41. The Secret History Of The Mongols An introduction to the Secret history of the mongols. the term is dubiousbecause ancient mongols recognised no distinctions between a soldier and a http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/east_asian_history/115388

Topics Articles Links Free Courses Home Directory 22 Communities What's New ... Free e-Courses Search Suite101.com Within: East Asian History History and Government Reference Computing Dictionary Medical Dictionary Legal Dictionary Financial Dictionary Acronyms Wikipedia Encyclopedia Columbia Encyclopedia New Topics Postcolonial Studies Ancient Roman Women Political Opinion Monarchs of Britain ... More... New Articles Recipes from Disaster - Conclusion Abilene, Kansas, part 3 Lee Kuan Yew Royal Accessories - Part 1 ... More... New Discussions Poll Question Terrorism: What are We Actually Fighting? Table of Contents What did you know about the Indian Trust case? ... More... My Recent Articles Lee Kuan Yew The Assassination of Sultan Mahmud Chiang Kai-Shek Related Online Courses An Introduction to Classical Athens Environmental Health Issues - Instructor's Guide History of American Technology The Secret History of the Mongols Home History and geography History of Asia History of Asia Author: John Walsh Published on: April 19, 2005

42. Brochure Of The Mongolian Exhibition and Tibet, Mongolia has played a significant role in Inner Asian history. In the landlocked steppe of Central Asia, the mongols since ancient times http://www.asianart.com/mongolia/intro.html

back to Mongolia: The Legacy of Chinggis Khan main exhibition Introduction to the Mongolian Exhibition In the West, Mongolia evokes the name of Chinggis Khan (also known by the Persianized spelling of his name, Genghis Khan) and his thirteenth century conquest of the most of the known world. His empire extended from the Mediterranean Sea to the Pacific Ocean, and the reputation of Chinggis' ruthless hordes of soldiers has endured until today. This exhibition presents a different picture of Mongolia. A nomadic people who have for centuries managed to survive in an unforgiving environment, the Mongols are also followers of Tibetan Buddhism who were first converted in the late thirteenth century. In this exhibition, little-known secular and religious works of art from Mongolia's museums will be seen in America for the first time, an event made possible by Mongolia's recent emergence Soviet control in 1990. Landlocked and strategically located between Russia, China, and Tibet, Mongolia has played a significant role in Inner Asian history. After the death of Chinggis, his grandson Khubilai Khan was the first ruler in the Yuan dynasty, a period of Mongol rule of China which lasted nearly one hundred years. Following the Yuan dynasty, various Mongolian khans attempted to recreate Chinggis's empire and dreamt of a new Mongolian age. In the sixteenth century, the Buddhist-based relationship between Tibet and Mongolia created by Khubilai was reestablished, giving rise to a renaissance in the arts, literature, political and religious structures of Mongolia. The period of this Mongol renaissance, from the seventeen through eighteenth centuries, and its aftermath, are the concern of this exhibition.

43. Buryat History The Huns were an early offshoot of these ancient mongols. As the SecretHistory of the mongols shows, the region known as Buryatia today was important http://www.buryatmongol.com/history.html

History of Buryatia (Ar Mongol) The Mongolian Ancestral Homeland The Buryats are a Mongolian people numbering approximately 252,000 (1995 estimate of Buryats in Buryat republic) whose lands are located north of the Russian-Mongolian border near Lake Baikal. Buryatia lies within an area long contested by Russia, China, and (before 1945) Japan. Thus, historically and today, Buryatia has precariously existed amid the competing spheres of influence of more powerful neighbors. In the post-Soviet era, Buryatia has safeguarded its interests by maintaining good relations with Russia, of which it is a constituent part,and by establishing economic and political ties with independent Mongolia and China (through China's "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region"). Another avenue by which Buryats attempt to mitigate Moscow's control is by cultivating links with a wider Mongolian cultural sphere. It should also be noted that Buryat Mongols do not only live in Buryatia, but also are significant minorities in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia as well. Mongolia's Dornod, Hentii, Selenge, Tuv, Bulgan, and Huvsgul Aimags, most of which border on Buryatia or Chita Oblast, have significant Buryat Mongol populations. Today many Mongolian Buryats hold important positions in government, business, and in the scholarly community. In Inner Mongolia the Hulun Buir region bordering Dornod Aimag also has a Buryat group called the Shinheeni Buryats, and a Mongolian group called the Dagur, who had fled Buryat lands after they fell under control of the Russians. This article, however, will focus mainly on the Buryat Mongols living within today's Russian Federation.

44. History's Happening Ancient World History Page Internet ancient history Source book An immense resource on ancient The Mongol Khans - lists the rulers of the mongols, who conquered and ruled the http://www.loeser.us/ahist.html

History's Happening! Kid Safe Web Sites Ancient World History Links General Topics Prehistorical Times Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Egypt ... Ancient China ANCIENT HISTORY GENERAL Internet Ancient History Source book - An immense resource on Ancient History links and information from Paul Halsall at Fordham University. Notable Citizens of the Planet - This on-line biographical dictionary has the lives of 25,000 notable men and women from ancient times to the present day. Discoverer's Web - A no nonsense collection of links to sites found on the web about voyages of discovery and exploration. Covers all time periods. Historia's Castle - Provides on-line scoring quizzes on World History topics. They are in multiple choice and true/false format, scores and provides review of answers. Encyclopedia of the Orient - Claims to be the only on-line encyclopedia for North Africa and the Middle East. History on the Net - historical information linked to the English National Curriculum, for teachers, pupils, parents and anyone who wishes to further their historical knowledge. Hyper History Online - presents 3'000 years of World History with a combination of colorful graphics, lifelines, timelines, and maps. Over a 1,200 files are interconnected throughout the website.

45. History For Kids From the Stone Age to the Byzantine empire, here s the history of ancient Greece! Learn about the Guptas, the Ghaznavids, and the mongols. http://historyforkids.org/

History for Kids HISTORY FOR KIDS THE WEB EUROPE, ASIA AND AFRICA BEFORE 1500 AD Teachers Parents Sitemap By region China India West Asia Greece ... Middle Ages Check out our sponsor: Commercial Playground Equipment About History for Kids Updated Tuesday, Sep 13, 2005 Tired of seeing these ads? NO MORE ADS 99¢ - CLICK HERE Just click here to get a password instantly! Advertisement Check out this timeline from History for Kids or go to a topic area: Egypt or West Asia Ancient China or Africa Ancient Greece or India Ancient Rome Ancient Germany The Islamic Empires ... Medieval Europe Need more info? Send us a message , and we'll try to answer your question. Sainte Chapelle, Paris Middle Ages for Kids Knights, castles, cathedrals, crusades, and the Magna Carta - all specially written for kids, with lots of pictures. Find out who Cimabue was, why Charlemagne wanted to marry the Byzantine Empress Irene, and all about the real King John from Robin Hood. Greek history From the Stone Age to the Byzantine empire, here's the history of ancient Greece ! You can find out about: Alexander the Great The Persian Wars Greek democracy Minoan Crete Greek pottery Check out our new pages on Greek red-figure and black-figure vase painting, with pages on Exekias and the Berlin Painter.How did the Greeks get their pots red and black? Do a Greek vase-painting project.

46. Historical Resources For Ancient/Medieval Wargamers The Georgian Chronicle (ancient/medieval history of Russian Georgia) Odin s Castle (links to mongols, Vikings and other Barbarian resources on the http://www.fanaticus.org/DBA/historical.html

HISTORICAL RESOURCES Resources Fanaticus T he following is a collection of links to on-line historical re ferences , including maps and atlases and banners, devices and heraldry of potential interest to Ancient and Medieval Wargamers. If you run into a dead link or would like to suggest a new site for inclusion, drop a note to brant@erols.com Historical References General All Empires.Com Ancient Mexico Art Arena's Persian/Iranian History Page Best of History.Net ... The Georgian Chronicle (ancient/medieval history of Russian Georgia) Historical Weapons.Com History.UK.Com (British History Links) HyperHistory On-Line India Internet History Sourcebook International Museum of the Horse Internet Ancient History Sourcebook ... Mesoweb (Mesoamerican history and culture) Military History (Xenophon Group) Onomastikon (A Dictionary of Names) Reginheim (Northern European History/Culture) Regnal Chronologies Russian History Samurai Archives Turkish History ... Warfare in the Balkans (by Balkan Dave) World Culture Bronze/Biblical/Chariot Age The Chariot in Egyptian Warfare Qadesh, The Battle of

47. UCLA: Asian Studies Curriculum Resources: History In charting the achievements of the mongols, this program also outlines the Asian history and culture from ancient times to the present are covered in http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/Web/cur-history.htm

UCLA Asia Institute Curriculum Resources History The Great Wall of China By 221 BC, through a combination of ruthlessness and diplomacy, the first emperor of China had unified a land of warring states. Characterizing the Great Wall as his most lasting achievement-and as China's greatest tragedy- this dramatic segment explains that the Wall clearly defined Chinese identity and established the pattern for a culture which has lasted for 2000 years. $99.95 [SSSS] The Mongol Onslaught: 850-1500 Who was Genghis Khan and how was he able to command such intense fear/ Known for their legendary military skills and horsemanship, the Mongols swept swiftly through Asia, creating one of the largest empires in world history. In charting the achievements of the Mongols, this program also outlines the underlying causes of the empire's ultimate downfall. $69.00 [SSSS] China in Transition: 581-1279 After centuries of disunity in China, Tan Chien proclaims himself emperor of the Sui dynasty. Unification allows China to begin construction of the 1000 mile grand canal to increase trade and focus on advances in education, making China the most literate of all pre-modern societies. Art and architecture form this period, including intricate woodcuts, celebrate the flowering of Sui culture. $69.00 [SSSS] China and Japan:1279-1600 Developments in China and Japan are compared and contrasted, showing how the Mongol warrior, Kubla Khan, succeeded in bringing the whole of China under foreign rule, while powerful Shoguns ruled Japan. Advances in science, art and religion are addressed. $69.00

48. School Of Social Sciences Ethnography / Ethnogenesis of the mongols / history of Mongolia ancient historyIntroduction to the history Introduction to Archeology http://www.num.edu.mn/sss/history.htm

49. Artsakh From Ancient Time The first evidences of the ancient history of the land dates back to the In 3040 years of the 13th century the Tatar and mongols conquer Transcaucasia. http://nkr.am/eng/history/drevnost.htm

HISTORY OF ARTSAKH ARTSAKH FROM ANCIENT TIME TILL 1918 Principalities Artsakh in 1918-12-920 Establishment of the Soviet Rule in Artsakh Struggle for Secession from the Az.SSR ... The War of 1991-1994 Nagorno-Karabagh (the historical name "Artsakh") occupies the eastern and the southeastern mountainous and foothills regions of the Caucasus Minor, composing the northeastern part of the Armenian plateau. It archly stretches from the mountains, surrounding from the east the basin of Lake Sevan, to the southeast, as far as the river Yeraskh (Araks). In different periods of the history primary sources called the land various names: Urtekhe-Urtekhini, Orkhistene, Artsakh, Tsavdek, Khachen, Karabagh. The first evidences of the ancient history of the land dates back to the Acheul period of the studying of the early palaeolith (500- 100 thousand years ago). These are the ancient tools and osteological materials, found in the caves of Vorvan-Azokh, Tsakhach, Unot, and Khoradzor. The maxilla of the Neanderthal man, discovered in Vorvan- Azokh, has a special significance for studying the anthropogenes process. The excavations of the settlements as well as burial places of the bronze and iron epochs (Stepanakert, Khodjaly, Krkjan, Amaras, Matagis, the valleys of Khachenaget and Ishkhanaget) evidence that the territory was the part of the area of the origin and functioning of the then Kuro-Arask culture, 4-3 millenium BC.

50. World History Links Primary sources for the study of modern history. ancient history mongols inWorld history http//afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/ http://www.stes.org/07-A-LIbrary/libworldhistory.htm

School Profile Awards/Honors Download Forms and Brochures School Board ... Music Physical Education Introduction Faculty English Mathematics ... Annual Scottish Festival For Band Members: CD/DVD Orders: Impressions CD Competition Results: Athletics Program High School Program Junior High Program Kindergarten Faculty Grades 1-3 Faculty Grades 4-5 Faculty Grades 6-8 Faculty ... Senior Manual Clubs Overview Events 8th Grade Retreat Chemistry Show Homecoming Style Show ... Travel Abroad Activities Academic Competitions Duke TIPS Leadership Training Mock Trial ... Boxtops for Education Summer Academics Overview Grades 1 - 3 Grades 4 - 5 Grades 6 - 8 ... Grades 9 - 12 Summer Enrichment Reading Alumni Questionnaire Capital Campaign Golden Reunion ... Link Three Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, sic PVII excelsior elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod Design Packs ut seis. Link Four Link Five World History General World History Resources World History Chart http://www.hyperhistory.com/ Biography Database http://www.biography.com/ Historical Text Archives http://historicaltextarchive.com/ Historylink http://www.historylink101.com/

51. Polo News.com About The Sport of Polo history and Information. Shahs and Sultans, Khansand Caliphs of the ancient Persians, Arabs, Mughals, mongols and Chinese. http://www.polonews.com/sitemap/messages/969/1008.html?0

52. WWW-VL: History Index: Iraq History; Gulf War, Ba'th Party Fall, US Occupation, 2200 BC, from the ancient history Sourcebook. Secondary Sources Iraq underthe mongols, 12581432. The Mongol Conquest, 1258 The Mongol Il-Khans, http://vlib.iue.it/history/asia/Iraq/

WWW-VL: HISTORY: IRAQ Click here for: The WWW-VL: History Central Catalogue WWW-VL: W3 Search Engines Geography Reference Bibliography ... Military History Research Tools Geography Maps Country Maps Political 1999 Administrative Divisions Relief Cities and Regions Bahdad and Vicinity, 1992 Central Baghdad 1998 , by Kenny Hopper [428Kb] Al-Basrah Region [833Kb-detailed] Al Mawsil [Mosul]-Arbil Region, Northern Iraq [927Kb-detailed] Husaybah [Qusaybah] and Iraq/Syria Border [638Kb-detailed] Kirkuk-Arbil Region [676Kb-detailed] East-Central Iraq Northern Iraq [721Kb-detailed] Western Kuwait and Neighboring Iraq Iraqi-Jordanian Border Sulaymaniyah Region [721Kb-detailed relief] Thematic Maps Ethnoreligious Groups Population Density Kurdish Lands Map for the Iraq-Iran War ... Map of Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait Gazeteers Location of Cities and Towns , getty.edu Language Languages of Iraq , from Ethnologue Map of Spoken Languages , from Ethnologue Arabic Dictionaries Language, Culture and Grammar Notes Arabic Grammar Al-Kitaab. Textbooks in Arabic ... On-Line Tutorials [scroll down to the section] Download Arabic Fonts Online Arabic Course , from BABEL Reference Works ABZU - Ancient Mesopotamia Adminet Background Note: Iraq , from the U.S. Department of State

53. Fiche Notice R?um? Explores ancient Egyptian history through articles, images, It features information and images about the mongols in China and in Iran, http://www.fis.edu.hk/cdi/ancient.htm

Item Title : Ancient Egypt Type Notice : Notice générale Résumé : Has ten areas to navigate including Egyptian life, the Pharaohs and the Pyramids, gods, goddesses, temples and trades. Lots of pictures and text. Details on mummies and mummification and embalming. Mots clés : Egypt - History, to 332 BC Disciplines N. : History http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk Item Title : Ancient Greek civilisations Type Notice : Notice générale Résumé: Examines the Minoans, Myceneans and the Dark Ages of Greece, Homer's writings, Greek culture and cities. Mots clés : Greece - history to 146 BC Disciplines N. : History http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/prehistory/aegean/index.shtml Item Title : Daily life in Ancient Rome Type Notice : Notice générale Résumé : Find out what the ancient Romans did all day! Look at daily life in Ancient Rome. How the Romans dressed, what they ate, their sources of entertainment, education, their rituals and culture. Mots clés : Rome - history Disciplines N. : HIstory / Latin http://members.aol.com/Donnclass/Romelife.html Item Title : Egypt: Secrets of an ancient world Type Notice : Notice générale Résumé : This site, based on the National Geographic Society's PB documentary Egypt Eternal: The Quest for the Lost Tombs, offers information based on newly discovered relics inside the Great Pyramid. News stories, interactive features, pages for children, and lesson plans for grades K-12 are included.

54. Mongolia Today - Online Magazine | Who Were Hunnu? For many decades the study of ancient history of mongols was subject to ideologicaldirectives and politics. And therefore, with the removal of political http://www.mongoliatoday.com/issue/8/hunnu.html

online magazine, issue no.8 Who were Hunnu? Huunu artisan medallion with yak image engraving For many decades the study of ancient history of Mongols was subject to ideological directives and politics. And therefore, with the removal of political and ideological restraints after political reforms of 1990, archeology now experiences a boom. One of the hottest areas is the history of Hunnu, a nomadic tribe that ruled the vast stretches of Central Asian steppes and forced China to go into extreme effort of building the Great China wall in attempt to protect against devastating raids. The name of Atilla, the Hunnu king who led his men all the way to the walls of Rome and destroyed it to the horror of the Europe an nations probably rings a bell. Hunnus become known around I-III centuries B.C. , around the time armies of Greek Alexander the Great launched their offense against Persia and India. Felt made carpet found in a Hunnu king graveyard in 1924 The Hunnu kingdom stretched from Baikal Lake in the north to Great Chinese Wall in south, from Yellow Sea to the oases of Central Asia.

55. Cannabis And Ancient History Cannabis and ancient history. The ancestors of Cannabis originated in Asia, mongols, and Scythians who had bordered China since Neolithic times. http://www.walnet.org/rosebud/ancienthistory.html

Rose Bud Email: rosebud@walnet.org Marijuana Grower's Guide Deluxe Edition by Mel Frank and Ed Rosenthal And/Or Press, Berkeley, California Chapter 1, p. 3. Cannabis and Ancient History The ancestors of Cannabis originated in Asia, possibly on the more gentle slopes of the Himalayas or the Altai Mountains to the north. The exact origin, obscured by Stone Age trails that cross the continent is not known. We don't know when Cannabis and humanity first met. Given the growth habit of the plant and the curiosity of humanity, such a meeting was inevitable. In the plant world, Cannabis is a colonizer. It establishes new territory when running water or seed-eating animals carry seed to cleared and fertile soil open to the sun. Fertile soil, clear of competing plants, is rare and short-lived in nature, and is commonly caused by catastrophe such as flood or earthslide. Natural dissemination is slow and the plants tend to grow in thick stands by dropping seed about the spread of their branches. In 1926 Russian botanist summarized the observations of his comrade, Sinkaia, on the domestication of hemp by peasants of the Altai Mountains: "1. wild hemp; 2. spreading of hemp from wild centres of distribution into populated areas (formation of weedy hemp); 3. utilization of weedy hemp by the population; 4. cultivation of hemp." [24] The plants which people learn to use help define aspects of their way of life, including perceptions of the world, health,, and the directions of their technologies and economies flow. The plants you are about to grow are descended from on of the ancient plants that made the transition to civilization possible.

56. History Of Rocketry: Ancient Times To The 17th Century An overview history of rocketry from ancient times through the 17th century In 1258, the mongols were reported to have used gunpowder propelled fire http://www.spaceline.org/history/1.html

spaceline.org Contact Spaceline Spaceline Home/Site Index Launch Schedules spaceline, inc. About Spaceline Spaceline Photo Gallery Book Shop History of Rocketry Chapter 1 Ancient Times Through the 17th Century Written and Edited by Cliff Lethbridge The Roots Of Rocketry Historians believe that armies began hurling combustible weapons toward one another as early as 1,000 B.C. At the time, fire pots were used to set fires. Fire pots were simply pots containing flammable materials like naphtha that were ignited and hurled by various mechanical devices. The concept was simple, yet effective as fire pots were able to be easily deployed and could set fires over fairly large areas. Still, these were not rockets in the traditional sense. The Reaction Principle Is First Demonstrated Although the exact date remains a mystery, it is believed that the reaction principle was first demonstrated about 360 B.C. by a Greek named Archytas. Far from demonstrating the reaction principle in a weapon, Archytas simply filled a hollow clay pigeon with water. He then suspended the clay pigeon by string over a fire. The heating of the water produced steam, and the clay pigeon could move under its own power as steam escaped through strategically placed holes. Archytas could hardly have imagined that the same basic principle would one day carry men to the Moon.

57. Homework Hotline - Ancient History Homework Hotline ancient history Timeline. ancient history Timeline AD 320).350–399 Huns (mongols) invade Europe (c. AD 360). http://www.homeworkhotline.com/AncientHistory.htm

Ancient History Timeline 4.5 billion 600 B.C. World History Ra, Egyptian Sun God B.C. The Great Pyramid at Giza (c. 2680 B.C. Stonehenge (c. 30001500 B.C. 4.5 billion B.C. Planet Earth formed. 3 billion B.C. First signs of primeval life (bacteria and blue-green algae) appear in oceans. 600 million B.C. Earliest date to which fossils can be traced. 4.4 million B.C. Earliest known hominid fossils ( Ardipithecus ramidus ) found in Aramis, Ethiopia, 1994. 4.2 million B.C. Australopithecus anamensis found in Lake Turkana, Kenya, 1995. 3.2 million B.C. Australopithecus afarenis (nicknamed Lucy) found in Ethiopia, 1974. 2.5 million B.C. Homo habilis (Skillful Man). First brain expansion; is believed to have used stone tools. 1.8 million B.C. Homo erectus (Upright Man). Brain size twice that of Australopithecine species. 1.7 million B.C. Homo erectus leaves Africa. B.C. First modern Homo sapiens in South Africa. B.C.

58. Korean History From Ancient To Modern Korea Korean history historical information for Korea. In 1231 the mongols invadedKorea, forcing the royal family to flee to Kanghwa Island near Seoul. http://asiarecipe.com/korhistory.html

Korea Current time in Korea Korean History Korean Tea History and Customs Korean Men's Clothing Korean Women's Clothing Korean Cuisine Dining Guide ... How to earn a Korean man's heart at the table... Please Support our Sponsor Pre-20th Century - 57 B.C.: Evidence of inhabitants in Korea from as early as 4000 BC exists in Korea. Legend has that the man-god Tan Gun founded the Joseon (meaning Land of the Morning Calm Kingdom in 2333 BC. Almost no centralized communities existed from then until three kingdoms emerged in the 1st century BC. 57 B.C. - 668 A.D.: The Three Kingdoms of Silla Goguryeo , and Baekje had similar ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. Koguryo occupied the northern part of the peninsula from the Chinese border to the Han River, while Silla and Baekche dominated the southern regions. All three kingdoms were heavily influenced by China, and Buddhism was introduced to Koguryo in 372. Various alliances were formed either with or against the Chinese until 660 when Silla allied with China to overthrow Baekje. Goguryeo fell shortly afterwards in 668. The Silla Kingdom period marked the start of Korea's cultural development. Buddhism expanded and furled the construction of numerous temples and art works. However, despite Chinese influences, Silla remained largely tribal in culture. Society divided into distinct classes with a large semi-slave population supporting an aristocratic minority. Warlords began amassing power bases to the north and eventually took over Silla and founded a new kingdom-

59. Black & Dead City, Khara-hot, By Sh. Baatar Shirchin, Baatar , mongols,Kharahot,ancient city, dead city, lost civilization, The City s history. Khara-hot was the oldest city in Gobi Desert, http://baatar.freeyellow.com/monkarhot.html

The City's history: Khara-hot was the oldest city in Gobi Desert , which situated on the east bank of Ezen (Lord in Mongolian) River (the Chinese call Hei He, or Black River) and in the middle of the Gobi Gurvansaikhan mountain (lowest part of the Altai Mountains) and the Alasha Gobi (now in China). The lost city was a remote land in several hundred miles far from the Tumen Gazruin Tsagaan Kherem (the White Wall of 10,000 li or just Great Wall in correct English) in the north. The Great Wall chained in the frontiers of Alasha Desert, which were the natural border of Mongols and Chinese. According to the Chinese resources, the city was the northern center of Chinese civilization to distribute the Chinese culture to Barbarians (our direct ancestors) since II century of B.C. The Tangut's Shi-Shia Empire conquered this land in VIII century and belonged to them for four centuries. But they lost in war with Mongols and it was handed to the Mongol Empire in XII century. Khara-hot means the Black City in Mongolian language and it existed as a Mongol city for centuries. In 1372 the Ming armies captured Ezen (Etsina) region from the Mongols and destroyed the Khara-hot during the Mongol-Chinese conflict. In the Mongolian legend of Khara-hot, "the black & dead city", Khara Baatar (black hero with black magic words) Janjin ruled this city with his brave warriors.

60. Beginnings To 1500: Ancient Kingdoms And The Coming Of Islam By the time we start to get a clear history of Java and Sumatra, Wijaya returnsto Trowulan, then attacks the mongols in a surprise attack. http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah01.shtml

Beginnings to 1500: The Old Kingdoms and the Coming of Islam Sejarah Indonesia gimonca.com Indonesia Pages Bookstore ... Sejarah Indonesia Store about 100 "Dvipantara" or "Jawa Dwipa" kingdom is reported by Indian scholars to be in Java and Sumatra. Prince Aji Saka introduces writing system to Java based on scripts of southern India. Hindu kings rule the area around Kutai on Kalimantan. "Langasuka" kingdom founded around Kedah in Malaya. Help the People of Aceh about 400 Taruma kingdom flourishes in West Java. In these early days, many new plants were introduced into Indonesia, including pepper and teak. Hinduism , one of Indonesia's five religions. Early civilization in Java and Sumatra was heavily influenced by India. Today's cultures in Indonesia, and even the language, still show influences from the Sanskrit language and literature. (The first thousand years or so of this timeline are not well-documented. Dates are approximate.) about 425 Buddhism reaches Sumatra. Records from these days in Indonesia are scarce, but we do know that sophisticated cultures already existed. The kings and cities of Sumatra and Java are mentioned in records from China, because ambassadors were sent there. Arabs and Persians knew about the area from traders, and even the Greeks and Romans had very distant reports.

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