81. Einsatzgruppen And Other SS And Police Units In The Soviet Union EINSATZGRUPPEN AND OTHER SS AND POLICE units IN THE SOVIET union Ordered to follow the German army into the Soviet union, the Einsatzgruppen were http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005518

82. Civil War To World War I At this time, the union Army officially rejected black volunteers. 1869 The Army reorganized its black infantry units, combining the original four http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/integrate/chron2.htm

A CHRONOLOGY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MILITARY SERVICE From the Civil War to World War I Though initially denied the right to bear arms in the first year of the Civil War, by the end of 1862 black soldiers were fighting for the Union. Volunteer units from different states, along with the U.S. Colored Troops, went on to serve with distinction throughout the Civil War. Black soldiers won a total of 15 Congressional Medals of Honor, while another 7 African-American sailors were also honored for their heroism. By January 1864, even Confederate officers began to appreciate the need for recruiting blacks for military service. The southern civilian leadership, however, opposed the idea until the final months of the war. By the time President Jefferson Davis signed a bill on 13 March 1865 authorizing the enlistment of slaves beginning 3 April, it was too late to save the Confederacy. th and 10 th Cavalry as well as the 24 th and 25 th Despite their loyalty, bravery, and ability to endure under adverse conditions, African-American military men suffered many indignities because of racial discrimination. During the Civil War, blacks confronted inequalities in pay, length of enlistment, quality of weaponry and medical services, and promotional opportunities. By the end of the 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th , "Jim Crow" discrimination and white contempt for blacks were increasingly reflected in the military environment. One of the worst insults given to African-American servicemen involved unfounded white doubts about black servicemen’s fighting abilities and dedication to duty. As they had demonstrated time and again, when confronted with the enemy, black soldiers fought bravely because they were Americans, not because of their skin color or ethnic heritage.

83. North Korea - MILITARY HERITAGE He fled to the Soviet union and later appeared in Soviet uniform at Wnsan in 1945 a Korean military unit (KVA) in Yan an with Chinese communist backing. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9609.html

Country Listing North Korea Table of Contents North Korea MILITARY HERITAGE North Korea is heavily militarized, with over a million military personnel. It has been estimated that one out of every five North Korean men between the ages of sixteen and fifty-four was in the military in 1992. The active-duty forces account for at least 6 percent of the population and at least 12 percent of the male population. These capabilities far exceed any conceivable defensive requirement. This force structure and offensive orientation are relatively new phenomena for the Korean Peninsula. Despite frequent external military challenges, the military has never enjoyed high social status in traditional Korea. The traditional value systems of Buddhism and Confucianism hold the military profession in low esteem. The yangban (see Glossary) class initially had two official ranks: civil and military officials. The yangban civil official class, which rose to power in the tenth century during the Kory Dynasty (918-1392), feared a powerful military might dominate the government (see The Origins of the Korean Nation , ch. 1;

84. AllAfrica.com East Africa African States Set Up Standby Army The African union has formally established the Eastern Brigade, which is part personnel and 70 vehicles and a military observer unit with 120 officers. http://allafrica.com/stories/200507130869.html

85. Civil War Battlefields @ National Geographic Magazine A few months earlier two union generals had attempted to free slaves in areas under The question of just how the military would determine who was and http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0504/feature5/online_extra.html

var NGMPageContainsFlash = false; var NGMNavType = 0; MM_preloadImages('/ngm/redesign/nav/top_features_on.gif','/ngm/redesign/nav/top_departments_on.gif','/ngm/redesign/nav/top_multimedia_on.gif','/ngm/redesign/nav/top_online_extras_on.gif','/ngm/redesign/nav/top_forums_on.gif','/ngm/redesign/nav/top_fun_stuff_on.gif','/ngm/redesign/nav/top_archives_on.gif','/ngm/redesign/nav/top_subscribe_on.gif','/ngm/redesign/nav/top_home_one.gif'); SPECIALS Crane Cam Mind Survey Civil War Battlefields APRIL 2005 Feature Main Page Photo Gallery On Assignment Learn More ... Multimedia African-American Soldiers Interactive Map African Americans in the Civil War Equality Earned With Blood Never let them sell our colored for slaves We have done a Soldiers Duty. Why cant ... we have a Soldiers pay? Photograph from the Library of Congress Posed with pride and, perhaps, hope for a brighter future, a young enlistee donned his uniform for a portrait. By the end of the Civil War, some 180,000 black Americans had served in the U.S. Army and another 18,000 in the Navy. "Freedom to the slave should now be proclaimed from the Capitol, and should be seen above the smoke and fire of every battle field, waving from every loyal flag."

86. Military Records : Historical Society Of Pennsylvania The Library has a major collection of military unit histories, bibliographies, indexes, Hargrove, Hondon B. Black union Soldiers in the Civil War. http://www.hsp.org/default.aspx?id=124

87. Frequently Asked Questions When worn on the left sleeve, the union would appear towards the front and the Active Army units having war/campaign service are entitled to a crest for http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/FAQ/FAQ.htm

HERALDRY FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS U.S. Flag Etiquette Army Organizational Flags, Guidons and Streamers Organizational Insignia Insignia and Decorations ... Miscellaneous U.S. FLAG ETIQUETTE Top of Page WHAT GOVERNS THE NATIONAL FLAG? Chapter 1, Title 4, United States Code governs the use/display of the National Flag for federal agencies and provides guidance for others. It should be noted that each state Attorney General has the responsibility to set flag policy, including the National flag, for their respective states. WHAT IS THE PROPER MANNER FOR DISPLAY OF THE FLAG AFTER SUNDOWN? Section 174(a), Chapter 1, Title 4, United States Code states that the flag may be displayed 24 hours a day if properly illuminated during the hours of darkness. HOW DO YOU DISPOSE OF A TORN, SOILED OR DAMAGED FLAG? Section 175(k), Chapter 1, Title 4, United States Code states the flag, when it is in such a condition that it is no longer a fitting emblem for display, should be destroyed in a dignified way, preferably by burning. WHAT IS THE INTERMENT FLAG? Interment flags are provided by the United States Government and used to cover the caskets of deceased military personnel. They are identical in color and pattern to all other National flags and are 5’ hoist by 9’6" fly.

88. The Red Army The Red Army, the Red Navy, and all citizens of the Soviet union must defend In case of forced retreat of Red Army units, all rolling stock must be http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSred.htm

Red Army Spartacus USA History British History Russian Revolution ... Email After the October Revolution it was decided by Vladimir Lenin that the old Russian Army would have to be turned into an instrument of the Communist Party . The old army was demobilized and in January 1918 the Soviet government ordered the formation of the Red Army of Workers and Peasants. Leon Trotsky , the Commissar of War, was appointed the head of the Red Army on 13th March, 1918. The army had to be established quickly as it was needed to fight the White Army during the Civil War . Trotsky was forced to recruit a large number of officers from the old Russian Army . He was criticized for this but he argued that it would be impossible to fight the war without the employment of experienced army officers. Initially a volunteer army, losses during the Civil War forced the Soviet government to introduce conscription in June, 1918.

89. JTW News - Turkmenistan For Tougher Military Discipline is to “strengthen military discipline, law and order in military units and Law enforcement agencies and military structures have been ordered to http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=15935

90. ALABAMA ARCHIVES: MILITARY RECORDS This series consists of an index of Confederate and union soldiers from Alabama who have National Archives Confederate military Unit History Files. http://www.archives.state.al.us/referenc/military.html

American Revolution 2nd Creek War, 1835-36 Texas War for Independence, Mexican War ... DD214's ADAH Public Information Subject Files - Alabamians-at-War Click here to view the folder listing of this collection. This subject file contains various records which document the participation of Alabamians in various wars. The information was compiled by ADAH staff. Included is information on the Revolutionary War; the War of 1812 and the Creek War of 1814-15; the Second Creek War; the Texas War of Independence; the Mexican War; the Spanish-American War; World War I; World War II; the Korean War; and the Vietnam War. Included are clippings, compiled information about people and events, brochures, reference correspondence, photocopies and transcripts of original documents and various printed materials. Compiled information on the Civil War is found in a separate file, Public Information Subject Files - Civil War and Reconstruction. AMERICAN REVOLUTION Thomas McAdory Owen's Revolutionary War Soldiers in Alabama Public Information Subject Files - Alabamians-at-War Topics on the Revolution include galley proofs of Owen's Alabama Revolutionary Soldiers , and pension lists.

91. Department Of Military Science Unit History Here Lafayette was received by the military and citizens in 1824, Soon thereafter, Sherman resigned to assume a command of the union army. http://appl003.lsu.edu/artsci/milscience.nsf/$Content/Unit History?OpenDocument

92. What Should Have Been In The State Of The Union Address By Robert O. Boorstin And to make very clear that I understand the sacrifice our military families are His unit was issued outmoded flak jackets from the Vietnam era. http://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion editorials/2004 opinions/Jan/21o/What Should

Opinion Editorials, January 2004, www.aljazeerah.info Home News Archive Arab Cartoons ... Cities, localities, and tourist attractions Aljazeerah Info Center needs your support Send donations by check to: Al-Jazeerah Info Center, P.O. Box 724, Dalton, GA 30722-0724, USA. What Should Have Been in the State of the Union Address By Robert O. Boorstin Editorial Note: The article was written before the speech was delivered. However, it is published after the speech as a critical analysis of the policies of the Bush administration. American Progress.org, January 19, 2004 Jan 21, 2004 What Should Be in the State of the Union To: President Bush, Karl Rove From: Robert O. Boorstin Re: State of the Union As you spend these last hours considering your speech tonight, we recommend that you make a sharp turn in your approach. Specifically, we think that you should shoot straight with the American people about the course of our national security policy over the past year and the tough realities that lie ahead in 2004. While we recognize this move would change the tenor of the State of the Union – and could draw media attention – we believe that this abrupt shift will take your political opponents by surprise and position you as the honest candidate as we head for the fall election. Some suggested language: On direction.

93. Gettysburg: Profiles In Courage: Warren W. Jordan it was one of three union Army units mustered from Erie County. The brigade, part of the union Army s Fifth Corps, arrived in Gettysburg on July 2, http://www.post-gazette.com/lifestyle/20030706get_jordanl3.asp

Pittsburgh, PA Friday September 23, 2005 News Sports Lifestyle Classifieds ... About Us Take me to... Search Local News Nation/World Sports Obituaries Lifestyle Business Opinion Photo Journal Weather Classifieds PG Store PG Delivery Web Extras Contact Us About Us Help Corrections Site Map Lifestyle Previous Articles Columnists Food ... Lifestyle Gettysburg: Profiles in Courage: Warren W. Jordan Union rifleman from Erie County never recovered from injuries suffered at Little Round Top Sunday, July 06, 2003 By Cindi Lash, Post-Gazette Staff Writer Hunkering behind a boulder 300 feet above a swirling inferno of hand-to-hand combat, Warren W. Jordan wiped the sweat of a 90-degree July afternoon from his eyes and waited for the enemy charge he knew was surging his way. Finding positions around him were 294 grim comrades from the 83rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment, the U.S. Army unit he'd joined nearly two years earlier in Erie. Over the course of four years, the 83rd Pennsylvania would fight at many of the war's bloodiest battles, suffering the second-highest number of deaths of all Union regiments. But today, atop a knob of granite jutting from the midst of rural Pennsylvania farmland, Jordan and the 83rd's riflemen would face their most critical test of the war.

94. Who Freed The Slaves? But it took a fighting force of 2 million soldiers in the union Army to bring and army units forced to patrol at home rather than fight the union Army. http://www.socialistworker.org/2005-1/532/532_08_FreedTheSlaves.shtml

Does Abraham Lincoln deserve all the credit? Who freed the slaves? JOHN GREEN unravels one of the great myths about the American Civil War. MANY MYTHS surround the American Civil War, including one that tells us that Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves with a stroke of his penin an act of moral indignation at the horrors of slavery in the Southern states. This telling of history oversimplifies the truth so much as to render it useless. Lincoln did issue the Emancipation Proclamation at the beginning of 1863, which on paper freed slaves in the states of the Confederacy that had seceded from the United States. But it took a fighting force of 2 million soldiers in the Union Army to bring the Confederacy to its kneesand make the defeat of the slave system a fact. African Americans themselves contributed in many crucial waysfrom slaves who rebelled in the South, to free Blacks in the North who agitated for abolition, to Black soldiers who served in the Union Army. Thankfully, Lincoln rose to meet each challenge. By the end of the war, his actions had transformed himself into an unwavering abolitionist. But as important as his role was, the destruction of slavery depended on much morethe actions of masses of other people, including, crucially, slaves themselves. THE CIVIL War was the result of an irreconcilable conflict between two social systemsslavery in the South and free wage labor in the North.

95. Air Defence In Northern Europe 3 Russian Empire/Soviet Unionl4. The first military aviation schools in Russia Each Red Army unit was supported by one or two air units of brigade size. http://www.sci.fi/~fta/russia1.htm

Air Defence in Northern Europe AIR POWER BEFORE WORLD WAR II Russian Empire/Soviet Union The Russian aviation industry grew from a few small factories in 1910 to a total of from ten to sixteen airframe and aircraft engine manufacturers during World War I, employing 10,000 workers and technicians. The foundations of the industry in Russia were laid by French firms and French capital, but most of the factories were hardly more than workshops. The largest comprised the French firm of Duks, founded in Moscow in 1910, the Russian-Baltic plant in St. Petersburg; and the Gnome Rhone engine plant, built by a French company in Moscow in 1912. Following the outbreak of World War I, the Russian Government made greater efforts to expand and modernize military aviation. One Western European source of information maintains that a total of 1,769 airframes and 660 aircraft engines had been built by 1916, and another reports that Russia produced from 1,500 to 2,000 planes in 1917. One Soviet source has stated that the average output during World War I was from 230 to 380 planes a month, but reports from American observers in Russia at the time suggest a lower approximate figure, indicating that from 800 to 1,000 aircraft were built in 1917. In any case, total wartime production has been estimated at about 4,700 aircraft.

96. Nato Review In both venues the discussion focused on how to create German units that were NATO has provided a vital security umbrella against military aggression, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2005/issue2/english/history.html

current issue: summer 2005 previous issues language Contents Foreword ... Debate History Analysis Special Book review Military matters ... Next issue History Germany’s accession to NATO: 50 years on Helga Haftendorn analyses the debates and events surrounding Germany’s accession to NATO 50 years ago. History in the making: On 23 October 1954 the North Atlantic Council invited Germany to join the Alliance West Germany’s accession to NATO 50 years ago on 6 May 1955 took place against the backdrop of both East-West conflict and the project of European integration. The second round of NATO enlargement, by which the Federal Republic became the Alliance’s15th member, was an important step in the country’s post-war rehabilitation and paved the way for Germany to play a substantial role in the defence of Western Europe during the Cold War. Both NATO and the German Federal Republic were created in 1949. When signed in April 1949, the Washington Treaty was a traditional alliance agreement in which the 12 NATO Allies promised to take adequate measures in the event of attack against any member by an external enemy. At the time, it lacked a political structure, a joint command and military forces earmarked for Alliance defence. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation itself, that is the structures underpinning the Treaty, only came into being after the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 when the threat of attack by Soviet forces in Central Europe appeared imminent.

97. NATO Handbook: The Western European Union (WEU) The Platform defined the Western European union s relations with NATO and with WEU member states declared their preparedness to make available military http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb1504.htm

Updated: 04-Nov-2002 NATO Publications Info Chapter 15: The Wider Institutional Framework for Security The Western European Union (WEU) The Western European Union has existed since 1954 and today includes 10 European countries Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. It has a Council and Secretariat formerly located in London and based in Brussels since January 1993, and a Parliamentary Assembly in Paris. The WEU has its origins in the Brussels Treaty of Economic, Social and Cultural Collaboration and Collective Self-Defence of 1948, signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. With the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949, the exercise of the military responsibilities of the Brussels Treaty Organisation or Western Union was transferred to the North Atlantic Alliance. Under the Paris Agreements of 1954, the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy acceded to the Brussels Treaty and the Organisation was renamed the Western European Union. The latter continued in being in order to fulfil the conditions and tasks laid down in the Paris Agreements. The Western European Union was reactivated in 1984 with a view to developing a "common European defence identity" through cooperation among its members in the security field and strengthening the European pillar of the North Atlantic Alliance.

98. Feldgrau.com - The German Armed Forces 1919-1945 Heer The Army 1935-1945 - The units, formations and organizations of the German Feldgrau.com is a non political German military history research site. http://www.feldgrau.com/

Feldgrau.com - research on the German armed forces 1918-1945 Main Sections Online forums Take Part in Discussion - Read and post messages regarding the German Armed Forces in a series of different forums. Reichswehr The Armed Forces 1918-1935 - The units, formations and organizations of the transitional Weimar-era German Army and Navy. Heer The Army 1935-1945 - The units, formations and organizations of the German Army, from the largest Army Groups to the smallest independent Battalions. Luftwaffe The Airforce 1935-1945 - The units, formations and organization of the German Airforce, including both air and ground units, from the largest Air Wings and Corps, to the smallest Flight Groups and independent Battalions. Kriegsmarine The Navy 1935-1945 - The units, formations and organization of the German Navy, including all ships and naval ground units, from the largest Battleships and Divisions, to the smallest vessels and independent Battalions. Waffen-SS The Armed SS 1933-1945 - The units, formations and organizations of the Armed SS, from the largest Army to the smallest independent Battalions. Wehrmachtsgefolge Auxiliary Organizations - The history of the Armed Forces Auxiliary organizations that assisted or aided the German military during and prior to WWII.

99. The Impossible Happened Thrice — Virtual Finland The Soviet union had demanded limited areas of Finnish territory and when Finland did military skills were bolstered by the training that thousands of http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25906

100. R rigas pilseta latvia in the soviet union ; république de sonore democratic union, germany) nara (japan) second military hospital unit flag (japan) http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/keywordr.html

R List of keywords beginning with R Last modified: Keywords: web index keywords Links: FOTW homepage search write us mirrors Keywords beginning with a b c d ... mexico - filibustering: gaston de raousset-boulbon r.c.1 portuguese national guard r.m.s. r chilean civil flags afloat rwanda old flags ra'anana municipality of ra'anana (israel) ra yong ra yong province (thailand) russian subnational flags raaf raaf colours, standards and banners royal australian air force officer distinguishing flags royal australian air force staff flags raalte raalte (netherlands) raan autonomous region of atlantico norte (nicaragua) nicaragua - subdivisions raard raard (the netherlands) raas nicaragua - subdivisions raasiku raasiku (harjumaa, estonia) rab rab (the coast-gorski kotar, croatia) raba wyzna raba wyzna (poland) raba bodonhely (gyor-moson-sopron, hungary) gyor (hungary) szany (gyor-moson-sopron, hungary) rabakecol rabakecol (gyor-moson-sopron county, hungary) rabapordany rabapordany (gyor-moson-sopron county, hungary) rabaszentmihaly rabaszentmihaly (gyor-moson-sopron county, hungary) rabaszentsndras rabaszentandras (gyor-moson-sopron county, hungary)

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