61. Refuges Text Version National wildlife Refuge. wildlife. mink (Mustela vison), Least Weasel (Mustelarixosa), and Shorttailed Weasel (Mustela erminea). mink. Photo mink http://alaska.fws.gov/internettv/nwrtv/togiaktv/wildlife/mink.htm

Department of Interior Overview Fast Facts Refuge Calendar Refuge Features Photos Who We Are Welcome Office Directory Work With Us What We Do Biological Projects Public Use Commercial Permits Refuge Planning Wildlife/Wild Lands Wildlife Wild Lands Visiting the Refuge Access ... Map (pdf) Search Alaska FWS Graphic Version Togiak Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge Wildlife Mink ( Mustela vison Least Weasel ( Mustela rixosa and Short-tailed Weasel ( Mustela erminea Mink Photo: Mink Mink are usually a rich dark or russet brown with a white chin and white spots on the throat and breast. They have a long body and neck with short legs and a long tail. Their heads are also short and they have a pointed muzzle. Male mink usually weigh between 2 and 4 pounds and stand 5 to 6 inches at the shoulder. Females are roughly half the size of males. Mink hunt on land and in the water. They primarily prey upon fish, snowshoe hare rodents , birds, and insects. In coastal areas they will also eat crustaceans and fish or muskrats trapped in tidal pools.

62. Wildlife Threats wildlife Threats. g2curves.gif (1191 bytes) topbutn.jpg (4414 bytes).g-bar.jpg (2595 bytes). mink. Warning mink are vicious do not try to touch them http://www.pondcreations.co.uk/wildlife2.htm

Wildlife Threats Home Up [ Wildlife Threats ] Wildlife Benefits Fish Health Choosing Fish Pond Planting ... Mink Herons As far as plastic herons are concerned, these use the theory that herons are territorial and hence do not fish in pairs. Unfortunately this is not always the case and lets face it if a male heron thinks that your plastic heron is a female then you have just given him the invitation of a lifetime. Seagulls Cats Domestic cats can be a nuisance but are easily scared of by the pond owner. Their claws can also tear the pond liner near the surface, but they normally get bored within a week or two. We have two cats and both of them leave our pond well alone and they also deter other cats from the area. The larger the fish the less likely cats are to be too inquisitive. Mink Warning mink are vicious do not try to touch them The American mink, mustela vision, is a recent introduction to Great Britain, having been released from fur farms into the wild by animal rights protestors during the 1950s. This proved to be a bad move on their part as a great many of the mink where then destroyed by farmers, and the ones that survived devastated local wildlife populations. In recent years these feral populations have been very successful, and the mink is now well established across most of England and Wales. Mink are often first mistaken for otters but although very similar in looks they are much smaller 30-45cm in body length (plus a tail of 13-26cm).

63. Mink (Adur Valley, England) Mammal Report of mink in the Adur Valley, Sussex, England. Countryside Report on mink Shorehamby-Sea wildlife Otters (Scotland) Shoreham wildlife Page http://www.glaucus.org.uk/Mink.htm

MINK ARE HERE TO STAY Shoreham-by-Sea Adur Valley , West Sussex 29 August 2002 Alan Barrett i s pretty sure that he spotted a Mink close to Wood's Mill (Sussex Wildlife Trust HQ at Small Dole). Report on Ralph Hollins Nature Notes Cycling along the Coombes Road from Cuckoo's Corner to the Sussex Pad on a warm summer afternoon I surprised (who was the most surprised?) a Mink hauling a Crow into the hedges near the Ricardo Test Track. Of course, I would have liked it to have been a native Otter , as they have got a much better image. Minks are about half the size of Otters and are mainly nocturnal. I concluded that if I was to see one in the middle of the day, there were bound to be lots of them around and that they may be just as much part of the English countryside as the Grey Squirrel. This letter was prompted by the mass liberation of Minks in the New Forest (August 1998). As collator of the Shorewatch Records for the British Marine Life Study Society , I receive reports of wildlife from the shores around the British Isles. A few years ago I received a disturbing report of the complete decimation of a seabird colony on an island in Dunmanus Bay (near Bantry) on the south coast of Ireland. This occurred at the same time as a Mink Farm had gone bust and all the captive Minks had run wild in the Irish countryside. Doubtless, many of them will have perished, but not before they had caused a lot of environmental damage. The birds deserted their colony the following year. My estimate is that a Mink would need a territory of at least a square mile, possibly more, in Sussex where they are probably common. (This is a guess. It may need drastic revision as numbers of up to 8 per square kilometre have been recorded in favourable habitats in Canada). It is difficult to calculate their prevalence. They do not compete with Otters for food as they take smaller prey (smaller fish and even this is perhaps doubtful). Birds are important prey as well as Water Voles, Rats, and probably frogs. They are silent nocturnal killers. It is not known, to me, if they include Rabbits in their diet. Mink are found all over England always near water, although they are less aquatic than Otters. They have been present from at least the 1960s and are probably extending their range.

64. British Marine Wildlife News; Articles In Magazines, NEW BOOKS (British Marine L Cetacean Report Numbers Link; 29 November 1998; Countryside mink Menace againstseabirds, FIVE KINGDOMS TAXONOMIC INDEX TO BRITISH MARINE wildlife http://www.glaucus.org.uk/refs98.htm

References to articles 1999 References to articles 1997 BEST BOOKS OF 1998 BMLSS (England) Index ... (BMLSS *** Site Andy Horton spends a year examining the biology and behaviour of the rock pool fish and other marine life. How to Join Application Form Services Recommended Sites NEWS 1998 LATEST EVENTS BEST BOOKS OF 1998 FREE OFFER: If you wish to receive a free issue of the Shorewatch Newsletter please write to the address on the homepage with the request and enclose stamps to the value of 26 pence. This offer applies to UK residents only and is limited to the number of copies available. This offer expires on 31 December 1998. Do not forget to include your return address. Homepage Index British Marine Life Study Society References to articles on British marine life in other journals, 1998 Earth Story: BBC2 Television Evolution of life on earth 20th: by far the best in the series of weekly programmes, 27th: good. Essential Guide to Rocks http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/ December 1998 : Beginning with Marines Andy Horton's Shore Watch column in the magazine: Andy Horton's Christmas Book List Iggy Tavares: Rockpooling in Oporto.

65. Common Loon - National Wildlife Federation Only two days later, the mink returned and tried to eat the eggs again, wildlife, especially loons, are truly on the front lines of the mercury http://www.nwf.org/wildlife/commonloon/webcam.cfm

About NWF Contact Us Search IN-DEPTH RESOURCES: OUR PROGRAMS WHERE WE WORK NEWSROOM Home ... More Wildlife Introduction Referred to as the "spirit of northern waters," the common loon is a symbol of unspoiled wilderness. A superb swimmer and diver, the loon shuffles clumsily on land because its legs are set far back on its body. It can take flight only from water. Loon numbers are declining due to water pollution, noisy boats and lakeshore development. Photos: Within two to three weeks, young loons can dive and catch fish. Loon Web Camera In May and June 2005, we witnessed a mother and father loon sitting on their two eggs and the loon chicks hatching. The live Web cam was presented by BioDiversity Research Institute with support from the National Wildlife Federation. Loon Journal This loon pair tried to nest in this spot in spring 2004, but shortly after laying their eggs, a mink came and ate the eggs. This year, they returned to the same spot. They mated and the mother laid her eggs on May 27. Only two days later, the mink returned and tried to eat the eggs again, but this time, the parents successfully battled the mink and saved their eggs. Assuming a 28 day incubation, the chicks should hatch around June 24. Within hours, the parents will move the chicks out of the nest and start teaching them how to swim and dive. This will end our exciting view into the life of a loon family!

66. Conservationists Last Hope For The Water Vole In Cornwall Cornwall wildlife Trust is appealing to the public for mink and water vole records,which they can then follow up. The Trust is encouraging the use of rafts http://www.cornwallwildlifetrust.org.uk/news/news115.htm

CORNWALL CORNWALL Conservationists last hope for the Water Vole in Cornwall 18th July 2005 A major campaign is being launched to determine the future of the water vole in Cornwall . The species was decimated in less than ten years, between 1990-1998, suffering a 90% decline nationally. There is not a single known water vole site in the County. This rarity is subject to a range of threats, not least predation by the American mink. Cornwall Wildlife Trust is taking the lead in this campaign, appealing for records of both the mink and water vole. Kate Stokes, Water for Wildlife Manager at the Trust explains: The Environment Agency is also concerned about the critical status of the water vole. The last confirmed water vole record in Cornwall was seven years ago. Simon Toms from the Agency says: Mink monitoring has been revolutionised with the design of a floating mink raft by the Game Conservancy Trust. These award winning rafts have a wooden tunnel and are staked along riverbanks, which the naturally nosey mink explore. The tunnel hides a small clay tray that leaves telltale prints if a mink has been along it. If mink are detected a trap can be inserted in the tunnel. By law a trapped mink can not be released back into the wild and it must be humanely destroyed. This method has been proved efficient, cost effective and, where water voles are present, has led to an increase in their numbers.

67. Michael Penn Photography - Wildlife Photography, Alaska, Juneau, bear, eagle, animals, wildlife, landscapes, A mink picks through a mussel bed exposed at low tide in Windfall Harbor in http://www.mikepenn.com/mink.htm

Photojournalism Scenics Wildlife Panoramas ... Home A mink picks through a mussel bed exposed at low tide in Windfall Harbor in Southeast Alaska.

68. The Chronicle: 3/7/2002: Wildlife Group's New Fund Raiser Seeks To Capture Baby ABOUT SUZANNE mink, VICE PRESIDENT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD wildlife FUND.Education Earned her bachelor s degree at Hollins University, in Roanoke, Va., http://philanthropy.com/free/articles/v14/i10/10004001.htm

Front Page Fund Raising Managing Nonprofit Groups Technology ... Help From the issue dated March 7, 2002 NEW ON THE JOB Wildlife Group's New Fund Raiser Seeks to Capture Baby Boomers By Meg Sommerfeld When Suzanne Mink received a call from Hollins University, in Roanoke, Va., asking her to join her alma mater's development department in 1978, she almost replied, "What's that?" That phone call came shortly after she had earned a master's degree in teaching, and led her to change her career plans from teaching to fund raising. Ms. Mink's consulting work led to her newest job, vice president for development at the World Wildlife Fund. She had been advising the conservation group on several projects including its recent capital effort, the Living Planet campaign, which raised $172-million when the charity's top fund-raising job became open. Although she was not actively looking for a job, Ms. Mink said she decided to accept the World Wildlife Fund's offer because it provided her with a way to focus on a cause she adores, protecting animals, while working for a major national organization in her adopted hometown, Washington. "Being a person who loves the outdoors and appreciates the importance of preserving our land and the animals in it and this Earth, it is just an absolutely perfect match for the kind of experience I have," says Ms. Mink.

69. HCPB-California's Plants And Animals and as such the mink should not pose an unnatural threat to wildlife.Where there is any detrimental effect on wildlife by mink the important fact is http://www.dfg.ca.gov/hcpb/species/nuis_exo/ferret/ferret_issues_7.shtml

California Home DFG Home HCPB Home About HCPB ... Publication Information Habitat Conservation Planning Branch 1416 Ninth St., Sacramento, CA 95814 Telephone: (916) 653-4875 California Department of Fish and Game Habitat Conservation Planning Branch My CA Search DFG CALIFORNIA'S PLANTS AND ANIMALS DOMESTIC FERRET ISSUES IN CALIFORNIA INTRODUCTIONS OF SMALL CARNIVORES AROUND THE WORLD Small carnivores have been widely introduced around the world. Some escaped from captivity and others were purposely released in order to establish fur-bearing animal populations or to control rodents or other pest animals. Here are some examples of introductions of small carnivores, those weighing about 7 kg (15 pounds) or less. For more information about the species listed below, go to the Mammal Species of the World search page, by common or scientific name. The American mink, the small Indian mongoose, and the domestic cat have been particularly damaging to wildlife in various parts of the world: American mink Mustela vison United Kingdom Feral mink, resulting from escaped and illegally released fur farm animals, are widespread and abundant in Britain. Concerns that these non-native predators were a threat to wildlife and agricultural interests lead to

70. HCPB-California's Plants And Animals American mink (Mustela vison) CalPhoto California s wildlife American mink.The American mink, as a domestic animal, is raised in captivity for fur and http://www.dfg.ca.gov/hcpb/species/nuis_exo/ferret/ferret_issues_5.shtml

California Home DFG Home HCPB Home About HCPB ... Publication Information Habitat Conservation Planning Branch 1416 Ninth St., Sacramento, CA 95814 Telephone: (916) 653-4875 California Department of Fish and Game Habitat Conservation Planning Branch My CA Search DFG CALIFORNIA'S PLANTS AND ANIMALS DOMESTIC FERRET ISSUES IN CALIFORNIA Introduction Table of Content Ferret Bibliography Population Estimates ... California's Concerns Native Carnivores Other Mustelidae Tables CALIFORNIA'S NATIVE TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORES Twenty native species of terrestrial carnivores are listed as occurring in California ( species list ). Most of these are relatively small carnivores, typically weighing less than 15 pounds (7 kg) when adult, which is the weight of a large domestic cat. Some of the larger carnivores, like raccoons, bobcats, and badgers, are that small, as well. Table 1 gives a comparison of weights of various carnivores. The following species accounts are separated into two categories, based on whether the species are typically smaller or larger than 15 pounds when adult. For each species, there are links to life history information, including species accounts from the Wildlife Habitat Relationships System series "California's Wildlife." "CalPhoto" is a link to a photograph in the University of California, Berkeley, Digital Library Project . Refer to the following links to special state and federal status designations listed in these accounts: State: Threatened Fully Protected Mammals protected furbearing mammals Mammal Species of Special Concern Federal:

71. Mink Mustela Vison One of the mammals of the Arctic is the mink. The mink (Mustela vison) belongsto the Mustelidae or weasel family. Arctic wildlife mink Mustela vison http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/arctic_wildlife/113855

Topics Articles Links Free Courses Home Directory 22 Communities What's New ... Free e-Courses Search Suite101.com Within: Arctic Wildlife Environment New Topics Backyard Birdwatching Almanac Water for Life Arctic Wildlife Lizards, Turtles and Snakes, oh my! ... More... New Articles Myth and Folklore: Jack-in-the-Pulpit Snow Bunting Update to the Parking Lot Critters Plant Families: Heath ... More... New Discussions b-D-glucosidase Update to the Parking Lot Critters Bacteria in Armpits? Staph. Infections a Common Yet Serious Problem ... More... My Recent Articles Snow Bunting Steller Sea Lion Mountain Avens Related Online Courses Introduction to Landscaping Environmental Organizations: The New World War The Butterfly Garden Mink Mustela vison Home Science and mathematics Animals Specific topics in natural history of animals Author: Fred J. Kane Published on: February 20, 2005 Welcome Page My Articles Discussions for You My Bookstore ... Community Bookstore Subscribe to My Topic Mink Mustela vison One of the mammals of the Arctic is the mink. The mink (Mustela vison) belongs to the Mustelidae or weasel family. The mink along with other fur bearing animals attracted trappers, traders, and settlers to the North Country.

72. 1989 Wildlife Disease Summary 1989 Summary of Diseases Affecting wildlife in Michigan. mink, EasternGray/Black Squirrel, Osprey, Sawwhet Owl, Mallard Duck, Ring-billed Gull, http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12150_12223-118960--,00.html

Skip Navigation Michigan.gov Home DNR Home Links ... Ask DNR document.form2.SearchCriteria.size=10; Wildlife Conservation Strategy Landowner Incentive Program Michigan Breeding Bird Atlas Michigan Bird Conservation Initiative ... [Text Version] 1989 Wildlife Disease Summary ABSCESS Moose, White-tailed Deer, Raccoon, Snowshoe Hare, Red-tailed Hawk, Great Blue Heron, Common Loon, Canada Goose, Mallard Duck, Wild Turkey, Ruffed Grouse, Sichuan Pheasant, Mourning Dove AIRSACCULITIS Eastern Bluebird ANOMALY Congenital Ear Deformity White-tailed Deer Piebald Ring-necked pheasant ASPERGILLOSIS Wild Turkey, Ring-billed Gull ATELECTASIS Pulmonary Raccoon BLOCKAGE Gastric Burdock Wild Turkey Hairball White-tailed Deer Intestinal Canada Goose Vent Mallard Duck BOTULISM Type C Mallard duck, Mallard x Black Duck, Pekin Duck Unspecified Ring-billed Gull CECITIS Hemorrhagic White-tailed Deer CHOLANGIOHEPATITIS Hyperplastic and Cystic Fisher CHOLELITH Bile stone White-tailed Deer COCCIDIOSIS Ring-necked Pheasant CONGESTION Hepatic Cottontail Rabbit Pulmonary Mink, Eastern Gray/Black Squirrel, Osprey, Saw-whet Owl, Mallard Duck, Ring-billed Gull, Sichuan Pheasant, Blue Jay, Common Grackle, American Robin, Eastern Bluebird CYSTICERCOSIS Echinococcus granulosus Moose Taenia hydatigena White-tailed Deer Taenia pisiformis Cottontail Rabbit Taenia taeniaeformis Muskrat DEHYDRATION Raccoon, Eastern Gray/Black Squirrel, Peregrine Falcon, Wild Turkey

73. Cumbria Water Vole Project mink. Historically, Cumbria s wildlife has suffered from the presence of particularlyhigh numbers of mink. This nonnative predator was first introduced to http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/cumbria/new_voles_site/habitat.htm

Home Page Info for Landowners Water Vole Spotting Links ... Report a Sighting Info for Landowners Water vole-friendly waterways - how you can help! Mink Historically, Cumbria's wildlife has suffered from the presence of particularly high numbers of mink. This non-native predator was first introduced to Britain to be farmed for its fur in 1929. Escapes and deliberate releases meant that the mink soon established itself as a highly successful predator in the wild, taking mammals, birds and fish. Water voles are especially vulnerable as mink are superb swimmers, and a female can fit down a water vole burrow, leaving no means of escape. The Cumbria Water Vole Project has been running a mink reporting scheme and monitoring project using floating rafts newly developed by the Game Conservancy Trust . These rafts are tethered at the water's edge, and support a clay tracking plate under a wooden tunnel. The mink, being highly inquisitive, cross the raft leaving their tracks in the clay. The tracking plate can be checked once a week, giving us a good picture of where mink are active and enabling a targetted trapping effort. If mink are found, the clay can be replaced with a cage trap which fits into the tunnel for humane capture. If you would like more information or have seen a mink in your area, please get in touch with us as soon as possible.

74. Island Mink Eradication - British Wildlife Conservation Magazine ,Wild News wildlife Magazine with Environment and Conservation news from acrossthe UK. http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk/newspaper/index.php?option=com_content&task=vi

75. Wildlife: Waterscape.com Our wildlife guide is full of fascinating facts about the creatures you ll see . The American mink is now an established (though not universally http://www.waterscape.com/features/wildlife/

go boating go walking go cycling places to go ... marketplace Search: wildlife Home Badger Bat Coot ... Summer Wildlife You'll find all sorts of wildlife on Britain's waterways - from common sights such as mallards and moorhens, to the more shy and retiring residents of the riverbank, like the otter and water vole. But do you know what to look for? Our wildlife guide is full of fascinating facts about the creatures you'll see. You can help waterway ecologists. Let us know what species you've spotted on Britain's rivers, lakes and canals. All the information gathered in our Wildlife Survey will be fed into British Waterways' national wildlife database, helping future conservation work. Read the results of last year's wildlife survey What will you find on the riverbank this month? Read our summer wildlife guide Badger The Eurasian Badger, or Brock, is one of Britain's largest and best-loved wild animals. Bat Bram Stoker has a lot to answer for! Bats have suffered a lot of bad press thanks to their fictitious association with vampires and witchcraft. Christmas Evergreens Bringing greenery into the house at Christmas is rooted in pre-Christian traditon.

76. Mink: Waterscape.com The American mink is now an established (though not universally celebrated)feature of Britain s Report a sighting ». Find your local waterway wildlife http://www.waterscape.com/features/wildlife/mink.html

go boating go walking go cycling places to go ... marketplace Search: wildlife Badger Bat Coot Cormorant ... Summer Wildlife The American mink is now an established (though not universally celebrated) feature of Britain's waterways. American mink first arrived in Britain way back in 1929. However, their long journey across the Atlantic ended at the commercial fur farms and it was not until the mid 1950s that Mustela vision became a common sight living wild around our canals and river banks. Close up, American mink resemble something between a small cat and a ferret. They have a dense coat of deep brown fur, which often leads to cases of misidentification with the native otter. However, otters are shy animals unlikely to be seen during the day; quite unlike their confident American cousins who will wander the waterways at all hours. Mink are also smaller and slimmer than otters, factors which enhance their ability to hunt burrow-dwelling prey such as water voles. Mink were first reported to be breeding wild in the UK in 1956, and today it is virtually impossible to estimate the number of mink resident along the many miles of Britain's waterways. These efficient predators are solitary animals who will fiercely defend their waterside territories when necessary. Males will sometimes allow females to make their homes inside their vast territories, but no male mink worth his salt would tolerate another male within spitting distance. did you know?

77. Improving Mink Control - The Game Conservancy Trust introduced mink for the benefit of native wildlife such as water voles.The mink control projects on the River Itchen in Hampshire and the River Wylye http://www.gct.org.uk/text03.asp?PageId=272

78. WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) Among mammals, the mink (Mustela vison ) is the most sensitive wildlife species To protect wildlife (eg, mink) from harmful effects of PCBs in the diet, http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/BCguidelines/pcbs/pcbs-07.htm

8. WILDLIFE 8.1 Effects Most of the literature on toxicity of PCBs to wildlife concerns the consumption of PCBs in their diet. In reviewing data gathered from various sources, Eisler (1986) noted that, as a group, birds were more resistant to acutely toxic effects of PCBs than mammals. LD s ranging from 604 to more than 6 000 mg Aroclor/kg of diet were reported for various species of birds. Also, for all avian species, PCB residues of 310 mg/kg fresh weight of the bird were associated with an increased likelihood of death from PCB poisoning, Among mammals, the mink ( Mustela vison ) is the most sensitive wildlife species tested. Diets containing 6.7 mg Aroclor 1254/kg fresh weight and 8.6 mg Aroclor 1242/kg fresh weight killed 50% of the mink in 9 months (Ringer 1983). In comparing primary toxicity (where animals were fed a diet containing a PCB formulation) and secondary toxicity (where the diet contained the same concentrations of the metabolised xenobiotic or PCBs in this case) of Aroclor 1254 to mink, Aulerich et al.

79. SundayMirror.co.uk - News - News - CRUEL REALITY OF SICKENING HUNT FOR MINK argue the sport helps preserve wildlife because mink eat other small mammals.The investigator infiltrated West Wales mink Hounds to film the hunt. http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/news/page.cfm?objectid=14459265&method=full&s

80. Mink Detailed Information - Montana Animal Field Guide Please visit the following pages for more infomation from Fish, wildlife Parksrelated to mink Photo. mink Mustela vison (Mustelidae) Global Rank G5 http://fwp.state.mt.us/fieldguide/detail_AMAJF02050.aspx

@import url(css/fwp.css); Welcome to Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks You are currently viewing the text only version of this website. If you have not intentionally chosen the text version, you may want to read the Site Guide to find out why your browser is displaying the text version. Skip Navigation Website Main Menu Hunting Regulations Plan a Hunt Obtain a License ... Mink Animal Field Guide in Partnership with Montana Natural Heritage Program. Search Field Guide Species Search Query Additional Media (click on image to view) Related Information Species of Concern Endangered Species Recreating in Wildlife Habitat Living with Wildlife About this Guide Natural Heritage Program Natural Resource Information System Montana State Library Mink Photo Mink Mustela vison (Mustelidae) Global Rank: State Rank: Agency Status USFWS: USFS: none BLM: none General Description This medium-sized, semi-aquatic carnivore has a long, thin body; short, sturdy legs; short, pointed nose; short, rounded ears, and a dorsoventrally flattened head. Thickly furred tail. Usually rich dark brown in color with a white chin patch. Sometimes white spots on belly. Fur is soft and lustrous with long, glossy guard hairs. Dense pelage is its only obvious aquatic adaptation. Total length: 19 to 28 inches. Weight: 1.5 to two pounds (FWP). A medium-sized mammal with an elongate body, a long tail, small rounded ears, and relatively short legs; pelage is soft, luxurious, and generally rich brown to almost black dorsally; the underparts are paler, sometimes with a whitish chin patch and whitish spotting elsewhere; 5 digits on each foot; head-body 330-430 mm in males, 300-400 mm in females; tail 158-230 mm in males, 128-200 mm in females; mass 681-2310 g in males, 790-1089 g in females; basilar length of skull 58-69 mm (Nowak 1991, Hall 1981, Burt and Grossenheider 1964).

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