61. Research Report: Native American Religious And Cultural Freedom: An Introductory Traversing the diversity of native North american peoples, too, is the primacy of indigenous rights, including those of religious and cultural freedom. http://www.pluralism.org/research/profiles/display.php?profile=73332

62. Eurocentric Concepts which are used as intellectual weapons against american indigenous peoples . It is wrong to accuse native people of the north of leaving old ones to http://nas.ucdavis.edu/Forbes/Eurocentric_Concepts.html

Native Intelligence: a column by Jack D. Forbes Native American Studies University of California, Davis This column's focus: Eurocentric Concepts Harm Native People Some European writers have developed concepts which are used as intellectual weapons against American indigenous peoples. Among these are human sacrifice, cannibalism, infanticide, patricide, matricide and primitivism. Human sacrifice has especially been applied to the cultures of many Meso-American and South American groups but it (along with cannibalism) has also been alleged for some North American nations. Let me use human sacrifice as an example of how concepts can be made to apply only to indigenous peoples and not to European groups doing essentially the same thing. The word "sacrifice" is derived from Latin sacer (sacred, holy) and facere (to make, do), meaning "sacred-making" or "to make sacred." Even for Romans, however, the meaning became "the destruction or surrender of something for the sake of something else" or the giving up of some interest for the interest of someone or something else. Modern examples might be: "The Iraqi civilians were sacrificed for the sake of Bush's Persian Gulf policy"; or "The lives of Native Americans in Guatemala have been sacrificed in order to prevent agrarian reform." What about human sacrifice as practiced today? In World War I and World War II virtually all sides sacrificed the lives of hundreds of thousands of soldiers and non-combatants for the sake of military goals. The Japanese frequently and wantonly killed civilians in their attacks upon China, the Germans executed millions of non-combatants, and the United States incinerated tens of thousands of civilians in Nagasaki and Hiroshima, by way of examples.

63. Ceremonies, Rituals And Spirituality Books indigenous peoples in their daily lives and in Sacred ceremonies native Americansin a variety of ceremonies and Rituals. http://www.tahtonka.com/sacred.html

Ceremonies, Rituals and Spirituality Books Spirituality is not religion to Indians. Religion is not an Indian concept, it is a non Indian word, with implications of things that end badly like wars in the name of individuals God's and so on. Indians do not ask what religion another Indian is, because they already know the answer. To an Indian, spirituality is about the Creator, period. "For me, the essence of a medicine man's life is to be humble, to have great patience, to be close to the Earth, to live as simply as possible and to never stop learning." Archie Fire Lame Deer, Lakota Biographies Women Bison/Buffalo Historical ... Cook Books American Indian Healing Arts Kavasch/Baar - 352 pages $18.95 A beautiful reference book with a collection of Native American ceremonies, stories, prayers healing rituals and myths organized by our stages of life that includes more than 60 herbal remedies. Order this book Book of the Hopi Waters - 366 pages $15.00

64. Native American And Amerindian Philosophy At Erratic Impact's Philosophy Researc Search/Browse Main Page Places peoples North America native americans Lakota native american Philosophy. Home Philosophy religion Education Medicine http://www.erraticimpact.com/~topics/html/native_american.htm

Major Topics Index New Book Search Used Book Search 20th Century Names ... Mysticism Native American Non-western Phil. Nothingness Performativity Philosophical Humor ... Being and Vibration by Joseph Rael, Mary Elizabeth Marlow (Contributor) Native American Philosophy Online Resources Texts: Native American Philosophy Texts: Native American Spirituality Used Books: Native American ... Know of a Resource? The Book of Ceremonies : A Native Way of Honoring and Living the Sacred by Gabriel Horn, Carises Horn (Illustrator) In The Book of Ceremonies, Gabriel Horn offers a tapestry of stories, poems, prayers, and love songs describing the sacred Native American way of life and what its religion and ritual can offer spiritual seekers from all backgrounds. The six parts of the book cover preparation for ceremonies greeting the day; acknowledgment and gratitude; marriage and divorce; birth and death; dreams and visions; and seasons and healing. Highlights include a Zuni creation account, an Aztec love song, and an Omaha prayer presenting a new infant. Click here to read more about this book Click here for more books on Native American Philosophy Click here for more Philosophy Books American Indian Philosophy Association American Indian Philosophy Association This is a web page in progress. Please be patient. Press Reload, since things change. Our organization is an association of professional philosophers who seek to encourage the thoughtful and careful articulation, study, and contemplation of philosophical issues that affect American Indigenous people and the communities to which we belong.

65. Mythology's Mythinglinks: Indigenous Peoples Of North America -- Pueblo & Athaba indigenous peoples OF north AMERICA ..THE american SOUTHWEST .. Hopi culture is regarded as one of the bestpreserved native american cultures in http://www.mythinglinks.org/ip~northamerica~SW.html

28 August 2002 - 13 November 2002: this page is still a work-in-progress many links remain unannotated please be patient! MYTH*ING LINKS Kathleen Jenks, Ph.D. Department of Mythological Studies Pacifica Graduate Institute GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF north AMERICA THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST General From the Smithsonian at: http://www.nmaa.si.edu/education/guides/pueblo/pueblo_map.html http://lcweb.loc.gov/spcoll/181.html This is a brief page for Zuni, Hopi, and Navajo specialists about the Peabody Museum Collection of Ethnological sound recordings, 1890s-1910s. These include: The first documented use of mechanical recording equipment for ethnological research was by Jesse Walter Fewkes, an anthropologist affiliated with the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of Harvard University.... He took the device on subsequent expeditions among the Zuni and Hopi Indians of Arizona in 1890 and 1891 and published an influential series of articles on his work, beginning with "On the Use of the Phonograph in the Study of the Languages of American Indians," in Science (Ql.S35), v. 15, May 2, 1890, p. 267-69.... The collection also contains...recordings made by Washington Matthews approximately ten years earlier among the Navaho. The 264 wax cylinders have been duplicated on tape (AFS 14,737-14,754) and are described in notes and a concordance. The Peabody Museum has received tapes of the collection through exchange.... THE PUEBLO PEOPLES OF NEW MEXICO Pueblo Villages in New Mexico

66. Spring 2004 Courses And Descriptions - American Indian And Native Studies - Divi 149005001 Literatures of native american peoples 3 sh but also the ways inwhich native women maintain, revitalize, and transform indigenous religious http://www.uiowa.edu/~ainsp/spring2004.html

Spring 2004 Courses Home Mission Certificate Checklist Minor Checklist ... Related Links Application Forms: Apply for Admittance to a Program pdf ) or ( html Apply for Certificate (Seniors Only) pdf ) or( html Associated Courses and Electives Fall 2003 Spring 2004 Courses and Descriptions For more information about the courses offered in the American Indian and Native Studies Program for the Fall 2003 semester, contact the Main Office in 404 Jefferson Building. Literatures of Native American Peoples Intro to Native American Religions Indians of North America 149:110:SCA Indians of North America Directed Cultural Experience Independent Study Special Topics: American Indian/Native Studies 149:199:SCA Independent Study Project 149:005:001 Literatures of Native American Peoples 3 s.h. APPROVED FOR GE: Cultural Diversity Instructor: Staff Prerequisite: Successful completion of rhetoric requirement and then 08G:001 top 149:060 Introduction to Native American Religions 3 s.h.

67. Native American Healing In fact, native american ceremonies were prohibited by law before the indigenous people believe that unless the sun dance is performed each year, http://www.garynull.com/Documents/nativeamerican.htm

NATIVE AMERICAN HEALING by Gary Null Native Americans Speak Out on Sacred Healing and Transformational Rituals Home Note: The information on this website is not a substitute for diagnosis and treatment by a qualified, licensed professional. In the summer of 1994, her promise of return was fulfilled with the birth of a white buffalo in Jamesville, Wisconsin. White buffalos are rare, but this one is unique because, as prophesied, the white buffalo has changed its colors since birth, going from white to black to red to yellow and back to white. Since each color represents one of the four directionsnorth being white, black representing west, red symbolizing south, and yellow depicting eastthis buffalo has great symbolic significance to Native American tribes, who respond to it as a Christian would respond to the second coming of Christ. It signifies a time of profound change upon the planet and a new level of responsibility for mankind. One Native visionary interpreted the birth of the white buffalo calf to mean that the four energiesthe black, white, yellow, and redwill realize that there is only one race, the human race, and join together in peace. Never before has the world been in such dire need of these understandings. As the twenty-first century approaches, our natural resources dwindle, and diseases brought on by technology rise. Many are beginning to realize that another way of life is essential for survival and well-being on a personal and global level. As one Lakota medicine man, George Amiotte, notes, "The general population are starting to wake up to that fact that we, as human beings, have a responsibility, not only to our own societies, but also to the earth."

68. Listening To Native Americans - John Barry Ryan I only dared propose a course on native american Religions because I had to work in collaboration with indigenous peoples to protect and foster native http://www.op.org/DomCentral/library/native.htm

Vol. 31, No.1 Winter 1996 pp. 24-36 Listening to Native Americans: Making Peace with the Past for the Future John Barry Ryan John Barry Ryan is Professor of Religious Studies and a member of the Peace Studies faculty at Manhattan College. His research interests include liturgical studies and American Indian religions. It is a Native American tradition to introduce oneself before one speaks. In that spirit, I begin with some steps in my own journey of listening to Native Americans. I acknowledge at the outset that for most of my life I did not listen, maybe could not listen. But for a decade now, I have been attempting to listen to Native Americans. "Attempting" is the appropriate word because I am very much aware that I bring preconceptions, hardheadedness, and lack of attention to the conversation. Even worse, Native Americans have taught me that I carry a much heavier burden. I view the world from the conqueror's point of view, which informs everything I do. I knew this intellectually, but in listening to Native Americans I understand more concretely and in some detail what it means. I only dared propose a course on Native American Religions because I had researched Navajo prayer forms for two papers that I presented, one in 1985 at the annual meeting of the North American Academy of Liturgy and the other in 1991 at the biannual meeting of

69. Native American Spirituality There were over one thousand different tribal peoples1 indigenous to the NorthAmerican Vine Deloria, Jr. God is Red A native View of religion (Fulcrum http://www.greenspirit.org.uk/resources/NatAmerSpirit.htm

TOPIC: Native American Spirituality Editor Donna Ladkin The papers relating to this topic are: Carol Lee Sanchez. Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral. Jack D. Forbes. Indigenous Americans: Spirituality and Ecos Introduction to the Topic There were over one thousand different tribal peoples indigenous to the North American continent when Europeans first arrived in that territory. Each tribe had its own set of festivals, rituals, and spiritual beliefs, therefore to write of 'Native American spirituality' as one entity would be erroneous. However, common features are apparent across tribal peoples, pointing to some of the assumptions which inform the spiritual beliefs and practices of those indigenous to the North American continent . Spirituality played a central role in the lives of many of these peoples, for as Angie Debo writes: he [the Indian] was deeply religious. The familiar shapes of earth, the changing sky, the wild animals he knew, were joined with his own spirit in mystical communion. The powers of nature, the personal quest of the soul, the acts of daily life, the solidarity of the tribeall were religious, and were sustained by dance and ritual. This piece attempts to highlight some of the key aspects which Native American peoples share in terms of their spirituality. There is much that has been written in this area, and the brief list of suggested books I offer may provide a starting point for those wishing to pursue this area further.

70. UCSB Libraries - Native American Studies Chumash Indians Rites and ceremonies. indigenous rights. indigenous people Legal Encyclopedia of native american Religions. Ref E 98 R3 H73 2000 http://www.library.ucsb.edu/subjects/nativeamer/natires.html

You are here: Home Research Help by Subject Native American Studies ... Native American Studies Native American Studies Proxy server information for current UCSB students, faculty and staff. Proxy Server may be used for off-campus access to many databases and electronic texts. Keywords vs. Subject Headings Using your own words or phrases to search a topic is a keyword search. A subject (or descriptor ) search uses pre-determined words or phrases assigned by someone else. Subject headings are found by looking at a resource's index, thesaurus, or item record. Both types of searches are helpful in broadening or narrowing search results. Examples using keywords (words you think up on your own) Examples using official subject headings (words you find in a thesaurus or item record) Chumash Indian traditions Chumash Indians Rites and ceremonies Indigenous rights Indigenous people Legal status, laws, etc

71. Fall 1999 Newsletter AIS 394 History of native american Religious Traditions. on the strengthsof native languages and culture and basic resilience of indigenous peoples. http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/fall99.htm

Fall 1999 Newsletter Vol. VII No. 3 Labriola National American Indian Data Center University Libraries Arizona State University Box 871006 Tempe, AZ 85287-1006 Patricia.Etter@asu.edu Patricia A. Etter, Curator Welcome, Students! The Labriola Center, located on the second level of Hayden Library invites you to study in the Center, watch videos dealing with a variety of Native American topics, listen to language and oral history tapes, search for material on Native American web sites, read books covering a wide range of topics, or locate information on the American Indian Multi-media Encyclopedia on CD-ROM. Librarians in the Center are there to help students find material in a number of disciplines such as History, Anthropology, Ethnic Studies, Social Studies, Justice Studies, English, Literature, Education, and more. The Center provides material dealing with Native North American tribes in Alaska, Canada, and the United States. The collection includes current and historic information on tribal government, culture history, religion and world view, social life and customs, tribal history, and biographical information on thousands of individuals. Hours are from 1 to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday, or by appointment (call 480 965-6490).

72. FUSION Anomaly. Peyote and indigenous peoples of the Great Plains shared in each other s Sun Dances.The preeminent pannative american religious development, however, http://fusionanomaly.net/peyote.html

Telex External Link Internal Link Inventory Cache Peyote This nOde last updated December 17th, 2004 and is permanently morphing... (3 Ix (Jaguar) / 17 Mac - 94/260 - 12.19.11.15.14) peyote A spineless, dome-shaped cactus (Lophophora williamsii) native to Mexico and the southwest United States, having buttonlike tubercles that are chewed fresh or dry as a narcotic drug by certain Native American peoples. Also called mescal. [American Spanish, from Nahuatl peyotl.] Peyote Peyote, common name for a small, spineless, turnip-shaped cactus, native to Mexico and the southwestern United States. The grayish, mushroom -shaped tops, called peyote or mescal buttons, yield nine alkaloids, of which mescaline is the principal active agent. The dried buttons are eaten, brewed into a tea , or powdered and packaged in capsules. The mescaline in these preparations alters perception , producing vivid color hallucinations, inaccurate estimation of time , and a feeling of anxiety. It is not known to be habit-forming, but use of impure or large doses can have toxic effects, such as nausea and depressed breathing. Peyote has been used since pre-Columbian times by Native Americans in their religious rites; the practice has been incorporated into their modern Christian ceremonies. Peyotism. Mescaline has been used experimentally in investigations of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Peyote and mescaline have become drugs of abuse in recent years. Scientific classification: Peyote belongs to the family Cactaceae. It is classified as Lophophora williamsii.

73. NATIVE AMERICAN SPIRITUALITY A quote from native american Religions by Arlene Hirschfelder and Religioustraditions of aboriginal peoples around the world tend to be heavily http://www.religioustolerance.org/nataspir.htm

NATIVE AMERICAN SPIRITUALITY Click below to visit our sponsors. Quotations: " The culture, values and traditions of native people amount to more than crafts and carvings. Their respect for the wisdom of their elders, their concept of family responsibilities extending beyond the nuclear family to embrace a whole village, their respect for the environment, their willingness to share - all of these values persist within their own culture even though they have been under unremitting pressure to abandon them. " Mr. Justice Thomas Berger, Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, (aka the Berger Inquiry). " Rather than going to church, I attend a sweat lodge; rather than accepting bread and toast [sic] from the Holy Priest, I smoke a ceremonial pipe to come into Communion with the Great Spirit; and rather than kneeling with my hands placed together in prayer, I let sweetgrass be feathered over my entire being for spiritual cleansing and allow the smoke to carry my prayers into the heavens. I am a Mi'kmaq, and this is how we pray. " Noah Augustine, from his article "

74. Religions For Peace Established as a forum for Adivasi/ indigenous people s movements all over Video of the spiritual journey of a native american woman and Faith Keeper of http://www.wcrp.org/RforP/womens program/Global Directory/directoryindegenous.ht

Global Directory of Religious Womens Organizations Indegenous A-M N-Z (Click here to search for an organization) Indigenous All India Coordinating Forum Working Group on Women K-14 First Floor Green Park Extension New Delhi 110016 India Tel: 91.11.616.3830 or 91.11.619.6640 Fax: 91.11.619.8042 email: admin@tom.unv.ernet.in Established as a forum for Adivasi/ indigenous people's movements all over India; aims to strengthen the process of building solidarity and alliances amongst struggle-oriented indigenous people's organizations; identify shared issues and problems, to generate debate on these issues and to provide support to help deal with them. One of the five working groups established by AICAIP, it is the only Indian indigenous people's organization to focus on women's issues. Alderville First Nation Women's Shelter Director: Wanda Sibley P.O. Box 39 Roseneath, ON KOK 2XO Canada Tel: 1.905.352.3898

75. Delaware, Indigenous People Of North America. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth E Delaware, indigenous people of North America. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth 1969); MR Harrington, religion and ceremonies of the Lenape (1921); http://www.bartleby.com/65/de/Delawar-peo.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Delaware, indigenous people of North America

76. Americas Regional Preparatory Conference To The World Conference Against Racism “WORKING FOR THE RIGHTS AND RECOGNITION OF indigenous peoples Freedom ofreligion native Americans depends on the whim of individual prison officials. http://www.treatycouncil.org/section_211412.htm

International Indian Treaty Council CONSEJO INTERNACIONAL DE TRATADOS INDIOS “WORKING FOR THE RIGHTS AND RECOGNITION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES" Americas Regional Preparatory Conference To the World Conference Against Racism Item 2 on the Agenda, Victims of Racial Discrimination Oral Intervention by Mr. Lenny Foster, International Indian Treaty Council On behalf of the International Indian Treaty Council I would like to thank you for the opportunity to make this important statement to this forum. It is indeed a privilege and an honor to be part of the United Nations conference against Racism, Xenophobia, Racial Discrimination and Related Intolerance regional meeting in Santiago Chile. My name is Lenny Foster, a Board member of the International Indian Treaty Council and member of the Navajo Nation, which is the largest Indian Nation in North America. I am also the National Coordinator of the National Native American Prisoners Rights Coalition, and a spiritual advisor and Director of the Navajo Nation Corrections Project. I visit and represent over 1,500 Native American clients incarcerated in 96 state and federal prisons. My clients are victims of extreme racism and racial discrimination in the Untied States criminal justice system. The paramount concern we have is the denial of religious, cultural and spiritual practices in the prison system. This racist practice has been identified a pressing criminal justice, rehabilitation and human rights concern of paramount importance to the Indian Nations in the United States. The ability to practice traditional native religions is paramount to the cultural survival of Native Peoples.

77. United Nations Testimony Says Discrimination Rampant “WORKING FOR THE RIGHTS AND RECOGNITION OF indigenous peoples A paramountNative american human rights problem in the United States is religious http://www.treatycouncil.org/section_21122.htm

International Indian Treaty Council CONSEJO INTERNACIONAL DE TRATADOS INDIOS “WORKING FOR THE RIGHTS AND RECOGNITION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES" Navajo-Hopi Observer- News United Nations testimony says discrimination rampant By Catherine Feher The Observer SECOND MESA, Ariz.-Testimony presented in Geneva before the United Nations World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance alleges that racism and the denial of religious rights to American Indians remains rampant in the United States. In testimony before the world conference, Indian rights advocate Lenny Foster said that not only does racism exist, it is actually endorsed by state and federal governments, especially in the American prison systems. Foster is Dineh, and founded the Navajo Prison Project in an attempt to ensure religious rights of Indian prisoner in the United States. “ A paramount Native American human rights problem in the United States...is religious intolerance, the denial of the right to practice Native American tribal religion,” Foster testified in Geneva on May 4. He was part of a delegation from the International Indian Treaty Council consisting of Alberto Saldamando, general counsel for the IITC, former director of California Rural legal Assistance and a member of the Mission Band of California Indians; Esteban Castro, of the Kuna people of Panama; Mario Ibarra, a Mapuche from Chile, and Don Barnes, a Upit from Alaska.

78. Religions Of Native Peoples Euroamerican images of native peoples and native images of Euro-americans. native american religions preliminary considerations. http://www.siena.edu/dalton/relg380.html

Relg380 Religions of Native Peoples Spring Semester, 2005 Instructor: Dr. James S. Dalton Office: Clare Center, 2nd floor Wednesdays 8:30-11:30 and by appointment Phone: 783-4235 E-mail: dalton ( dalton@siena.edu Course Description and Objectives This course will examine the kinds of religious experience found among native aboriginal peoples (often called "tribal" or "indigenous" peoples). It will deal with the religious traditions of both modern and archaic native peoples. The relationship of their religious experience to other forms of experience (social, economic, political, cultural, and so forth) will also be scrutinized. Especially important for this course will be the relation of the religious and cultural experience of native peoples to that of European and American peoples during modern times. The primary objective of this course is to give the student an appreciation of the major forms of religious experience displayed in native cultures and how this experience has shaped their societies throughout the course of history. Special attention will be paid to the ways in which these traditions contribute to an understanding of the religious dimension of the human situation in history, especially in the modern world. It is hoped that the student will develop an appreciation for the complexity of native cultures and their religious traditions and the importance of these cultures for our understanding of the modern world. The objectives of this course are threefold:

79. "the People's Paths Home Page!" - "North American Indian & Indigenous People" Pa Cherokee Jewelry By Jimmie Warnell Authentic native american Indian Jewelry ataffordable prices Trophies of Honor Art Chronicles of indigenous People http://www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net/art.html

NLThomas There is now a second URL for the People's Paths the original Cherokee language version http://www.YvwiiUsdinvnohii.net/mainindex.html English translation version http://www.thePeoplesPaths.net/mainindex.html Paths To NAIIP Art First Nations USA/Canada! Special Art Related Paths Individual Artists IACA Members Specializing in Southwest NAIIP Art First Nations Canada! ... NAIIP Musical Paths! **SPECIAL ART RELATED PATHS U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Arts and Crafts Board Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 How to File a Complaint IACA Source Directory Listings by State ... FTC Facts for Consumers "How to Buy Genuine American Indian Arts and Crafts" (IACA) Indian Arts and Crafts Association "The (IACA) is a not-for-profit organization established in 1974 to support the effective protection and ethical promotion of authentic Native American art and material culture." Antique Tribal Art Dealers Association "ATADA members ensure that objects have been properly acquired and fall within the restrictions of laws concerning cultural sensitivity."

80. Government AIM has oriented their group towards their religion. Reservations. IndigenousReservations also known as native american Reservations are tracts of land http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/maxpages/classes/soc248/IndigenousProject 4-19-00.htm

Indigenous receive compensation for our loss of land and people. There were strives by various people, groups and organizations to help us "preserve " our culture , but with little education about our people; not all succeeded. The attempts to mainstream our people still remained. protests. We now have more land than we did 60 years ago. Government In an effort to gain back land ownership, religious freedom, and equal rights ; Native Americans have been very instrumental in having laws, acts, and policies , passed, enacted, and amended. We faced different challenges in the twentieth century, then before. Some of these were related to technology, such as the protest against the New York State Power Authority and the use of hydroelectric energy. The use of this energy required the building of a reservoir that would flood 1/5 of the Tuscarora Indians land. In 1958 there was an open, non-violent protest , in which our people succeeded and the project was stopped. Two years later, the Supreme Court reversed this decision and the reservoir was built. Some struggles remained the same for us, such as the fight for

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