41. Mongolia Homepage mongolia history, language, government, and culture. http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mongolia.html

Let us Welcome you with the Traditional Mongol Greeting We are pleased to offer the latest versions of the effective laws of Mongolia, adopted for the purpose of strengthening democracy and developing market economy, as well as information on history and culture of the Mongolian people. Mongolia Law Library This is a co-operative project maintained by: badrals@magicnet.mn Surenguin Badral has been a foreign service officer of Mongolia. mitch@bloomington.in.us Mitch Rice is a student of Central Asian music, history, and culture. Rated Top 5% on the Web by the POINT SURVEY Since August 1995 * Last revised June 28, 1999 Back to the Start WWW Virtual Library

42. History Of Mongolia: Information From Answers.com History of mongolia history of Mongolia series Before Chinggis Khan Mongol Empire Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Ilkhanate Yuan Dynasty Northern Yuan. http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-mongolia

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping History of Mongolia Wikipedia History of Mongolia History of Mongolia series Before Chinggis Khan Mongol Empire Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde ... Timeline In CE, a single Mongolian state was formed based on nomadic tribal groupings under the leadership of Chinghis Khan (see Genghis Khan ). He and his immediate successors conquered nearly all of Asia and European Russia and sent armies as far as central Europe and Southeast Asia. Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan , who conquered China and established the Yuan dynasty AD), gained fame in Europe through the writings of Marco Polo Although Mongol-led confederations sometimes exercised wide political power over their conquered territories, their strength declined rapidly after the Mongol dynasty in China was overthrown in . The Manchus , a tribal group which conquered China in and formed the Qing dynasty , were able to bring Mongolia under Manchu control in as Outer Mongolia when the Khalkha Mongol nobles swore an oath of allegiance to the Manchu emperor. The Mongol rulers of Outer Mongolia enjoyed considerable autonomy under the Manchus, and all Chinese claims to Outer Mongolia following the establishment of the republic have rested on this oath. In

43. Mongolia History MONGOLIA. Table A. Chronology of Important Events Introduction Chapter 1. Historical Setting Mongolian People s Revolutionary Party http://www.emulateme.com/history/mongohist.htm

History of Mongolia This page has changed if you are not redirected click here

44. Mongolia History Politics Aymags Geography Economy mongolia history Politics Aymags Geography Economy Canadian Gateway, Business Guides, Entertainment, Travel. Listing and reviews of Canadian Web sites. http://www.masterliness.com/a/Mongolia.htm

var GLB_RIS='http://www.masterliness.com';var GLB_RIR='/cincshared/external';var GLB_MMS='http://www.masterliness.com';var GLB_MIR='/site/image';GLB_MML='/'; document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Science People Non User Locations ... Timeline A2('N'); Index: A B C D ... Z A3('s','.','htm','','N'); Home Contents 1 History 2 Politics 3 Aymags 4 Geography ... 9 External links Alternative meaning: Mongolia (region) Mongolia Khalkha Mongolian ) is a landlocked country in Asia , bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south. After the conquest of China by the Mongol Empire , much of Mongolia was ruled by China until an independent government was formed with Soviet help in . The country has been a democracy since . Almost as big as Alaska , Mongolia has very little arable land: much of its area is grassland , with mountains in the north and west and the Gobi Desert The Gobi is a large desert region in northern China and southern Mongolia. The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by the Altai mountains and the grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on the north, by the Tibetan Plateau to the southwest, and by the North in the south. Most of the population are

45. SCOUTING IN MONGOLIA History of Scouting and current status of national Scouting organizations. http://n2zgu.50megs.com/MONG.htm

Free Web Site Free Web Space and Site Hosting Web Hosting Internet Store and Ecommerce Solution Provider ... High Speed Internet if(window.ivnRotate) window.ivnRotate1 = new window.ivnRotate('ivnRotate1',0,document.awsSearch1.Keywords) Popular Searches: SCOUTING IN MONGOLIA MONGOLIYN SKAUTIYN HOLBOO SCOUT ASSOCIATION OF MONGOLIA Mongolia is the largest landlocked nation bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. The population is 2.5 million people. Since 1990 and a peaceful democratic movement, the country is now open for all to see its mysteries and witness its' unspoiled natural beauty. The Scouting movement started in 1991, yet has grown rapidly and in 1998, there were 5,311 members. Scouting has spread to all provinces. The Mongolian Scout Association is active in the community and focuses on a variety of charitable causes, in particular, at risk youth and street children. The Scouts are committed to assisting with the growth of the country during this historic time. Mongolia is a country that is almost perfect for Scouting with many picturesque places to camp and take part in traditional Scouting activities. In 1991, the first Scout Troop was organized and 39 Scouts took the oath.

46. History Of Mongolia - Factbites Encyclopedia4U History of Mongolia - Encyclopedia Article Specialists on the history of Mongolia from many countries have proved that it goes back http://www.factbites.com/topics/History-of-Mongolia

Where results make sense About us Why use us? Press Contact us Topic: History of Mongolia Related Topics Military history Timeline of Quebec history Timeline of Canadian history History of Japan ... Encyclopedia4U - History of Mongolia - Encyclopedia Article The Soviet-Mongolian army defeated Japanese forces that had invaded eastern Mongolia in the summer of 1939, and a truce was signed setting up a commission to define the Mongolian-Manchurian border in the autumn of that year. Mongolia became a member of the United Nations in 1961. Mongolia and the Soviet Union signed an agreement in 1966 that introduced largescale Soviet ground forces as part of Moscow's general buildup along the Sino-Soviet frontier. www.encyclopedia4u.com /h/history-of-mongolia.html (928 words) The Uighurs were influenced by Christianity and, after taking control of Mongolia , went on to save the ailing Tang rulers of China from an internal revolt. The country's Buddhist leader was retained as a figurehead and the newly formed Mongolian People's Party (the first political party in the country's history , and the only one for the next 69 years) took over the government.

47. Mongolian History Timeline mongolia history Timeline. Mongolian Culture. Mongolian History Timeline. Timeline Mongolia. A chronology of key events http://asiarecipe.com/monhistorytimeline.html

Mongolia Current time in Mongolia Early and Recent History History Timeline Genghis Khan Return to Religion ... Mongolian Culture Mongolian History Timeline Timeline: Mongolia A chronology of key events: - Following unification of the Mongol tribes, Genghis Khan launches a campaign of conquest. His sons and grandsons create the world's biggest land empire. - Weakened by disunity, the empire implodes. Ming troops oust the Mongols from Dadu (Beijing). - The Golden Horde is defeated by the Russian Prince Dmitriy Donskoy. Ming troops destroy the Mongol capital Karakorum. PUNSALMAAGIYN OCHIRBAT Former Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party member Mongolia's first directly-elected president Left office in 1997 Manchu rule - The Manchu (Qing) empire conquers the southern Mongols, creating Inner Mongolia. - The Qing empire offers protection to the northern Mongols, creating Outer Mongolia. - The Treaty of Kyakhta fixes the western border between the Russian and Manchu empires, confirming Qing dominion over Mongolia and Tuva. First Soviet satellite state - The Qing dynasty falls and Outer Mongolia declares its independence. Russia and the Republic of China recognise its autonomy.

48. History Of Mongolia, Mongolia History Of Mongolia Resources the Museum of Natural History, the Zanabazar Museum of Fine Arts, and the Museum of Mongolian History. http://creekin.net/k14977-n124-history-of-mongolia-mongolia.html

Creekin.net World Travel Information Source Countries About Us Contact History Of Mongolia Mongolia Principal Locations Karakorum Ulaanbaatar Resources Mongolia Vacation Mongolia Information Visa Mongolia Festival Mongolia ... Mongolia Nomads History Of Mongolia Mongolia News Mongolia Horse China Mongolia Business In Mongolia ... Mongolia Travel History Of Mongolia Mongolia (06/05) Read More US Department Of State Post Report There are a variety of museums and sights to see in Ulaanbaatar. Some of the most popular places to visit are Gandan Monastery, the Winter Palace of the Bogd Khan, the Museum of Natural History, the Zanabazar Museum of Fine Arts, and the Museum of Mongolian History. ... 11 1 11 111 111 U.S. Department of State Post Reports Return to Post Reports Main Menu 1 Mongolia Printer Friendly Version [ Read More Background Notes Archive - East Asia and the Pacific BACKGROUND NOTES: MONGOLIAPUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRSUS DEPARTMENT OF STATEOctober 1993Official Name: MongoliaPROFILEGeographyArea: 1,566,500 sq. km. (604,103 sq. mi.); slightly larger than Alaska (land boundaries 8,114 km.). Cities: CapitalUlaanbaatar (pop. 575,000). Other citiesDarhan (90,000), Erdenet (58,000). Terrain: Almost 90% of land area is pasture or desert wasteland, of varying usefulness; 1% arable; 9% forested. Climate: Continental, with little precipitation and sharp seasonal fluctuations. PeopleNationality: Noun and adjectiveMongolian(s). Population (1992): 2.3 million. Annual growth rate (1992): 2.6%. Health: Infant mortality rate (1992)47/1,000. Life expectancy (1992)63-68 yrs. Ethnic groups (1989): 85% Mongol (predominantly Khalkha), 7% Turkic (largest group, Kazakh) 4.6% Tungusic, and 3.4% others, including Chinese and Russian. Languages: Khalkha Mongol, more than 90%; minor languages include Kazakh, Chinese ... [

49. Society And Culture Mongolia Mongolia Homepage . Thumbshots, Mongolia Homepage mongolia history, language, government, and culture. ratings Mongolia Homepage http://mongolia.designerz.com/mongolia-society-and-culture.php

var tag="mongdshb";var domain="Mongolia.Designerz.com"; Mongolia East Asia Asia World ... Mongolia Chat Channels Visited Clear Featured Links Mongolia East Asia Asia Mongolia News ... Mongolia Mongolia Society And Culture Suggest a site Mongolia Society And Culture Featured Results (opens in a new window) Mongol Uls History of the Mongolian flag. ratings : Mongol Uls Mark's Mongolian Wedding Photos. ratings : Mark's Mongolian Wedding Cold Mornings Personal account of a Peace Corps volunteer English teacher in rural Mongolia. ratings : Cold Mornings Mongolia Photo Essay A photo essay of on Mongolia with written explanation by a former Peace Corps volunteer. ratings : Mongolia Photo Essay National Costumes An overview of the different costumes, hats and accessories of the ethnic groups of Mongolia ratings : National Costumes Portal Listings Suggest a site 1 to 20 of 21 results The Buryat Mongolian Ger Photographs and information on this traditional dwelling. buryatmongol.com View ratings : The Buryat Mongolian Ger Festivals and games of Mongolia Introduction to the tsam dance and the nadaam sports event www.indiana.edu

50. Discover Mongolia Extensive information on the country and its history, travel, hotels and tourism. http://www.discover.mn/

Home Sitemap Reservation form Contact us ... Gallery Tours UB-Terelj-UB UB-BayanGobi-Khara Khorum UB-Khara Khorum-UB Gobi tour ... Mongolian New Year Special tours Gobi by jeep Khubsugul-Arkhangai by jeep Horse riding tour Places to visit Ulaanbaatar Undur dov Karakorum The gobi desert ... Yoliin am All way: Duration: more click here SPECIAL JEEP TOUR Duration: All way: Description: Take an adventure to enjoy real Mongolian nomadic lifestyle click here HORSEBACK RIDING TOUR Duration: Description: KARAKHORUM more HUVSGUL LAKE more UNDUR DOV Undur Dov is a half an hour drive from Ulaanbaatar not far from Manzushiri Monastery. Visitors can stay in Mongolian gers. The surrounding aria is a typical steppe zone and horse back rides can be easily arranged. more ULAANBAATAR CITY Ulaanbaatar is to mark its 360th anniversary of foundation on October 26, 1999. Its cornerstone was laid first nearby current Burd soum, Uvurhangai aimag. more

51. Mongolia's History And Background mongolia s history and Background. During the 15th century, mongolia was torn apart with dissension and strife. With the rise of Tibetan Buddhism in the http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/mongolia/pro-history.htm

Home Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Malaysia Mongolia Myanmer N.Korea Philippines Singapore S.Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Bangkok Beijing Hong Kong Seoul Shanghai Tibet Tokyo References Asian Calendar Country Maps Country Profiles History Timeline ... World Statistics Publish your story on AsianInfo.org - Personal experiences, opinions, articles, or any information related to Asia. More Info... Search for AsianInfo.org Back to Mongolia Mongolia's History and Background During the 15th century, Mongolia was torn apart with dissension and strife. With the rise of Tibetan Buddhism in the 16th century, a Living Buddha would be named. It was the son of the Mongol khan of Urga (Ulaanbaatar). Although the Qing Dynasty had dominion over Mongolia, the ruling groups of the country were the Buddhists and the Mongol aristocracy who were allies at this time. When Mongolia declared it's independence from China during the 1911 Chinese revolution, the Living Buddha still ruled. By 1920, a puppet government was established by a Russian general but the next year the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party began a government, with help from Russian Communists, that usurped the general and those who supported him. When the last Living Buddha died in 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was established, but was not recognized by China until 1946. Due to Mongolia's alliance with Russia, when China separated itself from Russia, trade relations were greatly reduced between China and Mongolia. Russia's influence in Mongolia remained strong through the 1990's.

52. History & Culture Of Mongolia: Annotated Internet Resources An annotated list of Internet resources on the history culture of mongolia, including its art music, shamanism, the nomadic way of life. http://newton.uor.edu/Departments&Programs/AsianStudiesDept/mongolia-cul.html

Attitudes Towards Conversion Among the Elite in the Mongol Empire Paper for Asian Studies on the Pacific Coast 2002 Conference by Timothy May, University of Wisconsin-Madison Baldan Baraivan: Rebuilding a Monastery in Mongolia A Cultural Restoration Tourism Project restoring an 18th century Tibetan-style temple The Buryat Home Page An extensive site "about the shamanism, folklore, history, & poetry of the Buryats," a Mongolian people living in Buryatia, Mongolia & Inner Mongolia Buryat Mongolian Shamanism Carleen's Mongolia Home Page Genghis Khan - NGS Hua-I ih-yu ... Introduction to the Art of Mongolia Terese Tse Bartholomew's essay in conjunction with the 1995 Mongolian Exhibition at the Asian Art Museum The Legacy of Genghis Khan Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan The Mongol Empire History; Legacy of the Mongols; Map of the Mongol Empire; List of Great Khans; Selected Timeline; The Mongol War Machine

53. Mongolia: An Annotated List Of General Information Resources An annotated list of sources of general information on mongolia on the a comprehensive directory of resources on mongolia s history, government, http://newton.uor.edu/Departments&Programs/AsianStudiesDept/mongolia-info.html

Mongolia: General Information The Asia Foundation: Mongolia Asiaco: Mongolia A categorized directory with search engine CIA - The World Factbook: Mongolia Introduction; geography; people; government; economy; communications; transportation; military; transnational issues Golf Mongolia Knowledge Net: Mongolia Compiled by Transitions Online: recent stories; annual survey; statistics; links; government sites; political parties; search engines; think tanks; media Library of Congress Country Studies: Mongolia One of the Area Handbook Series Mongolia - Country information Mongolia FAQ "a list of Frequently Asked Questions (& their answers) about Mongolia, Mongolians & the areas where Mongolian-speaking people live" Mongolia Homepage "the latest versions of the effective laws of Mongolia ... as well as information on history & culture of the Mongolian people"

54. Embassy Of Mongolia, Washington, D.C. - History The history of modern mongolia commenced with the 1921 People’s mongolia , with two thousand years of history, restored its independence at the http://www.mongolianembassy.us/eng_about_mongolia/history.php

Land and People History Social ... Missions Abroad About Mongolia Modern History The political situation in Mongolia was further exacerbated by excursions into Mongolian territory by the White Russian units defeated by and driven out of Russia by the Russian red Army. Baron Ungern von Schternberg with his Asian Cavalry Division seized the capital city of Ikh Khuree and returned Bogd Zavzundamba to the throne, declaring the restoration of independence of Mongolia . won During the period from 1921 to 1924, the new government carried out important changes in the political, economic and social spheres of the limited monarchy of Mongolia . Mongolia , with two thousand years of history, restored its independence at the beginning of the 20th century and made the transition to a new political and social system, making its aim to found a socialist society in a world then divided into socialist and capitalist camps. The 20th century witnessed the progress made by Mongolia in fostering the development of its culture, arts, sport and sciences. Mongolian citizen J.Gurragchaa, participated in a space flight together with his Soviet colleagues, and carried out tests and studies, showing that Mongolians intellectual and physical abilities are at the highest level of modern civilization. A totalitarian system of one-party rule and ideological bounds were established in 20th century Mongolia is political, economic, and social spheres just like in any other countries of the socialist block.

55. Mongolia Country Guide - History And Government - World Travel Guide Provided By World Travel Guide mongolia - Overview, Visa and Passport requirements, vacation advice, holiday guide, international travel, travel agent, business trip, http://www.columbusguides.co.uk/data/mng/mng580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Asia/Mongolia/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Mongolia hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses General Information Passport/Visa Money ... Mongolia Mongolia History and Government History: Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublai Khan, became the first emperor of the Yuan dynasty in China in 1279. Mongol control of China lasted until 1367; from 1380 its possessions to the West were gradually reconquered and, by the end of the 14th century, the empire had disintegrated. Despite brief periods of resurgence under some of the great Khans (Altan, Dayan, Galdan) who forged temporary unity, the Mongol tribes generally reverted to their traditional fractiousness. Mongolia then became a regional pawn squeezed between the two rising superpowers on the Asian continent: Russia and China. At the end of the 17th century, during which the Russians were preoccupied with developments in Europe, the Manchu dynasty in China took control of the whole of the historic Mongol territory, comprising what became known as Inner and Outer Mongolia. The former is now an autonomous region within the People’s Republic of China; the latter became the independent state of Mongolia. Mongolian independence was achieved, with Russian support, in 1911 under the leadership of the so-called ‘Living Buddha’ Jebsten Damba Khutukhtu. China attempted to reassert its rule following the Russian Revolution of 1917 but was beaten back in 1921, this time with Soviet help. A short-lived restoration of the traditional feudal Buddhist monarchy was followed in 1924 by the declaration of a People’s Republic, under the

56. Mongolia - History (Grades 6-8) weak, and poor country, mongolia was one of the greatest forces in human history. 2 The history of mongolian life dates back millions of years. http://www.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_Geography_193_1.html

Sample Mongolia - History (Grades 6-8) Worksheet Reading Comprehension Worksheets edHelper.com Subscribers: Build a printable worksheet with the complete story and puzzles Build a proofreading activity With just one subscription, you will have access to the math, spelling, vocabulary, and critical thinking worksheets! Sign up now for the subscriber materials! Mongolia - History By Ekaterina Zhdanova-Redman Mongolia is one of the oldest countries on earth, and at one time, the largest. Although modern day Mongolia is a relatively small, weak, and poor country, Mongolia was one of the greatest forces in human history. The history of Mongolian life dates back millions of years. Some of the most important discoveries of dinosaur artifacts have been made in modern-day Mongolia. In fact, more than 60 different kinds of dinosaurs have been discovered in Mongolia's "dinosaur graveyards." Human remains dating back 500,000 years have also been discovered in Mongolia. These ancient Mongolians were most likely farmers and animal herders. Most were nomadic, meaning they moved around a lot. To do this, their house and belongings had to be portable; hence, the development of the "ger" or "yurt." These round houses were easy to set up and break down. Many were covered in animal skins. In fact, some people in Mongoliaincluding in its capital of Ulaanbaatarstill live in gers to this day. Until the late 12th century, Mongolia was a land of very disconnected tribes. It was in the late 12th century that a young man of just 20 years old managed to unite most of the Mongol tribes. His name was Temujin, but he would become famous with a different name. The Mongols, happy to be under Temujin's rule, gave him the title of Genghis Khan, meaning "universal king." Genghis Khan would grow to become one of the most powerfuland most misunderstoodrulers in human history.

57. LII - Results For "mongols" mongolian Culture. Basic information, scholarly papers, and many links to sites about mongolia s history and culture. Subjects include travel, wildlife and http://www.lii.org/advanced?searchtype=subject;query=Mongols;subsearch=Mongols

58. Mongolia Web Links Lesson Plans Geography Maps Photos history Human Rights News Portals Home. Official Website of the Government Organizations of mongolia http://www.aems.uiuc.edu/HTML/AsianResources/Mongolia/Mongoliaweb.htm

Mongolia Web Links (Updated 5/10/05) Report Broken Link Lesson Plans Geography Maps ... Home Official Website of the Government Organizations of Mongolia http://www.pmis.gov.mn/indexeng.php Lesson Plans AskAsia: Musuem as Time Capsule, Mongolian Example http://www.askasia.org/teachers/Instructional_Resources/Lesson_Plans/Central_Asia/LP_central_1.htm ProTeacher: Mongolia http://www.proteacher.com/090066.shtml Mongolian Musuem http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/activity/mongolia/index.html The Mongols WebQuest http://www.gananda.k12.ny.us/library/mshslibrary/mongolwq.htm Banknotes of Mongolia http://www.banknotes.com/mn.htm Geography / Culture Sites Lonely Planet: Mongolia, Culture http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/north_east_asia/mongolia/culture.htm Indiana University: Mongolian History, Culture, Images http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/cult.html Mongolia and the UN: Mongolian Culture http://www.un.int/mongolia/culture.htm

59. Mongolia - History mongolia AND THE MONGOL PEOPLE have periodically been at the center of international events. Khubilai Khan, in China are wellknown in world history. http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/3.htm

History Mongolia Table of Contents MONGOLIA AND THE MONGOL PEOPLE have periodically been at the center of international events. The histories of nationsindeed, of continentshave been rewritten and major cultural and political changes have occurred because of a virtual handful of seemingly remote pastoral nomads. The thirteenth-century accomplishments of Chinggis Khan in conquering a swath of the world from modern-day Korea to southern Russia and in invading deep into Europe, and the cultural achievements of his grandson, Khubilai Khan, in China are well-known in world history. Seven hundred years later, a much compressed Mongolian nation first attracted world attention as a strategic battleground between Japan and the Soviet Union and later between the Soviet Union and China. In the 1980s, the Mongolian People's Republic continued to be a critical geopolitical factor in Sino-Soviet relations. Resistance to and accommodation of the Mongols had mixed effects on the national developments of some of the "host" nations. European kingdoms and principalities formed alliances to do battle, albeit unsuccessfully, against the Mongol armies. Europeans even combined with the hated Muslims in Egypt and Palestine to oppose the common Mongol enemy. Although the Mongol invasion of Japan was not successful, it contributed to the eventual downfall of Japan's ruling faction. The conquering Mongols brought an infusion of new ideas and unity to China but were eventually absorbed and lost their ability to rule over a people hundreds of times more numerous than themselves.

60. Mongolia - HISTORY mongolia history. mongolia made few efforts to support the nomads, and by 1941 herds had reached the highest recorded growth in mongolian history. http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/mongolia/HISTORY.html

COUNTRY STUDIES Mongolia - HISTORY Mongolia - History Mongolia MONGOLIA AND THE MONGOL PEOPLE have periodically been at the center of international events. The histories of nationsindeed, of continentshave been rewritten and major cultural and political changes have occurred because of a virtual handful of seemingly remote pastoral nomads. The thirteenth-century accomplishments of Chinggis Khan in conquering a swath of the world from modern-day Korea to southern Russia and in invading deep into Europe, and the cultural achievements of his grandson, Khubilai Khan, in China are well-known in world history. Seven hundred years later, a much compressed Mongolian nation first attracted world attention as a strategic battleground between Japan and the Soviet Union and later between the Soviet Union and China. In the 1980s, the Mongolian People's Republic continued to be a critical geopolitical factor in Sino-Soviet relations. Resistance to and accommodation of the Mongols had mixed effects on the national developments of some of the "host" nations. European kingdoms and principalities formed alliances to do battle, albeit unsuccessfully, against the Mongol armies. Europeans even combined with the hated Muslims in Egypt and Palestine to oppose the common Mongol enemy. Although the Mongol invasion of Japan was not successful, it contributed to the eventual downfall of Japan's ruling faction. The conquering Mongols brought an infusion of new ideas and unity to China but were eventually absorbed and lost their ability to rule over a people hundreds of times more numerous than themselves.

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