21. Global Studies 9 - Ancient Civilizations Project mongols Mongol history and Chronology from ancient Timeshttp//www.coldsiberia.org/webdoc3.htm The mongols in World history/Asia Topicsin World history http://www.uetigers.stier.org/library/ancientcivilHurd2004.html

Union-Endicott High School Library Global History and Geography 9 Ancient Civilizations Project (Hurd 2004) Links by Specific Civilization Ancient China Ancient Egypt Byzantine Empire Feudal, Tokugawa Japan ... General Ancient Civilization Links Links by Specific Civilization Ancient China Ancient China http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCCHINA/CONTENTS.HTM .....part of World Cultures: an Internet classroom and anthology Condensed China - Chinese History for Beginners http://www.asterius.com/china/ Chinese History - Mr. Dowling's Electronic Passport http://www.mrdowling.com/613chinesehistory.html History of China - Timeline of Ancient Chinese History http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/ China: Overview Page http://www.stockton.edu/~gilmorew/consorti/1beasia.htm ...part of the Global History Consortium History of China http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/time_line.html http://www.uetigers.stier.org/library/fiorentinogschinaanddynasties.html Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt Links http://personalwebs.myriad.net/steveb/egypt.html Ancient Egypt - Introduction http://personalwebs.myriad.net/steveb/egypt.html

22. History history. ancient history. Middle Paleolithic cave sites along the Black Sea The mongols were unstoppable and even King Giorgi s 90000 horsemen were no http://web.bryant.edu/~history/h385nis/sisco/history.html

BACK History Ancient History Christianity started to spread in Georgia from the 1st century, and became established as a state religion of Kartli in the 330s and about the same time in West Georgia as well. It meant an orientation toward Rome and Byzantium that would prove a decisive factor in the evolution of the national consciousness and culture. By the mid 400s, 30 bishops were in Kartli. The leader of an anti-Iranian struggle, King of Kartli Vakhtang Gorgasali further strengthened the Kartlian church by making it autocephalic, having secured permission from Constantinopole to elevate the status of the bishop of Mtskheta to that of Catholicos. Christianity destroyed the old Georgian literature and began to create a literature of its own, mostly translations. Georgian writing was first seen in the 5th century. The first examples include inscriptions in the Georgian monastery of the Holy Cross in Palestine, in the Bethlehem desert (Bir-ell-Katt), as well as those in the Sioni Church of Bolnisi, south of Tbilisi. The source of the Georgian script is a controversial problem. Some scholars believe that it appeared long before the Christian epoch, while others relate its appearance to the establishment of the Christian religion. They do not deny the possible existence of a certain original writing in the pre-Christian era. The oldest books translated then were the Gospels and the Old Testament. The Passion of St. Shushanik was written in the 5th century. Another such work by an anonymous author, The Martyrdom of Evstate Mtskheteli is from the 6th century.

23. Books About Mongols The Secret history of the mongols (Mongoluun Nigucha Tobchiyan ) This is the most This is also a chronological book of ancient Mongolian history. http://members.aol.com/yikhmongol/bookam.htm

Books about Mongols The Secret History of the Mongols (Mongol-uun Nigucha Tobchiyan ) This is the most famous book of Mongols. The secret history is not only a very reliable historical record about the 12-13 centery Mongols,it is also a most excellent literary work written in Mongol language. There are various versions of The secret history of the Mongols in various languages, English version is available through : Harvard University Press,Customer Service, 79 Garden Street, Cambridge ,MA 02138 ,USA ISBN: 0-674-79670-5 ; Price: US$ 22.50 Unfortunately, the auther(s) of the book is still uncertain and the original Mongol version was lost. The Treasured History of the Mongols ( Erdeni- iin Tobchi ) Full name of this book is written by Sanang Sechen (or Sagang Setsen) of Ordos.this is a chronological book of history of Mongols from 12th century to 17th century.Available in Mongol ( Both classical and cyrillic). The Golden History of the Mongols ( Altan Tobchi ) Full name of this book is written by Lubsangdanjin of Chakhar.This is also a chronological book of ancient Mongolian history.Available in Mongol ( Both classical and cyrillic).

24. AllRefer.com - Merv (Ancient History, Northern Europe) - Encyclopedia Related Category ancient history, Northern Europe The mongols destroyed thecity early in the 13th cent., but it was slowly rebuilt, to be destroyed http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/M/Merv.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 24, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Ancient History, Northern Europe ... Merv By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z M Merv, Ancient History, Northern Europe Related Category: Ancient History, Northern Europe Merv [myerf] Pronunciation Key , ancient city, in Turkmenistan, in a large oasis of the Kara Kum desert, on the Murgab River. The city, known in antiquity as Margiana, or Antiochia Margiana, was founded in the 3d cent. B.C. on the site of an earlier settlement. Its periods of greatness were from A.D. 651 to 821, when it was the seat of the Arab rulers of Khorasan and Transoxania and one of the main centers of Islamic learning, and from 1118 to 1157, when it was the capital of the Seljuk Empire under the last sultan, Sandzhar. The Mongols destroyed the city early in the 13th cent., but it was slowly rebuilt, to be destroyed again by the Bukharans in 1790. The Russians conquered the area in 1884. Several mausoleums, mosques, and castles of the 11th and 12th cent. are preserved and are among the best monuments of Muslim art in Central Asia. Present-day Merv, c.20 mi (30 km) from the old city, was renamed Mary in 1937. It is the capital of Mary region and an important textile center.

25. History & Culture Of Russia / The Mongols And The Emergence Of Moscow Over the next three years the mongols (or Tatars) destroyed all of the major In 1591, he murdered Fyodor s younger brother Dmitri in the ancient town of http://www.geographia.com/russia/rushis03.htm

The Mongols and the Emergence of Moscow K Ivan the Terrible succeeded his father Vasily III as Grand Duke of Moscow in 1533 at the age of three. His mother served as regent until she too died, when Ivan was eight. For the next eight years, the young Grand Duke endured a series of regents chosen from among the boyars (the nobility). Finally in 1547, he adopted the title of tsar and set about crushing the power of the boyars, reorganizing the military, and preparing to smite the Tatars. In 1552 he conquered and sacked Kazan, and in 1556 Astrakhan, having thus destroyed the lingering power of the Golden Horde. Ivan's Tatar campaigns opened vast new areas for Russian expansion, and it was during his reign that the conquest and colonization of Siberia began. Believe it or not, Ivan was not supposed to have been very terrible at all during the early years of his reign. However, as he grew older his temper worsened, and by the 1560s he carried out a pretty horrific campaign against the boyars, confiscating their land and executing or exiling those who displeased him. In 1581, in a rage, he struck his son and heir Ivan with an iron rod, killing him. Ancient Russia The Romanovs Napoleon's Invasion The Path to Revolution ... The Soviet Era History The Gazeteer Transportation Tourist Offices Activities Travel Tips

26. Ancient Chinese History - Information Technology Services Chrono ancient chinese history. As it developed, the mongols did not remainlong in Hungary, either. Nor did they last long in Japan. http://www.physicsforums.com/archive/t-36193_ancient_chinese_history.html

Technology Services Other Sciences Social Sciences ancient chinese history - ancient chinese history ...not so sure if this is the right place to post this topic, and yet history is a branch of social science... i can;t seem to find answers to the following question: can anyone please tell me:D these are extra credit questions...lol! all related to the mongolian empire/ yuan dynasty in ancient china 1. if separate laws were given to the chinese and the mongols, and yet chinese were forced to learn the mongolian language, how can they distinguish a chinese from a mongolian during the yuan dynasty? :O 2. what was the position or ranking given by kublai khan to marco polo in the government of cyuan dynasty during his reign? :o 3. why is it that kublai khan, genghis khan's grandson, succeeded after him instead of the own son of genghis khan? :O thanks for your help, guys! Discuss ancient chinese history Here, Free! Njorl - ancient chinese history First, this is medieval Chinese history, not ancient. Ancient Chinese history would be Han dynasty and earlier. Second, this is Physics Forums, so to answer your questions, I will need to assume a frictionless Mongel.

27. Kids.net.au Ancient_History beliefs, food, history, and inventions of these ancient cultures. An overview of several civilizations, include the Maya, Vikings, and mongols. http://www.kids.net.au/kidscategories/Kids_and_Teens/School_Time/Social_Studies/

Web kids.net.au Thesaurus Dictionary Kids Categories Encyclopedia ... Ancient History Sort by Alphabet Rome Egypt India ... profile - A simple introduction to the wars and leaders of these great nations. Daily Life in Ancient Civilizations profile - Learn about daily life in ancient China, Egypt, Greece, Rome and India. Includes sections on Taoism, tall tales from ancient Egypt, the Olympics, the mysterious Indus Valley, and ancient inventions. Amsterdam History Projects profile - Offers homework help for studies on Early Humans, Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, Vikings, Celts, Maoris, Incas and Mayas. Exploring Ancient World Cultures profile - Guide to web resources on ancient Egypt, India, China, Greece, and Rome. Ancient Civilizations profile - An overview of several civilizations, include the Maya, Vikings, and Mongols. Ramesses I: The Search for the Lost Pharaoh profile - The Egyptian mummy believed to be that of Ramesses I. A biography of the pharaoh, history of the mummy, the physical evidence supporting its identification, and its repatriation to Egypt in October 2003. The Prehistoric Archaeology of the Aegean profile - Lessons from Dartmouth College covering Aegean Civilization from the Paleolithic period through the end of the Minoan Palatial era in the twelfth century B.C.

28. Ancient History ancient history. Celtic v Rangers The Traditional View of Celtic history 1200, Islay breaks from Kingdom of Man, mongols invade Russia, Poland, http://www.bruichladdich.com/ancient_history.htm

Menu Help Site Map Start The Bottlings ... Web Cams New Releases:- The Forty - The Twenty (Second Edition) - 3D (The Peat Proposal) - Legacy Series Three - Mission IV- Celtic Heartlands Series Two start menu Up The Bronze Age The Iron Age ... Who Were the Real Celts? Ancient History Celtic v Rangers - The Traditional View of Celtic History The traditional historical view of the demise of the Celts has the Roman legions blasting their way across Europe, massacring the Celtic tribes as they went and everywhere obliterating the traditional Celtic way of life. Everywhere that is except in plucky Ireland and obdurate Scotland whose populations remained invincible to the last - with eventually the great Hadrian admitting defeat and building a wall beyond which no civilised Roman would dream of venturing. The Roman way of life completely wiped out the Celtic traditions in England, and when indolence and excess finally caused the collapse of Roman Britain, and the legions left, the void was filled by marauding German bands of Angles and Saxons who came across the North Sea and pushed the remnants of Celtic England back into the western hills where they became Welsh and incomprehensible. Meanwhile, an Irish Celtic tribe called the Scotti liked the look of Islay and the green hills of Kintyre and Knapdale, and either thrashed the native Epidii, or more likely ravished their daughters and purloined their land. They formed the ancient Kingdom of Dalraida and eventually, through a series of wars with the remnant Scottish Celts (the Picts and others) united Celtic Scotland and formed Glasgow Celtic football club The Angles and Saxons however had grabbed Ayrshire, the Borders and the Central belt and set up Glasgow Rangers football club. These superficial religious and ethnic differences are swept aside in the modern world, as Scots of every shape, size and orientation come together at frequent intervals to form the Tartan Army which cheerfully wanders the globe to witness the glorious defeats of our national team.

29. Essays On Archaeology And Anthropology (Ancient History) - Primitive Culture (Pa (ancient history) / Primitive Culture (Paleolithic); ancient Empires This is a 5page paper on the influence of the mongols and the Turks on the http://www.amazingessays.com/essays/archaeology_and_anthropology_ancient_history

Subject Search for: Archaeology and Anthropology (Ancient History) / Primitive Culture (Paleolithic); Ancient Empires Every essay and term paper listed below can be purchased and downloaded instantly. If you can't find your exact topic our writers can write one from scratch just for you. Our Web site is open 24-hours so you can order at any time. 6801 Women in Ancient Societies: Athens, Sparta, Rome, and the Medieval Period. This 14-page, 8-source piece analyzes the role of women in four ancient societies: Athens, Sparta, Rome, and the Medieval Period. The author discusses how women were viewed in each society, often discussing their legal, social, and sexual status. In each case, the author shows how women were often able to exploit opportunity and achieve at least some degree of influence in their society, while they were always important in how each society functioned. The author compares and contrasts each society throughout the piece, concluding that despite the restrictions placed on them by these societies, women have always been able to exert themselves in often subtle but important ways. 14 pgs. Bibliography lists 8 sources. Pages: 14 Bibliography: 8 source(s) listed Filename: 6801 Women Ancient Societies.doc

30. Essays On Archaeology And Anthropology (Ancient History) - Primitive Culture (Pa (ancient history) / Primitive Culture (Paleolithic); ancient Empires Summary The mongols tied together a vast region of Asia and extended their http://www.amazingessays.com/essays/archaeology_and_anthropology_ancient_history

Subject Search for: Archaeology and Anthropology (Ancient History) / Primitive Culture (Paleolithic); Ancient Empires Every essay and term paper listed below can be purchased and downloaded instantly. If you can't find your exact topic our writers can write one from scratch just for you. Our Web site is open 24-hours so you can order at any time. 18981 Ancient Mode Of Production. The ancient mode of production (antiquity) was based on a form of division of labor between two social classes, namely slaves and slave owners. In these agrarian societies, the slave owners controlled the forces of production and the means of production, including estates and plantations. Pages: 5 Bibliography: 1 source(s) listed Filename: 18981 Ancient Mode Production.doc Price: US$44.75 18804 Neo-Confucianism and its Political Application during the Ming Dynasty. Summary: This essay will examine the political application of Neo-Confucianism in China under the Ming dynasty. It will be argued that the syncretism of Neo-Confucian scholars during the Ming period allowed them to adapt metaphysical elements of other belief systems such as Taoism, and incorporate these into a practical guide to political action. Pages: 1 Bibliography: 2 source(s) listed Filename: 18804 Neo-Confucianism, Ming Dynasty.doc

31. Alexander, The Persians And The Mongols - Ancient Roman Empire Forums UNRV history ancient Roman Empire The mongols would ve required no Navy todefeat the Persians. They would ve been attacking from north or east. http://www.unrv.com/forum/show.php/act/ST/f/14/t/1928

Home Forum Blogs Gallery ... Calendar Welcome Guest Log In Register Ancient Roman Empire Forums Roman History ... The Legion Alexander, The Persians and the Mongols , Spawned from the Caesar/Alexander thread Options menu_build_menu( "topicmenu-options", new Array( img_item + " Track this topic", img_item + " Email this topic", img_item + " Print this topic", img_item + " Subscribe to this forum", "NODIVDisplay Modes", img_item + " Switch to: Outline", img_item + " Standard", img_item + " Switch to: Linear+" ) ); Segestan Aug 3 2005, 08:25 PM Post Immunes Group: Members Posts: 51 Joined: 24-June 05 Member No.: 634 On Oct 1st 331 at Gaugamela Alexander met Darius again. Darius had spent two years building a new Army in the heart of Persia. After the battle Alexander was proclaimed ‘ King of Persia’ by his Macedonians. Darius once agian escaped the battle field to Media were he was attempting to raise a Third Army. He was however, murdered by his own guard. Once again, instead of directly pursuing Darius ; Alexander in a political and strategic move turned his forces South to seize the major cities of the Persian Empire . Babylon, Susa and Persepolis were taken by Macedon forces.

32. Alexander, The Persians And The Mongols - Ancient Roman Empire Forums UNRV history ancient Roman Empire What Technology advances did the Mongolsattain by 300 BC that would have seen these people crush an Army the size http://www.unrv.com/forum/show.php/act/ST/f/14/t/1928/view/getlastpost

Home Forum Blogs Gallery ... Calendar Welcome Guest Log In Register Ancient Roman Empire Forums Roman History ... The Legion Alexander, The Persians and the Mongols , Spawned from the Caesar/Alexander thread Options menu_build_menu( "topicmenu-options", new Array( img_item + " Track this topic", img_item + " Email this topic", img_item + " Print this topic", img_item + " Subscribe to this forum", "NODIVDisplay Modes", img_item + " Switch to: Outline", img_item + " Standard", img_item + " Switch to: Linear+" ) ); Segestan Aug 3 2005, 08:25 PM Post Immunes Group: Members Posts: 51 Joined: 24-June 05 Member No.: 634 On Oct 1st 331 at Gaugamela Alexander met Darius again. Darius had spent two years building a new Army in the heart of Persia. After the battle Alexander was proclaimed ‘ King of Persia’ by his Macedonians. Darius once agian escaped the battle field to Media were he was attempting to raise a Third Army. He was however, murdered by his own guard. Once again, instead of directly pursuing Darius ; Alexander in a political and strategic move turned his forces South to seize the major cities of the Persian Empire . Babylon, Susa and Persepolis were taken by Macedon forces.

33. A Brief History Of Korea ancient history 2333 BC 313 AD. The Chosun nation first formed from Koryo remained subservient to the mongols until 1368, when it finally broke free. http://www.geocities.com/mokkim/koreahistory.html

A Brief History of Korea Homepage Listings Korean Student Associations Korean Entertainment Korean Communities and Organizations ... Post-Olympic Korea Ancient History 2333 BC - 313 AD The Chosun nation first formed from the various Tungusic tribes (a subdivision of the Ural-Altaic people) from Mongolia. The first dynasty of note was the Tan'gun dynasty, a theocracy which ruled from Pyongyang from 2333 BC - 1122 BC. The historical and cultural accuracy our knowledge of this dynasty is still debated today. Several scholars claim this is a mythic dynasty, a story to explain the beginning of the Korean people. Others view this dynasty as a historical fact, and attribute a cultural/spiritual signifigance to it. The truth is propbably somewhere in the middle. Nonetheless, it was later usurped by the Kija Dynasty (1122 BC - 194 BC), which was founded by a Chinese scholar. In 108 BC the Han Dynasty of China extended into North Korea, turning the North into the Lolang Province (ed. note: Lolang is the US spelling, Nangnang is the preferred Korean spelling). Chinese cultural influence thus spread into Korea, resulting in Korean adoption of a centralized beaurocracy, Confusionism, and others. The Three Kingdoms Period 37 BC - 935 AD While the North was occupied by China as the Lolang province, the remaining South had been subdivided by the three Han tribes. In the Southwest was the Ma Han. In the Southeast was the Pyon Han. And in the middle was the Chin Han.

34. Free Ancient And Medieval History Of Greek And Byzantine Emperors In Rome Online Free ancient and medieval history of greek and byzantine emperors in romeonline jesus christ gospels mongols crusades old testament russia europe wars http://history.mithec.com/contact.html

Contact History: Fiction or Science? Name: Email: Comment: Important notice:We will never rent, share or sell your email to any third party. We respect your privacy. Service information - no need to read beyond this point Medieval greek and byzantine history was written in constantinople while consulting the dictionary about books, hotels and health maps, where the empires of italy with its emperors of rome - romulus and remus invented printable birthday cards. Rap lyrics and online radio stations are found on pictures of dogs in rc cars. Mongols sweep through teenage chat rooms together with ancient egyptians , as recipes to cook jesus christ as found in gospels are great. Crusades in old testament happened in russia, europe, because of wars between medieval greeks and emperors of rome. Medieval greek and byzantine history was written in constantinople while consulting the dictionary about books, hotels and health maps, where the empires of italy with its emperors of rome - romulus and remus invented printable birthday cards. Rap lyrics and online radio stations are found on pictures of dogs in rc cars. Mongols sweep through teenage chat rooms together with ancient egyptians , as recipes to cook jesus christ as found in gospels are great.

35. (MONGOL History) AN ancient PERIOD OF history. The birth of mongols There are many traces of anancient human race in the territory of Mongolia. These are attested to by the http://www.mongolschool.com/eng/1ms-eng-m-his1.htm

AN ANCIENT PERIOD OF HISTORY The birth of Mongols There are many traces of an ancient human race in the territory of Mongolia. These are attested to by the archaeological discovery in the white cave of Bayanlig and stone weapon found in the Uran Khairkhan hill of Baa-tsagan somon Bayankhongor aimag. According to these discoveries, it is possible to say that the human race were living in the territory of Mongolia almost 700 thousand years ago. There is a hypothesis that Mongolia is a cradle where the first human race were living. It is in corroboration of proof. It is certain that there was an uninterrupted settlement. This assumption is based on the outward appearances of Mongols. Mongols had straight black hair, with broad foreheads, small thick eye lash, short-nose, prominent cheek bones, burly chests, narrow waists and the thick set features of the Mongoloid race. They were the ancestors of the present Mongol race. Such type of people are a product of the nature and the climate of Mongolia over the course of many thousands of years. The perfection of the labour produced conscious people of the present day almost 40.000 years ago. At that period they used to share labour tools and their hunting catches, lived a nomadic lifestyle, engaged in animal husbandry and produced bronze and iron weapons. As this material wealth increased Clan leaders and dominant figures possessed them and became powerful. This was the origin of private

36. Mongols - Gananda Library The mongols controlled the largest land empire in human history. We hope thatyou have enjoyed your journey back to the ancient Mongolian Empire and http://www.gananda.k12.ny.us/library/mshslibrary/mongolwq.htm

Gananda Library Books Area Libraries Search Home Quick References Teacher Links News Online Citing the Internet The Mongols WebQuest by Ms. Tracie Douglas, Social Studies Teacher Mr. Tad Manske, Social Studies Teacher Mrs. Jacquie Henry, Librarian, Gananda High School Mrs. Allison Lee, Librarian Assistant, Walworth-Seely Public Library Introduction Task Process Resources ... Conclusion INTRODUCTION You have all seen either ads for or the film Mulan. Who is this horde she is fighting? Where do they come from? What do they want? They are the Mongols. You may have heard about Genghis Khan, the Forbidden City, the Taj Mahal or Xanadu. These are all related to the Mongols. Your job will be to learn about their culture and their effect on other cultures. They were the most powerful army of their time and no country could defeat them. The Mongols controlled the largest land empire in human history. Introduction Task Process Resources ... Conclusion THE TASK Answer the following Essential Questions: What areas did they conquer? What was the impact of the Mongols in the areas they conquered?

37. Peoples In Northeast China And Inner Mongol_Virtual Science Museum and the following period and is a quite complete history of ancient Mongol.The book keeps a history of the mongols from ancient times to the late Ming http://www.kepu.ac.cn/english/nationalityne/mong/200312050063.html

38. Marko Polo And Ancient Pioneers - Myanmar (Burma) The mongols were approaching that valley with 12000 wellequipped horsemen When the mongols saw that the elephants ran away, they mounted their horses http://www.myanmars.net/history/polo.htm

myanmar s .net HOME french deutch italiano ... software FREE tour information FREE myanmar travel CD myanmar travel guide ebook travel wonders ... Trainees Marko Polo Marko Polo wrote a book called "IL MILLIONE" (The Million) which was later translated to English as "Travels of Marko Polo" Here is an excerpt from "Marko Polo and Korcula" by Dr. Zivan Filippi: Nicolo de Conti (To be updated soon.) Santo Stefano (To be updated soon.) Varthema di Bologna (To be updated soon.) Filipe de Brito De Brito was known as "Nga Zin Kar" to Myanmar people. He was executed in Thanlyin (formerly Syriam). Timeline Pondaung Primate Descendants Shin Issagaunna ... software FREE tour information FREE myanmar travel CD myanmar travel guide ebook travel wonders ... http://www.myanmars.net var sc_project=278903;

39. History Of Azerbaijan: Information From Answers.com ancient history. The cave of Azykh in the territory of the Fizuli district in the After Atabek rule came the mongols, who attacked parts of Azerbaijan, http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-azerbaijan

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping history of Azerbaijan Wikipedia history of Azerbaijan The neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page Azerbaijan or Azerbeijan (Azerbaijani: Azerbaycan, Azerbeycan) is a historical country and territory situated in a crossroads between Eastern Europe and western Asia , adjacent to the Caspian Sea . The heritage, culture and civilization of Azerbaijan is amongst the richest and most ancient, and the history of this land and its people is thousands of years old. The people of Azerbaijan are the heirs of ancient civilizations such as Sumer Elam Aratta Urartu ... Media and Caucasian Albania and are the descendants of various bodies of Turkic peoples, especially the Oghuz Turks who, in the tenth century, set the national foundation of modern Azerbaijan. The borders of post-Islamic and modern Azerbaijan start at Derbent (present-day southern Russia) and end in Hamedan (present-day western Iran In the early 19th century, Azerbaijan was separated in half following wars fought between Russia and Iran. The Russians annexed the northern parts of Azerbaijan, amid expansion into the Caucaus and Turkic-Islamic lands in Central Asia. Following the treaty of Turkmenchay signed in February 1828, Azerbaijan was divided along the Araz river, a physical barrier that has divided the land politically up until now. The land north of the Araz river coincides with the modern Republic of Azerbaijan, including its enclave, the autonomous republic of Nakhchivan; and the land south of the Araz is referred to as South Azerbaijan (Ardebil province, East Azerbaijan province, West Azerbaijan province and Zanjan province), and is under the administration of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

40. USNews.com: Iraq Faces The Burdens Of Recent And Ancient History (4/28/03) A little over a century after mongols delivered a final, devastating blow toBaghdad in 1401, a new Muslim force from the north, the Ottoman Turks under a http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/030428/28iraq_2.htm

Home News Beyond Babylon (Page 2 of 5) Certain fateful patterns also took root in the distant past. The need to supervise the elaborate irrigation system spawned large, centralized administrations in the cities. These proto-bureaucracies helped rulers dominate a diverse people, divided by language, religion, and clan loyalties. At the same time, they gave rise to lasting tensions between the urban governing class and the large but politically powerless rural population. The region's location and resources also made it attractive to numerous empire builders, including the Persians, the Greeks, and Muslim Arabs. The Arabs made their first inroads in the early seventh century, with nomadic tribes establishing separate settlements that eventually became cities like Basra and Kufa. Mesopotamia soon became the site of major upheavals within the Muslim world. The Shiite factionMuslims who considered Ali the rightful successor to his cousin, the prophet Mohammedclustered around their leader in Kufa until his assassination in 661. In 687, seven years after Ali's son Husayn was killed, Iraq became the center of a Shiite revolt. To this day, southern Iraq remains the base of the nation's Shiite majority and home to shrines venerated by Shiites everywhere. But Sunni Muslims, the majority of the Islamic faith then and now, held the reins of power in the caliphate that arose within Mesopotamia in 750. Under the direction of the Abbasids, the region flourished, and Baghdad, founded by Caliph al-Mansur in 762, grew into an intellectual and cultural center as well as one of the world's largest and most prosperous cities.

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