81. Mongolia, Mongolian Civilization Chinese history Yuan Dynasty This is the Mongol era of Chinese history. Here you will read about ancient and traditional arts, many of which are http://www.archaeolink.com/mongolia_mongolian_civilization.htm

Mongolia Home Ancient Civilizations Ancient Africa Aztec ByzantineEmpire Cambodia ... CA 54: The Mongols: THE LEGACY "The Mongol Empire was the largest continental empire of medieval and modern times. Their conquests have to be most singular in the history of conquests, not just from a military aspect, which was formidable indeed, but from an administrative viewpoint. To build an empire this size was one thing, but to govern it was quite another." Read about the legacy of this empire and find out what the Kuriltai was. - From Catriona Macpherson - http://members.tripod.com/~whitebard/ca7.htm Chinese history: Yuan Dynasty This is the Mongol era of Chinese history. "During the 13th Century a great leader, Temujin, was to emerge from among the nomadic tribes of the Mongolian steppes. These tribesmen occupied the area between the northern Daxing'an Mountains and the eastern bank of the Argun River." Learn about China and the Mongol Empire. - From Travelchinaguide.com - http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/yuan.htm

82. Ancient China To Modern Khublai Khan; Chinese Great Khan of the Mongol Empire modern comparison. BUTTON . A Glimpse of ancient Chinese history and the Chinese Society - main http://members.aol.com/TeacherNet/AncientChina.html

Ancient China to Modern Times How to do Research using the Navigation Aids: 1. By clicking on the Hotlinks, you will be taken directly to the exact location where the Topic is located on the page. 2. When you click on a site located under a topic, another browser window will open automatically for you on top of this page. With your mouse, pull that window down below the Topic you are researching. Every time you now click on a site, the material will appear in this window. This will allow you to quickly and easily read the material and go through each site listed without losing this page. Remember to cite the "web sites and their authors" given below as your information "sources" in your paper or presentation for citation/bibliographic purposes. To jump directly to the Dynasty or Era of your choice, click on the name below. Alternately known names are also given: Xia or Hsia Dynasty 2000 - 1500 B.C. Shang 1700 - 1027 B.C. Western Zhou, Chou 1027 - 771 B.C Eastern Zhou, Chou Period: Spring and Autumn period 770 - 476 B.C. ... People's Republic of China A.D. 1949- Hotlinks: Table of Contents: Accomplishments by Dynasty Ancient Bandit Kings Ancient Architecture Astrology ... People's Republic of China A.D. 1949-

83. Ancient To Modern Korean History ancient Korean history. Korean history is thought to have begun with the A relatively peaceful period of Koryo rule under Mongol suzerainty followed. http://www.tang-soo-do.org.uk/koreahistoryold.html

Please note that some changes have been made to this history at the request of the Official Korean Information Service. The text below is reproduced with their permission. Dear Sir or Madam, May we bring to your attention an error spotted at your website regarding Korea's last dynasty. Please refer to: http://www.tang-soo-do.org.uk/koreahistoryold.html The Korean Information Service (KOIS) found that you use the term 'Yi Dynasty" to refer to the said reign instead of Joseon Dynasty. We fully understand that "Yi Dynasty" is widely used in many non-Korean books and publications. However, we have to inform you that "Yi Dynasty" has never became official nor recognized by many Korean scholars and it is, in fact, rejected by our young generation. (For your additional information, Yi Dynasty was derived from the name of Gen. Yi Song-gye who ruled the said period in Korean History.) There are two main reasons of our request for replacement: First, a matter of rudeness. Culturally speaking, it is rude in Korea to call a respected person by his name or family name, more so if that person is a king of a ruler. Please take note that even to this day, Korea is very hierarchical and it is a must to use various honorific forms to call or address a person according to that person's age or position. Among close buddies, calling first names is acceptable. Thus, naming the dynasty as "Yi" is culturally transliterated in Korea as "the reign of Yi". As far as I know, it's okay if foreigners simply call world leaders such as Bush, Blair, or Putin, but Koreans never call our president as Roh. We always emphasize the proper naming as "President Roh." Further, as a matter of humility which has been deeply ingrained in our collective consciousness, Koreans rarely use a personal name to identify a place or things.

84. Kazembassy ancient history. The Kazakh people trace their roots to the Turkic In the13th century the area was incorporated into the Mongol empire of Chengis Khan. http://www.embkaz.it/en/kazakhstan/history.htm

Kazakhstan History Politics Economy Culture Geography ... Modern History Ancient History The Kazakh people trace their roots to the Turkic tribes, that settled in the vast steppe region between Russia and China during the eighth century AD, and to the Mongols who migrated to the region during the thirteenth century. In the 13th century the area was incorporated into the Mongol empire of Chengis Khan. Upon Chengis Khan's death in 1227, his empire was divided among his descendants. Most of present-day Kazakhstan became part of the territory ruled by his son Chagadai, but the western and most of the northern parts were included in the far-reaching empire of the Golden Horde established by Batu Khan, Chengis' grandson. The geographical position of Kazakhstan has been, in large measure, conducive to its development. The great caravan trade route, which is known as the "Great Silk Route" and linked Byzantium and China, cuts across the southern part of the country. The caravan route along the Syrdarya River to the southern Urals and adjacent territories, as well as the trade route cutting across Central Kazakhstan and the Altai to the south-western regions of Siberia, were likewise of great importance. Trading and cottage-industry towns and caravansaries began to appear on those routes. Otrar (modern Farab) and Taraz are the best known ones.

85. Of Particular Interest - Page 2 history. In 1268 Mongol envoys arrive in Japan with a message from the Mongol Russian scholar LN Spaski, while studying Russia’s ancient history in http://danielroy.tripod.com/cgi-bin/alternate/mongolia/opi2.html

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod Free Games Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Chinggis' Stone Inscription The Divine Wind A Study of the Mongol Invasions of Japan, by William Kirsch In World War II, as the U.S., forces moved ever closer to Japan and plans were made to invade the main islands of Japan, the Japanese attempted a desperate new strategy. Volunteers flew planes loaded with explosives into enemy ships. These suicide flights were called “kamikaze” by the Japanese, which means “divine wind”. The word “kamikaze” is a powerful one for the Japanese. It recalls a famous time in their history when another potential invader was destroyed by fierce hurricanes. These “divine winds” were thought to be sent by the gods to protect Japan, and they gave the Japanese a feeling of security and invincibility that lasted until their defeat in World War II. That earlier invader was the Mongols. These fierce nomadic people from Mongolia swept across the civilised world during the 13th century. They shattered opposing armies in precision cavalry attacks and burned cities as far away as Poland and Egypt. Then they set their sights on Japan HISTORY.

86. Web Biographies (Genghis Khan On The Web) Guide to the great Mongol conqueror Ghenghis Khan and his times. But modernhistorians don t study ancient history, and regard the historians themselves http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/genghis/1.html

History Web Biographies Paper Biographies Primary Sources Mongol Empire ... Kids (K-6) Topics Tomb of Genghis Khan Politics, Ethnicity and Ideology Travel and Travelogues Art and Exhibitions Echoes Movies Literature, Art, Music Miscellaneous Onsite About this Site Web Biographies Longer biographies Shorter biographies Encyclopedias and dictionaries Longer biographies The House of Ice biography by James Edmondson. Also available in a long version (which is exceedingly long, for a webpage anyway). Both are based primarily on Grousset's Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia Genghis Khan the Universal Prince , one of the more detailed biographies, from the Korean History Project . Biography is not Korea-centered. Genghis Khan, the Mongols and Asia Genghis Khan , which, the Jeanne Reames-Zimmerman said about Lamb's Alexander the Great book , is best thought of as "popular fictionalized romantic biography." Smitha also offers a link to a truly enormous bibliographyhis library, it seems. Another middling biography . Unknown author. Genghis Khan: Project World Conquest Shorter biographies Genghis Khan (Temüjin), 1162?-1227

87. Into Liquid Sky - History Channel Goes Barbarian scale truly evokes the scope and feel of worldchanging events in ancienthistory. BARBARIANS mongols/HUNS premieres January 20 at 9 pm ET/PT. http://www.intoliquidsky.net/site/articles/0104_barbarians.html

var MenuLinkedBy='AllWebMenus [2]', awmBN='512'; awmAltUrl=''; History Channel Goes Barbarian Not Conan. Not Hagar the Horrible. Not even Groo (who was really more of a wanderer). On January 19th and 20th, the History Channel is showing a new program on real life barbarians, detailing the Vikings, Goths, Mongols and Huns each in their own one hour show. To promote this they've built a fun and informative website you should check out: www.BarbariansAreComing.com . For more information, check out the press release below: The Barbarians Are Coming!! in a 2-part world premiere special January 2004 Monday, January 19 at 9-11pm ET/PT : "VIKINGS/GOTHS" Tuesday, January 20 at 9-11pm ET/PT: "MONGOLS/HUNS" NEW YORK, DEC. 17, 2003 – Barbarians are violent forces from the dark beyond, savage tribes who hurl themselves repeatedly against the bastions of civilization. In a two-part, four-hour World Premiere Special, The History Channel vividly tells their story, aided by cinematic on-location re-creations and experts who help place their astonishing sagas into historical perspective. BARBARIANS makes its debut on The History Channel on Monday and Tuesday, January 19 and 20 at 9-11 pm ET/PT each night.

88. Persian Empire: Information From Answers.com Persian Empire history of Iran Elamite Empire Median Empire Achaemenid dynastySeleucid dynasty Parthian Empire The history of the ancient Near East http://www.answers.com/topic/persian-empire-1

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Persian Empire Wikipedia Persian Empire History of Iran Elamite Empire Median Empire Achaemenid dynasty ... Islamic Republic of Iran The name Persia Persia has long been used by the West to describe the nation of Iran, its people, or its ancient empire. It derives from the ancient Greek name for Iran, Persis . This in turn comes from a province in the south of Iran, called Fars in the modern Persian language and Pars in Middle Persian Persis is the Hellenized form of Pars, based on which other European nations termed the area Persia . This province was the core of the original Persian Empire. Westerners referred to the state as Persia until March 21 , when Reza Shah Pahlavi formally asked the international community to call the country by its native name, Iran , which means Land of the Aryans . For the geography of Fars/Pars, see Geography of Iran The rise and fall of empires in Persia The first Persian state: Achaemenid Persia ( 648 BC 330 BC Persian bracelet c. 500 BC.

89. INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF MONGOLIA During the 11th12th centuries, the Mongol tribes came into history under the After having established the state, following the custom of the ancient http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/history.htm

INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF MONGOLIA It would be no exaggeration to say that Mongolia is the only one of the ancient nomad states to retain the tenets of its original nomadic civilization, including the classic migration of livestock and closeness to nature. If you visit Mongolia you will feel the beauty of nature, where forest-covered mountain ranges and hills meet desert and steppe. You will also meet Mongols just like those who have been building traditional 'ger' since olden times, hospitable cattle-breeders breeding throughout four seasons traditional kinds of livestock (horse, camel, cow, sheep, goat), as well as the half-settled inhabitants of cities, who develop the industry and culture of the country. Specialists on the history of Mongolia from many countries have proved that it goes back over 2000 years. In 1991 Mongolia celebrated the anniversary of the establishment of the first Hun State in 209 BC. Mongolian archaeologists have discovered 500,000 year-old stone implements that are the remains of Mongolia's earliest inhabitants. Since the early primitive communal era, Mongols had lived independently in the neighborhood of such nomadic tribes as Turk and Khamnigan. In 209 BC, the Huns, who were by origin from ancient nomadic tribes such as Xianyu, Xianyung, Hun yi and Di, set up the first state in Central Asia. The Hun State was equal in power to the Chinese states of Tsin and Han. Khan, the sovereign of the State of Han Xiao Wendi wrote to Shan Yu of the Hun State in Laoshan: "in accordance with the decree of his Majesty, the state situated to the north of the Great Wall shall be governed by the decrees of Shan Yu, and the territory situated to the south of the Great Wall, peopled by those who wear tushmed belts and caps, shall be governed by me. Both the State of the Huns and the State of Han are powerful neighbor states".

90. Syria Gate - About Syria - History Of Syria welcome, About Syria General Information. history of Syria Under Baybars theMameluke commander, the mongols were defeated and the Krak, Safita, http://www.syriagate.com/Syria/about/general/history.htm

Home Clients Syrian Companies Services ... Search History of Syria History of Syria Often called the Cradle of Civilization and the Gateway to History, Syria has a lot to offer history and the development of civilized man. On the other hand Syria's natural boundaries did nothing for the security of the land its strategic location also made it vulnerable and many conquerors and attackers were able to conquer Syria. It has been a great crossroad for trade between the Mediterranean and the East; it exported the Alphabet to the West, and has been linked to Religion from the beginning, from the Semitic Deities to the monotheistic faiths. Settling, Agriculture and the Beginning of civilization 9000BC: This is where civilization began. The development of agriculture in Syria meant settled communities. Tribes and peoples began to prefer agriculture to hunting and with the appearance of bronze and copper tools, agriculture developed quickly. Along with the development in agriculture came a development in trade, as urbanized communities began to engage in various economic activities. Ebla, Mari and the Bronze Age:

91. Ankara, Turkey, January 2001 - Shaw's Outline Of Ancient History Shaw s Outline of history organizes ancient Middle Eastern, It links to manysecondary and tertiary sources of ancient history and linguistics. http://www.juyayay.com/interzone/02.html

News From the Interzone : Ankara, Turkey, January 2001 Well now, allow me to continue from where I left off Anyways, Ankara. Ankara is the capital of Turkey. Although it had existed for millennia Ankara has gained perhaps the most prominence in this century when Ataturk made it the capital and symbol of his secular vision of Turkey. The Hittites first built Ankara aroud 1200 b.c.e. It had an important position between the then capital of Hattushash and Sardis and it remained important under the Phrygians and Lydians, and both Alexander and the Persians used it as a staging point for their traversals of Anatolia. Later rampaging Gauls invaded the region and made it their capital before finally being defeated by the Romans. The Pontic king Mithradates of Sinop was defeated by Pompeius Magnus just north of the city in 74 b.c.e. 'August' ), and indeed one of the most important extant buildings in the city is the Temple of Augustus which contains the most complete copy of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti , the emperor's political testament and autobiography I arrived late in Ankara so, rather than disturb my friends, I went to Ulus, the center of the old city where most of the ancient monuments are extant (this is where most tourists stay when visiting Ankara and it is really not good PR for the city... despite the historical importance of the area I would recommend that first time visitors stay elsewhere and go to Ulus for sightseeing- it's not dangerous, just chaotic and unsightly). I checked into the Hittite hotel, recommended to me by its name more than anything else... Well, I don't think that this place has really changed since the bronze age really- not uncomfortable but a little worn around the edges... but it was warm which was welcome on a very cold and windy night (Ankara can be one of the coldest places in Anatolia in the winter)... In the morning after contacting friends and making arrangements to meet I went to the

92. Jupiter, Nostradamus, Edgar Cayce, And The Return Of The Mongols By Laura Knight Jupiter, Nostradamus, Edgar Cayce, and the Return of the mongols ancient historyis a very difficult subject, but when so much evidence can be assembled http://www.cassiopaea.org/cass/Laura-Knight-Jadczyk/article-lkj-04-03-06-h.htm

Jupiter, Nostradamus, Edgar Cayce, and the Return of the Mongols Laura Knight-Jadczyk Wednesday March 17, 2004: The reader who has been following this little series of articles will notice that I have, at this point, slightly reorganized the material of the previous chapter and the present one. Thanks to all of you who wrote requesting more details on Iman Wilkens' book and those who sent in additional clues which I am including here as well as maps scanned from the book. Regarding Iman Wilkens book, Where Troy Once Stood, this book was recommended to me by a Welsh reader. I tried for some time to obtain a copy and, failing to do so, the reader kindly lent me one. I looked at the book, read the blurbs on it, and said to myself: "Yeah, right! What a bunch of hooey this is going to be!" However, since we had just recently moved house and our furniture and books had not arrived yet, I was pretty much left with no other book in the house but this one. With a lifelong habit of reading daily, you could almost say that I was "forced" to read it in spite of an a priori attitude of extreme skepticism.

93. Crossbows & Bows: Historical Crossbows & Bows, 16th Century Crossbow - Non-Funct history Store Replica Crossbows Bows The contribution of the Mongolsto ancient archery was the string bridge . This a groove or rest much like http://www.aurorahistoryboutique.com/ahb_crossbows.htm

Home History Map History Era History Category ... History Classifieds Century Explorer BC AD Welcome About Our Store Navigation Help Contact Us Policies ... Military Replicas History Store History Gifts History Store - Go To - Home History E-Zine Navigation Help Contact Us Policies CATEGORY Jewelry Gifts Replicas Collectibles REGION Africa Asia The Middle East Europe Latin America North America CENTURY 0000 - 0099 A.D. 0100 - 0199 A.D. 0200 - 0299 A.D. 0300 - 0399 A.D. 0400 - 0499 A.D. 0500 - 0599 A.D. 0600 - 0699 A.D. 0700 - 0799 A.D. 0800 - 0899 A.D. 0900 - 0999 A.D. 1000 - 1099 A.D. 1100 - 1199 A.D. 1200 - 1299 A.D. 1300 - 1399 A.D. 1400 - 1499 A.D. 1500 - 1599 A.D. 1600 - 1699 A.D. 1700 - 1799 A.D. 1800 - 1899 A.D. 1900 - 2004 A.D. Product Name (click product name for details) Price Image 16th Century Crossbow - Non-Functional This is a non-functional decorator model of a 16th century Italian crossbow. Length: 25"; Weight: 4.75 lbs. Early Medieval Crossbow Gold Finish This is a non-functional replica of an early medieval crossbow. Full length: 20" wood stock with 16" metal bow. Complete with arrow. Weight: 3 lbs. Functional Replica of Magyar Greyhound Bow The contribution of the Mongols to ancient archery was the "string bridge". This a groove or rest much like the string bridge of a guitar. It holds the string in place when the bow is at rest thus allowing the syhas to bend forward of the string. The advantage of this is an extra "snap or flick" of acceleration when the string hits the bridges a...

94. Internet East Asian History Sourcebook East Asian history from ancient to modern times. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/eastasiasbook.html

Halsall Home Ancient History Sourcebook Medieval Sourcebook Modern History Sourcebook Other History Sourcebooks: African Indian Islamic Jewish ... Science Internet East Asian History Sourcebook There is no way of avoiding the fact that China is the central culture of Eastern Asia. Massively larger than any of her neighbors, China may have developed its cultural forms in relative isolation, but since the advent of Buddhism has both absorbed outside influences and disseminated its own culture. Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese cultures are not comprehensible without taking into account power of Chinese culture in art, literature and religion. Chinese culture itself is highly complex, and the other East Asian cultures also reflect local circumstances and traditions. For instance the (later) Chinese ideal of a scholar-gentleman contrasts strongly with Japanese warrior ideals. It is not going to far to suggest that the very different responses of the various East Asian to the Western intrusion of the past two centuries reflect the variety of previous historical developments. See my Brooklyn College: Chinese Cultural Studies class page.

95. Ghiyas-Ud-Din Balban,Sultan Of The Slave Dynasty,History Of Ghiyas-Ud-Din Balban Delhi State Guide providing offering information about the history, legends, Repeated raids from the mongols (who had been camping along the Indus for http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/history/balban.html

Destination Discover India Beaches Monuments ... Travel Info Enjoying the privilege of a being a capital of diverse dynasties, Delhi, has evolved as a museum showcasing the royalty of the ruling elite's and their monumental heritage. About Delhi History Aurangzeb Bahadur Shah Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq ... Indian Independence Indian State History Himachal Pradesh History Kerala History Andaman History Madhya Pradesh History ... Delhi Ghiyas-ud-din Balban The Greatest Sultan of Slave Dynasty Delhi and the military establishment. Balban Inherited A Throne Balban inherited a throne that had been discredited by weak predecessors. The nobility was only too eager to break away, particularly those on the fringe of the Sultanate. Repeated raids from the Mongols (who had been camping along the Indus for sometime, and hung in there till 1270) and highly effective guerrilla warfare from the Rajputs put the Sultanate financially and militarily on the backfoot. It had become completely vital that the Turkish power in India be consolidated. Balban Proved Once Again With His All Valor Balban, fortunately, was just the right man for the task. He put down rebellions with such determined severity that the nobility and Rajputs were reined in for good. He set fierce Afghan troops after the rebels in the Doab region so that the entire area was flushed clean of opposition. In the troublesome area of Rohilakhand, he let loose such a reign of terror (villages were burnt, the entire male population put to death and so on) that the area was petrified into a long silence.

96. TAKING SIDES: World History, Volume I, Second Edition YES Chester G. Starr, from A history of the ancient World (Oxford University Anthropology professor Jack Weatherford argues that despite the Mongol’s http://www.dushkin.com/text-data/catalog/0073104833.mhtml?SECTION=TOC

97. Review Of Hovannisian, The Armenian People From Ancient To Modern Times The Armenians lived at the crossroads of the ancient world, straddling the The invasions of the Arabs, the Seljuk Turks, the mongols, various Turkmen http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/hovannisian.html

This book review is from Volume XXXVI of the Canadian Journal of History/Annales canadiennes d'histoire The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times , Volume I, The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century , edited by Richard Hovannisian. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1997. xii, 372 pp. $49.95 U.S. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times , Volume II, Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century , edited by Richard Hovannisian. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1997. xii, 493 pp. $49.95 U.S. The history of the Armenian state and people spans over three thousand years and six continents. The Armenian homeland is located on the Armenian plateau, central and eastern Anatolia and southwestern Caucasiathe highlands which dominate the lowlands of Greater Syria and Mesopotamia to the south. The present Armenian Republic, which consists of perhaps a tenth of historic Armenia, is located in the South Caucasus on the eastern end of the historic "Armenian" plateau. The Armenian diaspora, which was created in stages following major invasions and devastations of the homeland, has grown to include colonies on the five major continents and now Australia. Interestingly, there are now more Armenians in the diaspora than in the Armenian Republic, which makes their history a world-wide phenomenon. The Armenians lived at the crossroads of the ancient world, straddling the trade routes from China, Persia, India, and Arabia to and from Russia and Europe. Those who dominated the Armenian plateau were in a position to control these lucrative trade routes, to utilize the fertile valleys which stretch chiefly on the east-west axis, and to dominate the lowlands to the south. Accordingly, Armenia has been an area of perpetual war and its history determined by international circumstances.

98. Introduction To The Unit ancient China Bibliography history through Art and Architecture The Mongolempire of Genghis Khan and its successor states. BOOKS TO READ ALOUD http://www.uvm.edu/~outreach/units/AnChinaUS.html

Unit Overview Culminating Activity Vermont Standards Learning Activities/Products ... Home UNIT SUMMARY Unit Title: Ancient China Authors: Tim Nguyen and Don Donn. Aligned to Vermont Standards By : UVM Asian Studies Outreach Program *Important Information About This Unit* This standards-based integrated technology unit is designed for middle level students. The UVM Asian Studies Outreach Program would like to thank Tim Nguyen and Don Donn for allowing us to integrate their lesson plans with this unit. Teachers using this unit will be directed to internet sites to locate Tim Nguyen's unit, Banpo Village, Gone But Not Forgotten Don Donn's unit, Ancient Life in China . and Nilah Cote's webquest site, Ancient Heritage Museum . A supplemental teaching guide and assessments that align these materials with the Vermont Framework of Standards and Learning Opportunities were created by the UVM Asian Studies Outreach Program. Special thanks goes to Vermont teachers Nilah Cote and Veanne Maxwell who taught this unit in their classroom and provided additional supplemental student materials and feedback to the UVM Asian Studies Outreach Program.

99. CHIANG RAI GUIDE By Joel John Barlow - History Of Lanna As cultural influences with significant effect on Asian history all impacted on life This enabled him to resist expansionist aggression by the mongols, http://www.chiangraiprovince.com/guide/eng/40.htm

CHIANG RAI GUIDE By Joel John Barlow History of Lanna Index Next Map at Naresuan shrine One of the center of the universe monument on Doi Jom Tong Old Lanna buddha throne Ruesi statue inside cave mouth at Loi Klong Kaeo "Gold in the ground, treasure in the water." In the heart of Asia an idyllic kingdom once prospered, forgotten now except by those whose roots lay there. Below the rugged mountains and deserts of central Asia but with no access to the sea, its position was inevitably that of a crossroads. As cultural influences with significant effect on Asian history all impacted on life there, it became an important cradle of civilization, from which emerged significant styles in writing, music, weaving, swordplay and husbandry. Lanna was its name; land of a million rice fields. Kublai Khan, also known as Setsankhan, the "Wise Khan," grandson of perhaps the world's greatest conqueror, Gengis Khan, and a mighty conqueror in his own right, was completing annexation of the Yunnan area, and thus the kingdoms of Mengrai's parents, just before Mengrai became king. It's likely Mengrai's parents had chosen to submit to vassalage rather than die at the Mongol's hands. It's also quite significant that Mengrai's first significant act as king was to relocate! From the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe and Persia, Kublai Khan's horsemen were going where they willed. Certainly, Mengrai could not have maintained his position as king without removal of his court and people to a less vulnerable position. In the end, it's clear that no-one else averted overthrow by Kublai Khan's Mongol hoards with the skill and success of Mengrai.

100. Creation Of The Mongol Empire (from Central Asia, History Of) --  Encyclopædia Creation of the Mongol empire (from Central Asia, history of) It is probable that history of the area from prehistoric and ancient times to the present. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-73543

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction Prehistory and antiquity ... The Mongol epoch changeTocNode('toc73542','img73542'); Creation of the Mongol empire Mongol rule Timur The Uzbeks ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Central Asia, history of Page 15 of 26 It is probable that Turks were incorporated in the nascent Mongol empire. In a series of tribal wars that led to the defeat of the Merkits and the Central Asia, history of... (75 of 10866 words) var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]];

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