence points to a common human ancestry originating in Africa from the emergence of a humanlike species in eastern Africa some 5 million years ago. From Hadar, Ethiopia, the 3.18 million year-old remains of "Lucy" were unearthed in 1974. Resources for African Archeology (ArchNet-WWW Archeology)

98. Cultures Of Niger - MavicaNET African Art, African Cuisine, Cultures of Algeria, Cultures of Angola, Cultures of Benin, Cultures of Botswana Cultures of niger. Sites total 1 http://www.mavicanet.com/directory/eng/20436.html

selCatSelAlt="Deselect category"; selCatDesAlt="Select category"; selSitSelAlt="Deselect site"; selSitDesAlt="Select site"; MavicaNET - Multilingual Search Catalog MavicaNet Lite - Light version Catalog Belarusian Bulgarian Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian (cyr.) Serbian (lat.) Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Ukrainian Culture African Cultures Regional Africa ... Niger Cultures of Niger Sites Sister categories ... African Art African Cuisine Cultures of Algeria Cultures of Angola Cultures of Benin Cultures of Botswana Cultures of Burkina Faso Cultures of Cameroon Cultures of CAR Cultures of Chad Cultures of Djibouti Cultures of Egypt Cultures of Equatorial Guinea Cultures of Eritrea Cultures of Ethiopia Cultures of Gambia Cultures of Ghana Cultures of Guinea Cultures of Kenya Cultures of Liberia Cultures of Malawi Cultures of Mali Cultures of Morocco Cultures of Mozambique Cultures of Namibia Cultures of Nigeria Cultures of Senegal Cultures of Sierra Leone Cultures of Somalia Cultures of South Africa Cultures of Tanzania Cultures of The Congo (Brazzav...

99. Emory University> African Studies > Resources > Search Film, Media And Video Res Abstract An ethnographic portrayal of the Bororo people of niger, He talks about the growth of African cultural selfawareness and the birth of a new http://www.ias.emory.edu/catalog.cfm?keyword=Niger

100. Trans-Saharan Trade There was a radical interruption in the pottery used in the niger valley during the The encounter of Islamic and West African cultures was peaceful, http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/paj/Masonen.html

The third Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies: Ethnic encounter and culture change Joensuu, Finland, 19-22 June 1995 Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World Pekka Masonen University of Tampere NB Ethnic encounter and culture change , Bergen/London 1997, 116-42. Please quote or refer only to the published article.* However, the notion that Africans have always been nothing but passive objects in their encounter with other civilisations, "having no interests to explore the world outside their own home village," is both oversimplified and ahistorical. The establisment and success of regular trans-Saharan trade, for example, was not possible without the active participation of West Africans who understood perfectly well, how to utilize the new opportunities offered by the commercial contacts to the Islamic world. Yet, in the authorized African historiography, this point is usually passed over with few words only. Origins of the Trans-Saharan contacts The regular commercial and cultural exchange between Western Africa and the Mediterranean world did not start properly until the 8th century AD. Yet the beginning of trans-Saharan trade was not such a sudden and dramatic event like the coming of Europeans to America, but it had a long history of sporadic encounters for more than 1000 years. When and how the very first contacts took place is still obscure, although their origins can be traced already to the prehistoric times. Archaeologists have, for example, found in southern Mauritania some copper objects of Hispano-Moroccan style, which are dated to the 11th century BC. The reciprocal action between Moroccan and Mauritanian prehistoric inhabitants was possible, for the northern and southern 50 mm isohyets are close together in western Sahara, forming there a kind of natural corridor along which the desert can be crossed.

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