61. Indians Of The Southwest The People; indians of the American Southwest Words and Photographs by Stephen Set in the conflict between native americans Apache, Mexicans and the http://falcon.jmu.edu/~ramseyil/indswest.htm

62. ThinkQuest : Library : Native Americans The site describes how the native americans made these arts and crafts, The navajo tribe is the largest in the United States with 270000 (2000 census)in http://www.thinkquest.org/library/cat_show.html?cat_id=51

63. NATIVE AMERICANS - A RESOURCE LIST (1995) Songs from the Loom A navajo Girl Learns to Weave. (1991) I Is Notfor Indian The Portrayal of native americans in Books for Young People. http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~kvander/ChildrenLit/nalist.html

NATIVE AMERICANS A RESOURCE LIST FOR TEACHING -TO OR ABOUT- NATIVE AMERICANS Developed by Debbie Reese and Jean Mendoza Children's Literature Page A Sampling of Recommended Children's Books and Young Adult Literature RF - Realistic Fiction; HF - Historical Fiction; NF - Nonfiction; P - Poetry; TL - Traditional Literature; B - Biography; AB - Autobiography; E - Elementary; M - Middle School; YA - Young Adult Alexie, Sherman. (1994) Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight In Heaven . New York: Harperperennial. (RF - YA) Allen, Paula Gunn. (2001) As Long As the Rivers Flow: The Stories of Nine Native Americans . New York: Scholastic (B - E/M) Ancona, George. (1993) Powwow . San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. (NF - All ages) Ancona, George. (1995). Earth Daughter: Alicia of Acoma Pueblo . Macmillan. (NF - All ages) Andrews, Jan. (1998). Very Last First Time . Aladdin (NF - All ages). Archuleta, Margaret L., Brenda J. Child, and K. Tsianina Lomawaima. (2000) Away from Home: American Indian Boarding School Experiences . Phoenix: The Heard Museum. (NF - YA) Braine, Susan. (1995).

64. Cryptology: Navajo Code Talkers In World War II American Indian Medal of Honor Winners navajo Code Talkers in World War He also knew that native American languagesnotably Choctawhad been used in http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq61-2.htm

Return to Frequently Asked Questions page. Return to Native American contributions DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER 805 KIDDER BREESE SE WASHINGTON NAVY YARD WASHINGTON DC 20374-5060 Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet Research by Alexander Molnar Jr., U.S. Marine Corps/U.S. Army (Ret.) Related resources: American Indian Medal of Honor Winners Navajo Code Talkers in World War II: A Bibliography Navajo Code Talker Dictionary Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Peleliu, Iwo Jima: the Navajo code talkers took part in every assault the U.S. Marines conducted in the Pacific from 1942 to 1945. They served in all six Marine divisions, Marine Raider battalions and Marine parachute units, transmitting messages by telephone and radio in their native language a code that the Japanese never broke. The idea to use Navajo for secure communications came from Philip Johnston, the son of a missionary to the Navajos and one of the few non-Navajos who spoke their language fluently. Johnston, reared on the Navajo reservation, was a World War I veteran who knew of the military's search for a code that would withstand all attempts to decipher it. He also knew that Native American languagesnotably Choctawhad been used in World War I to encode messages. Johnston believed Navajo answered the military requirement for an undecipherable code because Navajo is an unwritten language of extreme complexity. Its syntax and tonal qualities, not to mention dialects, make it unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure and training. It has no alphabet or symbols, and is spoken only on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest. One estimate indicates that less than 30 non-Navajos, none of them Japanese, could understand the language at the outbreak of World War II.

65. Navajo HOGAN: North American Native American Indian Pre-Contact Housing HOGAN navajo traditional house, 5sided and 6- or 8-sided (new-style). Part ofPre-contact native north American housing types, illustrations, maps, http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/houses/hogan.html

Page buttons Blessingway Coyote got logs and instructions on how to build the hogan from the Beaver People. (Cottonwood trees were already found on this world when the people emerged from below.) The first hogan was the fork-stick hogan frame, a pyramid with 5 triangular faces. The first 2 logs are a fork-tipped log placed to the north and a straight male log to the south. The male log is joined into the female fork at the top, symbolizing a strong partnership between a man and a woman, husband and wife, in their future home. Another fork-tipped log is placed from the west (called "Sundown") Two logs are positioned for the open door frame in the east, two more logs placed over the door to frame the entrance, and a final log goes crosswise at the top of the chimney. This completes the original fork-stick hogan's framework, whose construction is described in the Blessingway sing. This is a male hogan. The Red Earth Indian Museum (Oklahoma) has a cutaway tabletop model of a fork-stick hogan. The straight male log (south) has its butt end to the front and the door (east) is on the left of the picture here. The straight log fits into the fork-tip of the female log, whose butt end is at the north (to the back of this model). The West (Sunset) log barely shows at the right edge of the cutaway. The doorframe and the two doorframe roof logs are at the left of the pictured model. Continuing the Blessingway first hogan instructions: Beaver told Coyote to sit on the ground facing east, holding his knees in both hands. This demonstrated to everyone that the fork-stick hogan was a model of a human being in this sitting position. The door curtain was made of dawn, so people may rise each morning and meet the dawn light. Precious turquoise, white shell beads, obsidian, jet, and abalone shell were placed on the frame with reed plants which had carried the people up to their emergence from the worlds below (some versions say the precious stones and shells were buried under the log framework). Songs were sung as it was built, to make it a very holy place.

66. Native American Resources The Gathering Place/navajo Coop Store native American Women s Health Education Institute of American Indian and Alaska native Culture and Arts http://www.cowboy.net/native/

Native American Report The American Indian Exposition announces its new home on the World Wide Web, located at http://www.usaindianinfo.org/expo.htm Locally Hosted URLs Native American Calendar - A calendar for Native American events around the country. Delaware Tribe of Indians - Sponsored by the Delaware Cultural Preservation Program. Oklahoma Tribes and Officials - Listing of Tribes and Officials in Oklahoma. Touching Leaves Company - Catalog of Native American Items - Lenape Red Land Singers Native America - We have a variety of pages about American Indian history, legends, lore, prayers and spirit. Tribes Organizations Education Government Tribal Home Pages Lipan Apache Band of Texas, Inc. (updated 05/18/05) Chickasaw Nation United Tribe of Shawnee Indian Great Sioux Nation United Keetoowah Band of Cherokees ... Government Native American Organizations Indigenous Children of the Americas North American Indian Legal Services - a non-profit organization serving American Indian children and families in the area of Indian child welfare needs, in particular foster care placements and adoptive placements. Our mission is to strengthen the Indian family by making all efforts to provide culturally appropriate rehabilititative and social services to the family to keep the Indian child with it's Indian family, relatives or other tribal members. Native American Finance Officers Association - provide a professional organization dedicated to the improvement and quality of financial and business management of Native American governments and businesses which will strengthen Tribal sovereignty through sound financial management.

67. Navajo Nation Pow wows, traditional song and dances, native food competitions and many others The navajo Nation proudly sponsors the World s Largest American Indian http://www.americanwest.com/pages/navajo2.htm

EXPLORE THE NAVAJO NATION Beautiful MONUMENT VALLEY sits quietly in the northwest portion of the Navajo Nation. (Note: To enlarge the pictures, just click on the underlined colored text) Tenacious...adaptable...enduring...spiritual... ...words that characterize the largest and most influential Indian tribe in North America... The Navajo Nation. Since the Long Walk in the 1860's, the Navajo Nation decimated to a population of only 8,000. It has increased to a stronghold of more than 210,000. About 60 percent of Navajos are 24 years old or younger. In its infancy, the Navajo Nation governed itself by a complex language and clan system. The discovery of oil in the early 1920's clarified the need for a more systematic form of government. So, in 1923, the Navajos established a tribal government; thus providing an entity to deal with American oil companies wishing to lease Navajoland for exploration. A Navajo elder, Thelma Nez , in traditional dress is preparing to tend to her daily livestock chores. Today, the Navajo Nation Council has grown into the largest and most sophisticated American Indian government in the U.S.

68. Native American Indian Jewelry, Navajo, Hopi & Zuni, Bandera Texas Necklaces, Earrings, Sets, Bracelets and Pawn Jewelry from navajo Hopi IndianReservations Zuni Pueblos in New Mexico Arizona. http://www.americanindianjewelry.com/

Home Page About Us Why Buy Native American Jewelry? Security and Privacy ... Help w/ Shopping Shop For Army Service Medal Bracelets Belt Buckles Belts Bolo Ties ... Links SearchHippo Search TheCyberWiz American Indian Jewelry Stores Specializing in Authentic Native American Indian Jewelry bought directly from the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations and the Zuni Pueblos in Northern New Mexico and/or Northern Arizona Handcrafted Sterling Silver with stones from local turquoise mines and coral, lapis lazuli, malachite, opal, etc. Remember, all our American Indian Jewelry is hand made by Native American Artisans. Each piece is unique. The piece you get may vary slightly from the pictures here. 311-B Main Street Bandera, Texas Fax (830) 460-4100 Native American Pawn Jewelry Old Pawn from the vaults of the Indian Traders. The Magic of Zuni Artist Effie Calavaza Unique hand wrought silver artistically arranged. The turquoise and coral nuggets allow her charming little snake to slither through the arrangement Hand Crafted necklace and earring sets from the Native American Artists Bracelets Bracelets to complement by a variety of Native American Jewelry Craftspeople.

69. Native American Directory Aboriginal and native American Indian Astronomy There is a lot to see on thissite. navajo Nation - is presented by the navajo Community College with http://www.powerplace.com/atpost/nativeam.html

Home Shopping Santa Fe Suggest a Link ... Aboriginal and Native American Indian Astronomy - There is a lot to see on this site. You can view Native American constellations, Lakota constellations related to the Black Hills features, stone medicine wheels, solar-stellar observatories, the first (analog) computers and a whole lot more. al intra's NA Indian Web-sites+ American Indian Movement - The Arizona Chapter . American Indian Movement - The Southern California Chapter. American Indian Tribal Directory - excellent resource with directories broken down by tribe, city and state. A publication of the American Indian Heritage Foundation. American Indian Computer Art Project (AICAP) - was created by Turtle Heart, an Objibway artist to allow the exchange of ideas and works relating to Native American Art and Issues. Association of American Indian Physicians - Provides information to enhance the provision of health in tribal communities and assist health care professionals in their efforts to improve health care for American Indian and Alaska Native people Bill's Aboriginal Links: Canada and US - a long list of links.

70. Native American Rugs, Blankets, And Star Quilts DY Begay s navajo Weaving Studio American Indian rugs by the awardwinning weaverand Contemporary native American rugs by navajo weaver Anita Hathale. http://www.native-languages.org/rugs.htm

American Indian Art > American Indian Rugs Native American Languages Native American Tribes What's new on our site today! Native American Rugs, Blankets, and Quilts The best-known native textile art in North America is the weaving of Navajo Indian blankets and rugs. These impressive (and expensive) rugs are still made in a style that was traditional in Mexico and the southwest United States long before the arrival of Europeans If you are looking to buy rugs, quilts, or blankets that were actually made by Native Americanseither because it's important to you to have the real thing or because you want to support native people with your purchasethen here is our list of American Indian artists whose rugs and textiles are available online. If you have a website of Native American weaving or quilting to add to this list, let us know . We gladly advertise any individual native artist or native-owned art store here free of charge, provided that all rugs were made by tribally recognized American Indian, Inuit, or First Nations artists. Thank you for your interest in Native American art!

71. Native American Jewelry Beautiful turquoise and silver Indian jewelry by a navajo artist. WhiteBirdIndian Jewelry Contemporary style native American jewelry by a Cheyenne http://www.native-languages.org/jewelry.htm

Native American Art > Native American Jewelry Native American Languages Native American Tribes What's new on our site today! American Indian Jewelry Jewelry styles were different in every American Indian tribe, but the differences were less marked than with other arts and crafts, because jewelry and the materials used for making it (beads, shells, copper and silver, ivory, amber, turquoise and other stones) were major trade items long before European arrival in America. After colonization, Native American jewelry-making traditions remained strong, incorporating, rather than being replaced by, new materials and techniques such as glass beads and more advanced metalworking techniques. There are two very general categories of Native American jewelry metalwork, and beadwork. Before Europeans came native metalwork was fairly simple, consisting primarily of hammering and etching copper into pendants or earrings and fashioning copper and silver into beads. After Navajo, Hopi and Pueblo artists learned silversmithing from the Spanish in the 1800's, metal jewelry arts blossomed in the Southwest, and distinctive native jewelry like the squash blossom necklace , Hopi silver overlay bracelets, and Navajo turquoise inlay rings developed from the fusion of the new techniques with traditional designs. Native beadwork, on the other hand, was already extremely advanced in pre-Columbian times, including the fine grinding of turquoise, coral, and shell beads into smooth heishi necklaces, the delicate carving of individual wood and bone beads, the soaking and piecing of porcupine quills, and the intricate stitching of thousands of beads together. Porcupine quillwork has nearly died out (though some young artists are taking a renewed interest in it) but all of these other forms of beadwork are still going strong, though imported Czech seed beads have been the favored medium among many Indian artists for centuries now. You can see our

72. Native American Times - America's Largest Independent, Native American News Sour WASHINGTON DC 8/11/2005 Despite American Indian and Alaska Natives babies having WINDOW ROCK AZ 8/10/2005 navajo Nation President Joe Shirley, Jr., http://nativetimes.com/

Front Page General News Politics Health ... News Archive Native American Times Subscribe or Renew to the Nation's Largest Independent Indian News Source NEWS General News Politics Civil Rights Law ... Emerging Govts. Classifieds Gaming Employment Events Education ... Businesses Of Interest Letters to the Editor About NTN Contact Us Subscribe ... Advertiser Info Today's Headline Students honor slain Cherokee man Cherokee langauge class creates ribbon in memory of Mike Dawes Read [More...] Featured Stories DOJ grants to combat sexual assault of Native women WASHINGTON DC 9/23/2005 According to a December 2004 study by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, American Indians are twice as likely to experience sexual assault crimes compared to all other races. In 2000, the National Institute of Justice published a report on the findings of the National Violence Against Women Survey which revealed that one in three Indian women reported having been raped during her lifetime. [More...] Students honor slain Cherokee man 9/23/2005 Every semester Cedric Sunray, an Indian language instructor at Tahlequah High School, has his students create a business plan, complete with cash projections, in Cherokee. The idea is to get the youngsters to use the language in a modern setting. [More...]

73. Indian Country Today - The Nation's Leading Native American Indian News Source The world s largest native American Indian news source, shipped internationally . Education reform elevates status of navajocontrolled education http://www.indiancountry.com/

Self-sufficiency Maori rights Mobile network SEARCH ICT ARCHIVES NEWS ALERTS SUBSCRIPTIONS ADVERTISING ... Roberts defended indigenous vote in Hawaii case by: Jim Adams / Indian Country Today WASHINGTON - Chief Justice nominee John Roberts defended the Native side in one major Supreme Court case, the 1999 dispute over voting restricted to indigenous Hawaiians. In his confirmation hearings, he cited this case to show that he had argued in favor of affirmative action and that he sought to help minorities. Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, D-Mass., retorted, however, that it wasn't an affirmative action case. more >> Surviving Katrina Today's feature article sponsored by WellPoint, Inc. WellPoint, the nation's leading health benefits company, may have just the right career opportunity for you. Discarded Trust documents found Mascot logos still hot-button issue ... If Indian Trust case goes bad, fire the judge! Posted: September 22, 2005 by: Editors Report / Indian Country Today Talk about an abuse of power. Talk about brazen interference with an ongoing trial on government malfeasance. If things are looking bad for you, according to the federal government, don't fire your lawyer - fire the judge! more >> 'Touch of Potlatch' makes history Posted: September 16, 2005

74. Indian Country Today - The Nation's Leading Native American Indian News Source The world s largest native American Indian news source, shipped internationally . navajo President Joe Shirley Jr. said the navajo education reform was http://www.indiancountry.com/index.cfm

Buck-A-Rama Free bus service Training clinics SEARCH ICT ARCHIVES NEWS ALERTS SUBSCRIPTIONS ADVERTISING ... Roberts invokes Alaska work to demonstrate compassion by: Jim Adams / Indian Country Today Analysis WASHINGTON - In an apparent attempt to show empathy for Indian country, Supreme Court nominee John Roberts Jr. twice told the Senate Judiciary Committee confirmation hearings about his visits to Alaska Native villages. But some of Roberts' Native critics see irony in his statement, since at the time he was helping the state of Alaska defeat tribal claims of sovereignty and oppose Native assertions of hunting and fishing subsistence rights. more >> Surviving Katrina Today's feature article sponsored by WellPoint, Inc. WellPoint, the nation's leading health benefits company, may have just the right career opportunity for you. Discarded Trust documents found Mascot logos still hot-button issue ... If Indian Trust case goes bad, fire the judge! Posted: September 22, 2005 by: Editors Report / Indian Country Today Talk about an abuse of power. Talk about brazen interference with an ongoing trial on government malfeasance. If things are looking bad for you, according to the federal government, don't fire your lawyer - fire the judge! more >> 'Touch of Potlatch' makes history Posted: September 16, 2005

75. NativeWeb Resources: Newspapers - Native & Indigenous Arizona native Scene, navajo, US Southwest, 2554 It has articles and storiesconcerning American Indian events in California, the United States and http://www.nativeweb.org/resources/newspapers_-_native_indigenous/

Home Login Contact Us Resources for Indigenous Cultures around the World Resources Community Services About Us Resource Center Internet Links Nations Index Geographic Region Index Search the Site ... Top 5 Percent Hosted Resources Hosted Pages NativeLaw News NativeTech Site Information Get your FREE EMAIL @NativeWeb.Net! Community About Us DONATE NOW! ... Resource Database Resources: 34 listings Name and Description Nation Location Hits American Native Press Archives The American Native Press Archives began in 1983 as a clearinghouse for information on American Indian and Alaska Native newspapers and periodicals. In the ensuing years, it has evolved as a joint effort of the Department of English and the Ottenheimer Library, and its mission has changed to collecting and archiving the products of the Native press and materials related to Native press history, collecting and documenting the works of Native writers, and constructing bibliographic guides to Native writing and publishing. It stands today as one of the world's largest repositories of Native thought. Anishinaabe News Anishinaabe US - Northeast Anishinaabe News is a reincarnation of the original Anishinaabe newspapaer "Nishnawbe News" published at Northern Michigan Unversity. Anishinaabe News is now available online.

76. Native Americans And John Wesley Now land was allotted or given to individual native americans. Land not parceledout to native americans became government property. http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/joshua/nativeam.html

Native Americans and John Wesley In England, John Wesley , Methodism's founder, was appalled by the atrocities Europeans committed against Native Americans. He poured out his moral outrage on European Christians, including the English colonists. In his sermon " A Caution Against Bigotry ," Wesley doesn't gloss over anything: Even cruelty and bloodshed, how little have the Christians come behind them! And not the Spaniards or the Portuguese alone, butchering thousands in South America: not the Dutch only in the East Indies, or the French in North America, following the Spaniards step by step: our own countrymen, too, have wantoned in blood, and exterminated whole nations; plainly proving thereby what spirit it is that dwells and works in the children of disobedience. Tragically few listened to Wesley. Warfare against Native Americans continued until the end of the nineteenth century as the United States moved westward. This expansion was inspired by the nation's " manifest destiny ." Manifest destiny was the belief that the United States was destined or chosen to occupy all the geographical territory between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. This idea was very popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Native Americans were viewed as obstacles to "manifest destiny."

77. The Southwest Culture Makes Up The States Of Arizona, New Mexico, Southern Color navajo, largest tribe of North American indians settled in New Mexico, Arizona,and Utah. O. P pottery, containers or dishes made of moistened clay, http://inkido.indiana.edu/w310work/romac/swvocab.htm

VOCABULARY A ancestor, a family member from whom you have descended ancient , very old Apache, a tribe of North American Indians of New Mexico and Southwestern United State s B basic, main, of first importance Barboncito, a Navajo Indian leader who with 19 other Navajo leaders signed a new treaty with the United States in 1868 allowing the tribe to return to their land in Arizona and New Mexico Blessingway, a Navajo ceremony blessing a marriage, a home, a long happy life, crops, and other ventures boundaries, the outer limits of an area; its borders on all sides C canyon, very deep, narrow area surrounded by high cliffs Kit Carson, an early frontiersman, guide, and Indian fighter who led United States troops in forcing more than 8,000 Navajos off their land Century, a period of 100 years ceremony, a special celebration or ritual for a notable occasion common, most usual, same, seen most often conservative, traditional, those who would not accept or welcome changes continuously, lasting a long time, happening without stop convert

78. Swest The Southwest native americans come from the states of Arizona, New Mexico, Most of the Southwest native americans became farmers and lived in villages. http://inkido.indiana.edu/w310work/romac/swest.htm

SOUTHWEST NATIVE AMERICANS The Southwest Native Americans come from the states of Arizona, New Mexico, Southern Colorado, and the northern part of Mexico. Most of the land is desert covered with cactus. The main tribes that come from the Southwest area are the Apache Hopi Navajo Pueblo ... Zuni . Some tribes spoke their own languages, had their own religious customs, and laws they followed. Most of the Southwest Native Americans became farmers and lived in villages. The Southwest Native Americans believe in that the 4 th world is sacred. They believe the first people created in the cave below the surface of the earth climbed through two more caves with creatures until they reached the surface. They climbed through the hole called sipapu which is the hole humans were born from. Art Food Religion Children ... Homepage created on April 15, 1998 edited on April 22, 1998 by Pam Eck, IUPUI

79. Native American Theme Wedding & Party Guide American Indian JewelryAuthentic native American Indian jewelry bought directlyfrom the navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations and the Zuni Pueblo http://www.askginka.com/nationality/indian_native.htm

Ask Ginka BACK TO SCHOOL HALLOWEEN THANKSGIVING baby showers ... shoes NATIVE AMERICAN-ABORIGINAL APPAREL: Contains links to traditional Native American dress, sewing supplies, textiles, bridal wear and accessories Alaska Native Traditional Dress -information and links Big Girls' Bras -longline and special occasion bras. Variety of styles and cup sizes from B to FF Civilization -Canadian Native tribal clothing info Denver Fabrics -Native American clothing patterns Designs by Pat -Native American collection Garters by Gingersnap -Native American garters MJ Trim- beaded trim and beaded fringe Native American Indian -links to clothing, regalia and textiles Native Arts Trading -beaded and buckskin dresses Navajo Spirit -South Western wear clothing Sewing Central -sewing patterns for Native men, women and kids outfits based on 19th century designs Sweat Lodge Fashions -custom tailored dresses The Old Tradin' Post The Wandering Bull -historical clothing patterns White Feather Design -men's, women's and children's clothing

80. Education World ® : Lesson Planning: Activities To Celebrate Native American He FAOW November is National American Indian and Alaska native Heritage Month. Students learn about the navajo code talkers and have fun using a navajo http://www.education-world.com/a_lesson/lesson209.shtml

EdWorld Internet Topics Sponsored links: Earn 90% Profit! Walden University M.S. in Education Degrees Online Host Department Web Hosting Best Sellers Best Websites ... Kaplan University Master's of Arts in Hoodia Diet Pills Hoodia Gordonii Hoodia Pills Leading Trade and Vocational Career Schools and Courses Get your evaluation ... Social Sciences Lesson Planning Article L E S S O N P L A N N I N G A R T I C L E Activities to Celebrate Native American Heritage! November is National American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month. Education World offers 12 lessons to help students learn about Native American history and cultures. Included: Activities that involve students in dramatizing folktales, learning new words, preparing traditional foods, and much more! How did National American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month get started? A brief time line illustrates some of the key events on the way to that designation: At the turn of the 20th century, people began making proposals for a day to honor Native Americans. In 1914, Red Fox James, a member of the Blackfoot tribe, rode horseback from state to state in the hope of gaining support for a day of tribute.

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