61. Reparations Have Already Been Paid For Slavery Of the (overwhelmingly White) men enrolled in military units, Union and confederate (4) In confederate units, deaths approached 19% of the men enrolled, http://www.bluffton.edu/~bergerd/essays/reparations.html

Reparations for Slavery: They have already been paid War is hell, you cannot refine it. W.T. Sherman The topic of reparations for American Black slavery has been much discussed, and that discussion is not over. I think that such reparations are not justified. Unlike most who argue against monetary reparations, I think they are not only possible (though difficult) but justif no other payment had yet been made. However, reparations for slavery have already been made. The name of the reparations program was "The American Civil War." Consider the following facts About 11% of the total population (counting men, women and children) of the 1860 United States was in military service for some portion of the war; from the Confederate States considered separately, about 13% of the total population was enrolled. Of those enrolled in military service, the vast majority were White and all were male. Of the (overwhelmingly White) men enrolled in military units, Union and Confederate, 14% died of their wounds or of disease; another 11% were wounded but survived. In Confederate units, deaths approached 19% of the men enrolled, an order of magnitude higher than the death rate in any other American war. This amounted to an aggregate 550,000 dead and more than 400,000 wounded

62. Confederate National And Bonnie Blue Flags. With the adoption of the 1st National flag military units, Next confederateunits served under a myriad of battle flags some didn t resemble this more http://home.freeuk.com/gazkhan/blank_national.htm

Confederate National and Bonnie Blue Flags The Bonnie Blue Flag (Flag Of Secession) The lone star flag originates from the secessionist, but short lived, 'Patriot Armies of the West Florida Republic' in 1810. Republican forces commanded of Colonel Philemon Thomas, set out on 11 September 1810 to captured the Spanish provincial capitol of Baton Rouge. With these forces was a troop of West Florida Dragoons, u nder the command of Major Isaac Johnson. Carried at the head of the column was a blue flag with a single, five-pointed white star. This flag had been made a few days before by Mrs. Melissa Johnson. These forces successfully captured Baton Rouge, without loss to themselves, and on September 23 1810, raised the 'Bonnie Blue Flag' over the fort. Three days later the president of the West Florida Convention signed a Declaration of Independence and thus flag the became the emblem of a new republic On October 27 1810, President James Madison issued a proclamation declaring West Florida under the jurisdiction of the governor of the Louisiana Territory. By 10 December President Madison, President of the United States, issued a proclamation declaring West Florida under the jurisdiction of the Governor of the Louisiana Territory. The memory of the West Florida movement continued to live on in Southern tradition. So 26 years later the Republic of Texas, 1836 to 1839, originally adopted a blue flag with a large white star and the name Texas between the points.

63. CONFEDERATE ARMY Term Papers, Research Papers On CONFEDERATE ARMY And Essays At and the establishment of black confederate army units. military servicein combat, support units of cooks and fortification builders, or if military http://www.academon.com/lib/essay/confederate-army.html

Home Sell Buy FAQs ... Contact Us Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] Go to page: Search results on "CONFEDERATE ARMY": Term Paper #31416 Add to Cart (You can always remove it later) The Confederate Army Through Personal History Analyzes personal history accounts of Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War. 4,900 words ( approx. 19.6 pages ), 10 sources, Click here to show/hide Paper Summary Abstract Through primary materials (diaries, letters and memoirs), the life as a soldier in the Confederate army during the United States Civil War is revealed. Term Paper #16488 Add to Cart (You can always remove it later) Unlikely Confederates This paper discusses the role that black Southerners played in helping the Confederate army during the American Civil War. 2,712 words ( approx. 10.8 pages ), 2 sources, APA, Click here to show/hide Paper Summary Abstract From the Paper: "Not all blacks in the South believed that when the Union army swept in from the North to reclaim the lands of the southern United States it would make their lives better. In fact, a portion of the Southern black population believed so strongly in the right of the Confederacy to separate itself from the United States that they fought against the encroaching Unionists. Black Confederates showed their loyalty in multiple ways; military service in combat, support units of cooks and fortification builders, or if military service was a physical incapability or illegal for the Southern patriots, monetary donations were made to support their cause."

64. Cherokees Join Confederate Army To Battle Union Forces At Pea Ridge » The Arkan When the confederate States of America was created in 1861, the confederate The Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole military units, however, http://www.oldstatehouse.com/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail

65. Curious Find On Confederate Sub Links North And South The German Light Artillery, which was a military unit of Corporal CF Carlson, The Hunley crew consisted of several diverse confederate units. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/04/0427_hunleyapril27.html

Site Index Subscribe Shop Search Top 15 Most Popular Stories NEWS Front Page Environment Health Offbeat ... Video in the News SPECIAL SERIES The Genographic Project Pulse of the Planet National Geographic Channel RESOURCES (What's this?) Contact Us Front Page Curious Find on Confederate Sub Links North and South National Geographic News April 27, 2001 A "dog tag" worn by a Union soldier for identification was discovered inside the Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley, archaeologists said Friday. The find baffles researchers. Was it a war souvenir? Or did it belong to a defector or a spy? Perhaps a Union soldier asked a Confederate opponent on the battlefield to take the tag and send it to his family as an indication of his death. Hunley researchers say all these scenarios are possible. The Hunley sank on February 17, 1864, when it attacked the Union's Housatonic, becoming the first submarine to sink a warship. The sub and its crew of nine never returned from the mission. The remains of the sub were found 131 years later, in May 1995, in the mud of Charleston Harbor, and were raised in August 2000. Since then, scientists have been painstakingly recovering the bones of the crew and other artifacts from the sludge-filled submarine hull. At a news conference in Charleston on Friday, scientists said the name on the Union dog tag is Ezra Chamberlin. Records indicate he enlisted in the Union Army on September 6, 1861, and was a member of Company K, 7th Regiment, Connecticut Volunteers.

66. Antietam On The Web :: Weapons Index of the military leaders and other individuals, and 750 military units present, It was also in wide use in confederate units following capture and http://aotw.org/weapons.php?weapon_id=all

67. Louisiana Secretary Of State/State Archives/Index The book, Guide to Louisiana confederate military units 18611865, by Arthur W.Bergeron,Jr., published by Louisiana State Press, Baton Rouge and London, http://www.sec.state.la.us/archives/gen/cpa-index.htm

THE LOUISIANA STATE ARCHIVES GENEALOGY RESOURCES Confederate Pension Applications Index Database BACKGROUND The implementation of this online service is the result of work by the Archives Research Library staff and Secretary of State Information Services personnel, but is largely due to the efforts of Mrs. Joyce Nichols of Baton Rouge. The index contains over 49,000 names that were included in pension applications submitted to the Board of Pension Commissioners. The records were later transferred to the Archives after the last pension was paid in the 1950's. More than 18,000 applications were microfilmed and are available to researchers at the Archives Library. visit with Secretary of State Information Services Programmer Cathy Matherne who adapted the database for the web. Materials that may have been included with applications are notes, copies of checks, newspaper clippings, court papers of various types, obituaries, and other miscellaneous papers. An index to the microfilm was compiled over the last several years, in part, through the dedication and efforts of Mrs.Nichols who coordinated the project and worked closely with volunteers to extract the data, and with staff members to develop the computer application and to oversee data entry and verification. The Confederate Pension Applications Collection consists of alphabetically arranged pension applications for pensions that were granted to veterans and widows beginning in 1898, and are recorded on 152 reels of microfilm. The pension applications may include service information, occupation, place of residence, and number of children. Other materials that may have been included with applications are letters, notes, copies of checks, newspaper clippings, court papers of various types, obituaries, and other miscellaneous papers. The collection also contains a few applications for individuals other than veterans or widows that were not granted.

68. Handbook Of Texas Online: CIVIL WAR Lubbock met frequently with confederate political and military leaders in efforts to On occasion, military units were assigned harvesting duties. http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/CC/qdc2.html

format this article to print CIVIL WAR. The sectional controversies that divided the North and South in the 1850s deeply troubled Texans ( see ANTEBELLUM TEXAS). While most Texans had a strong attachment to the Union that they worked so hard to join in 1845, they expressed increasing concern over the attacks upon Southern institutions by Northern political leaders. Although only one Texas family in four owned slaves, most Texans opposed any interference with the institution of slavery, qv which they believed necessary for the continued growth of the state. Many Texans considered the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency (November 1860) as a threat to slavery. They urged Governor Sam Houston qv to call a convention of the people to determine what course of action the state should take. Houston, devoted both to Texas and the Union, paid little heed to these requests, refusing to take any step that might aid secession. qv The demands for a convention increased, however, with the secession of South Carolina in December 1860 and the calling of state secession conventions in Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana in early January. A group of secessionist leaders, including O. M. Roberts, John S. (Rip) Ford, George M. Flournoy, and William P. Rogers, qqv issued an address to the people calling for the election of delegates to a state Secession Convention qv in early January. Houston attempted to forestall the convention by calling a special session of the legislature and recommending that it refuse to recognize the convention. Instead, the legislature gave approval to the convention, on the condition that the people ratify its outcome by a final vote.

69. Ancestry.com - Locating Union & Confederate Records Service of military units in Volunteer Union Organizations; Compiled recordsShowing Service of military units in Volunteer confederate Organizations http://www.ancestry.com/learn/library/article.aspx?article=4874

70. Illinois During The Civil War: Soldiers' Lives Most states also organized their own military units, which worked with the United Despite these parallel, if rival, mythologies, Union and confederate http://dig.lib.niu.edu/civilwar/soldierslives.html

Soldiers' Lives By Drew E. VandeCreek, Ph.D. Abraham Lincoln called for troops when the southern states opened hostilities by firing upon Fort Sumter in April of 1861. The United States Army had been organizing for potential hostilities for several months, but fielded far to few troops to address an insurrection by eleven states. In the Civil War's early years the Union raised troops primarily through the recruitment of volunteers; only in 1864 did Illinois experience a military draft. Most states also organized their own military units, which worked with the United States Army's regular units in the field. In the surge of outrage and patriotism that accompanied war's outbreak, Illinois quickly produced more volunteers than immediately required. One man walked over twenty miles to enlist. Another volunteer recalled how the people of his community greeted secession with indignation. Local men organized public meetings, where speakers "blew the fife and beat the drum and exhorted the men to rally 'round the flag." The men of his unit "left home burning with desire to wipe treason from the earth." Many of Illinois' original recruits proceeded to state military training camps located near Springfield and in southern Illinois at Alton, Caseyville and Cairo. These installations placed training troops nearer to the anticipated theater of conflict, but they also cast a long shadow over potential secessionist activities in the state's southern tier. One area farmer opined "them brass missionaries has converted a heap of folks that was on the anxious seat."

71. The Civil War: Black American Contributions To Union Intelligence Robert E. Lee, commander of the confederate Army of Northern Virginia, did regarding the military contributions of black American Union military units, http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/dispatches/dispatch.html

Valuable Sources The Civil War: Black American Contributions to Union Intelligence P. K. Rose P. K. Rose is in the Directorate of Operations. "Black Dispatches" was a common term used among Union military men for intelligence on Confederate forces provided by Negroes. This source of information represented the single most prolific and productive category of intelligence obtained and acted on by Union forces throughout the Civil War. In 1862, Frederick Douglass wrote: The true history of this war will show that the loyal army found no friends at the South so faithful, active, and daring in their efforts to sustain the government as the Negroes-. Negroes have repeatedly threaded their way through the lines of the rebels exposing themselves to bullets to convey important information to the loyal army of the Potomac. Black Dispatches resulted from frontline tactical debriefings of slaveseither runaways or those having just come under Union control. Black Americans also contributed, however, to tactical and strategic Union intelligence through behind-the-lines missions and agent-in-place operations. Two such Union agents functioned as long-term penetrations of Confederate President Jefferson Davis's "White House" staff in Richmond, Virginia. Even such a prominent woman as Harriet Tubman, best known for her activities involving the "underground railroad," played an important role in Union intelligence activities. The value of the information that could be obtained, both passively and actively, by black Americans behind Confederate lines was clearly understood by most Union generals early in the war. Popular recognition of this was also apparent through a stream of articles and stories in the Northern press during the war. Gen. Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, was equally aware, and in May 1863 he said, "The chief source of information to the enemy is through our Negroes."

72. Civil War Only a few blacks actually served alongside whites in confederate units and received Union officers also organized freedmen into military units, http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cab10.htm

The Civil War Soldiers who wore the blue and the gray included native and foreign whites, immigrants of all nationalities, free blacks, and slaves, as well as women, who served as army nurses and canteen women. Most Louisiana Indians did not participate in either side, choosing not to risk their lives to defend slavery or the few rights that they had. Election and Secession The drive to keep Louisiana in the Union was strong statewide, especially in New Orleans, where the popular vote in the November 1860 election was three to one against secession from the Union. Once Abraham Lincoln was elected president in that year's election, however, sentiments changed rapidly, as Lincoln represented the purely northern Republican party, and many seemed to see his election as a declaration of hostility by the North. Influenced by South Carolina's decision to secede from the Union, Louisiana voters elected delegates to the state's secession convention, which met in Baton Rouge in January 1861. Among the delegates, secessionists outnumbered unionists two to one, and the militant attitudes of the public and the press further influenced the convention's vote. Members signed the ordinance of secession on January 26, 1861, thereby making Louisiana the sixth state to secede from the Union. Secession Convention E. Wood Perry

73. Confederate Penision Applications - York County Information includes veteran s name and residence; military unit and rank; including military units and the term Blacks, confederate Service are http://www.archivesindex.sc.gov/search/authorityterms/S_Descriptions/L46117.asp

South Carolina Archives Series Description Confederate Pension Applications, 1919-1929 CALL NUMBER: L 46117 CREATOR: York County (S.C.). Board of Honor. TITLE: Confederate pension applications DATE: VOLUME: 0.01 microfilm reel and 0.01 cubic ft. ARRANGEMENT: Series arranged alphabetically. For indexing purposes each application has been assigned a sequential number. BIOGRAPHICAL/HISTORICAL NOTE: Act No. 63, 1923 S.C. Acts 107 allowed African Americans who had served at least six months as cooks, servants, or attendants to apply for a pension. Then in 1924, apparently because there were too many applications, the act was amended to eliminate all laborers, teamsters, and non-South Carolinians by extending eligibility only to South Carolina residents who had served the state for at least six months as "body servants or male camp cooks." SUMMARY SCOPE NOTE: This series consists of county copies of pension applications and supporting papers filed by Confederate veterans. The state copies for York County do not survive. Information includes veteran's name and residence; military unit and rank; nature of any wounds or disabilities sustained by the veteran while in Confederate service; income and property of the veteran and his wife; and the date of the application.

74. 24.24A. Armed Forces At The National Level For forms of component branches, command districts, and military units of When establishing either Union or confederate fighting units of the US Civil http://www.itsmarc.com/crs/LCRI0362.htm

24.24A. Armed forces at the national level For forms of component branches, command districts, and military units of military services, define "component branch, command district, or military unit" as an agency that constitutes a unit subject to combat service or an administrative unit over such units; Example A a unit that serves as a direct support unit to category 1. Example B This means treating the following types of bodies under the general rules. Example C Treat forts, bases, camps, airfields, etc., as jurisdictions (see LCRI U.S. Civil War Units: When establishing either Union or Confederate fighting units of the U.S. Civil War, consult reference works (e.g., The Union Army (Madison, Wis. : Federal Pub. Co., 1908)). If the unit is one of a numbered sequence, use a uniform designation of the number in the heading for each unit in the sequence. Make the normal cross references required by designations found and also make a reference from a standardized form beginning with the state name as shown below (only this reference is illustrated). Union units N.B.

75. Firstmom's Genealogy Resources - Military Resources Guide to Cherokee confederate military units, 18611865 Regimental HistoryBooks Page Lists books available with regimental history, also has links to http://khuish.tripod.com/military.htm

Genealogy Site Index Ship Passenger Lists Military Resources Free Stuff Researcher's List ... Origins.net Welcome to Firstmom's Genealogy Resources-Military Brought to you by Firstmom's has made it into and GenForum Message Boards - Military Service This page is for locating military records for genealogy or heritage purposes and for general Military History knowledge. Some of the links listed lead to Ancestry.com databases. Thats a subscription site (see free trial link below!), but I include the links due to their value. There's just some databases that arent on the free sites yet, so the subscription is very well worth it if you're serious about finding your ancestors. If you find an ancestry link on my site, and know where that particular database can be accessed for free, let me know. NEW! 14-day Free Trial of Ancestry.com's Databases GENERAL MILITARY Center For Military History Military History Institute Military History of Louisiana Researchers List You may find someone locally who can find records easier, or list yourself and do that for others. Ancient Faces Searchable Database of over 2700 photos online, includes military photographs.

76. AllAboutIrish - American Civil War Article about Irish units in Union and confederate Armies of the US Civil War . sovereign states, they turned to those states to raise military forces. http://allaboutirish.com/library/diaspora/ia-civilwar.shtm

AllAboutIrish Explore Irish Culture in the wonderful and engaging Irish world that lives not just in Ireland, but throughout the Irish Diaspora. Home About This Site Irish Genealogy Recipe Collections ... Dance Web AllAboutIrish.com History Interesting Places People Diaspora ... Site A-to-Z Index Irish Units in the American Civil War by Pat Friend There were roughly 185,000 Irish-American immigrants who fought on both sides of the American Civil War. Of that number all but about 40,000 were in the Union forces. (The large total does also not include descendants of earlier immigrants who may have still held some affinity to their Irish heritage.) The bulk of the immigrants served in largely Irish units, though the organizational placement of those Irish units in the Union and Confederate armies was considerably different. Why separate Irish units? It helps to understand how the armies were formed but it is also impossible to ignore that there was a certain amount of distrust and discrimination against the Irish in the United States at the time the war broke out. The Confederates, of course, had to start from scratch. Since they considered themselves a union of almost sovereign states, they turned to those states to raise military forces. As for the Union, Lincoln had only a small standing army at his disposal when it became obvious that the Southern states were going to secede and that war was inevitable. That army was further reduced in size by the resignation of officers and men who felt their primary loyalties lay with the Southern states they called home and accepted positions in the Confederate forces.

77. Electronic Resources Fiche 1 79 (Union units) Fiche 80 - 113 (confederate units) Service recordsare arranged by state and within state by military unit. http://www.win.org/library/services/lhgen/MICROmilrecCV.html

PAGE LAST UPDATED:... 01/05/2004 - MPFsR Confederate Records. Union Records. MILITARY RECORDS - CIVIL WAR WELCOME TO THE BIZELLI-FLEMING LOCAL HISTORY COLLECTION Military Records RETURN Microfilm Resources CIVIL WAR UNIT HISTORIES - 66 fiche Only those fiche dealing with Missouri units are available. Fiche 1 - 79 (Union Units) Fiche 80 - 113 (Confederate Units) The information on these microfiche consists of microfilmed copies of histories or personal narratives written about the Civil War or particular units in existence during the Civil War. Many of these books are long out of print and most are not indexed. Information is not available on all units. The unit name or the author of the work is indicated on the top of the fiche. For Help in Determining Unit See "Index to Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who Served in Organizations from the State of Missouri," and "Index to Compiled Service Records of Volunteer Union Soldiers Who Served in Organizations from the State of Missouri." These indexes will help you determine the unit in which your ancestor served. The indexes are on microfilm and located in the microfilm cabinets. They are arranged alphabetically by surname. Contents List - UNION INFORMATION Fiche 1 - General References - Dyer, Frederick H.

78. Military Records Some military records for early wars and some records for confederate soldiers confederate Organizations Officers and Posts 18611865, Missouri units. http://www.win.org/library/services/lhgen/military.htm

PAGE LAST UPDATED:... 12/07/2004 - MPFsR About Military Records Book Resources for Civil War Research Microfilm Resources MILITARY RECORDS SCCCLD SCCCLD WELCOME TO THE BIZELLI-FLEMING LOCAL HISTORY COLLECTION Resources RETURN ST. CHARLES GENEALOGY HOME PAGE About Military Records BACKGROUND MICROFILM Background Military records provide an important resource for genealogical research. For the most part, military records are federal records and are therefore more uniform and reliable than local records. One drawback regarding military records is inadequate or nonexistent indexes, however, many new guides and indexes are being developed. The United States has been involved in five Colonial wars, several international wars and Indian wars, one civil war, and two "conflicts". Wars have occurred almost as regularly as the census has been taken. The records from these wars provide genealogists with the means to learn much more about veteran ancestors. Two principal categories of military records are available, service records and records of veteran's benefits. Service records include muster rolls, rosters, correspondence, prisoner-of-war records, and hospital records. They often include a physical description, date and place of birth, and residence at the time of enlistment. The Guide to Genealogical Research in the National Archives describes a compiled military service record as follows "card abstracts from each individual soldier were placed into a jacket-envelope bearing the soldier's name, rank, and military unit. The jacket-envelope, containing one or more abstracts and, in some instances, including one or more original documents relating specifically to one soldier, is called a compiled military service record." Service records are not arranged by surname. You must know when and where in the armed forces an ancestor served and whether he was an officer or an enlisted man to search service records.

79. Confederate Yankee posted by confederate Yankee at August 12, 2005 0205 PM Becuase of this,Iraqi military and police units continue to attract more recruits than they http://confederateyankee.mu.nu/

Because liberalism is a persistent vegetative state. September 23, 2005 Help Rita's Rescuers If you are in southeast Texas or southwest Louisiana, especially coastal areas, and plan to try to ride out Hurricane Rita, please help recovery operations by writing your social security number and name on both of your arms and both of your legs with a permanent marker. This may assist mortuary teams in identifying your body. » basil's blog tracksback with: Breakfast: 9/23/2005 Show Comments » I heard Gov Blanco say that. Didn't she first say what a stupid thing it was to say when Gov. Bush (think it was him, maybe it was the Miss Gov)first suggusted it? Wonder what changed her mind? posted by this and that at September 23, 2005 09:56 AM Ouch. How about if I just write it on my shirt? Thanks for the wellwishes Blanco :( Man I can't wait to vote that lady out of office. posted by Kevin at September 23, 2005 10:56 AM I thought John Tierney wrote this a few weeks ago in one of his columns - he said that this is how they handle reluctant evacuees in Virginia. posted by theanchoress at September 23, 2005 11:39 AM

80. Find A Grave Cemetery Records- 1st Minnesota Infantry Monument ever suffered by an American military unit in any single engagement. The force of the bayonet attack into the confederate units surprised them, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6935558&pt= 1st Minnesota

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