81. Embassy Of The U.S. London: Current Issues: Middle East: USAID Works To Facilita middle east. Documents Texts from the Washington File. 27 July 2005 USAID isworking closely with Lieutenant general Ward, Mr. Wolfensohn, Israel, http://www.usembassy.org.uk/midest651.html

U.S. Embassy American Citizen Services Visas to the U.S. Current Issues ... Welsh Affairs Office, Cardiff You Are In: Home Current Issues Middle East Middle East Middle East 27 July 2005 USAID Works To Facilitate Israeli Withdrawal from Gaza The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is working to facilitate the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza and lay the foundation for a Palestinian state, according to James Bever, USAID mission director for the West Bank and Gaza. "The Palestinian political leadership transition, the current municipal elections, the upcoming legislative elections, and the government of Israel's disengagement plan from the Gaza Strip and settlements in the northern West Bank all present an unprecedented opportunity to enhance the Israeli-Palestinian peace process and pave the way for the state solution," Bever said in prepared testimony before the Subcommittee on Foreign Operations of the U.S. House of Representatives’ Appropriations Committee July 26. Bever said the USAID programs dealing with the Palestinian political leadership follow three objectives: • support a moderate Palestinian leadership

82. Middle East & North Africa - Amnesty International All AI documents on middle east and North Africa an interim Iraqi governmentin June, and in the runup to general elections scheduled for January 2005, http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/2md-index-eng

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL HOME LIBRARY ANNUAL REPORTS REPORT 2005 WORLD WIDE SITES Search AI Report 2005 Secretary General's message Responsibilities have no borders What does AI do? Regional overview Africa Americas Asia and the Pacific Europe and Central Asia ... Middle East and North Africa List of countries Choose... Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia-Herzegovina Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Rep. Chad Chile China Colombia Congo (Dem. Rep. of) Congo (Rep. of) Cote D'ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel/Occupied Territories Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakstan Kenya Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Liberia Libya Lithuania Macedonia Malawi Malaysia Maldives Malta Mauritania Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco/W. Sahara

83. Middle East Peace Process, General Assembly Resolution 49/88 The general Assembly,. Recalling its resolution 48/58 of 14 December 1993 Recalling the convening of the Peace Conference on the middle east at Madrid http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/unga49_88.html

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 49/88 December 16, 1994 The General Assembly, Recalling its resolution 48/58 of 14 December 1993 and Economic and Social Council resolution 1994/29 of 27 July 1994, Stressing that the achievement of a comprehensive, just and lasting settlement of the Middle East conflict will constitute a significant contribution to strengthening international peace and security, Recalling the convening of the Peace Conference on the Middle East at Madrid on 30 October 1991, on the basis of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967 and 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973, and the subsequent bilateral negotiations, as well as the meetings of the multilateral working groups, and noting with satisfaction the broad international support for the peace process, Noting the continuing positive participation of the United Nations as a full extraregional participant in the work of the multilateral working groups, Bearing in mind the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self- Government Arrangements, signed by the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in Washington on 13 September 1993, 1/ and the subsequent Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area, signed by the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people, at Cairo on 4 May 1994, 2/ and their 29 August 1994 agreement on the preparatory transfer of powers and responsibilities

84. Energy First: China And The Middle East - Middle East Quarterly - Spring 2005 China s middle east policy is undergoing a major shift. policy to pursue goodrelations with every middle east government has extended to Iraq. http://www.meforum.org/article/694

Home About the Forum Middle East Quarterly MEF Campus Clubs ... Contact Editor Energy First China and the Middle East by Jin Liangxiang China's Middle East policy is undergoing a major shift. Traditionally, Beijing considered the region too distant for significant investment and instead limited its efforts to convincing Arab capitals to sever their ties to Taiwan and establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic. Beijing's first diplomatic victory in the Arab world was the formal establishment of relations with Egypt in 1956. The Chinese Foreign Ministry completed its mission of establishing ties to each Arab country when China and Saudi Arabia exchanged ambassadors in 1990. With China's economic boom, though, Beijing's Middle East policy has taken on new importance. While Washington's Middle East policy has traditionally been activist, Beijing's policy was more restrained. But Chinese passivity in the region may end in coming years, as the Chinese government's need to achieve energy security forces a more active policy. China's Quest for Energy For decades after the 1949 establishment of the People's Republic, energy concerns were only a minor factor in Beijing's national security assessment. After all, the Daqing oil field, 600 miles northeast of Beijing, discovered in 1959, had since 1962 produced enough oil to keep the nation self-sufficient. This changed, however, as China's economy developed. Since the 1978 initiation of economic reforms, China has enjoyed an almost 9 percent annual growth rate.In 1993, China became a net importer of oil and, in 2003, with a daily demand of 5.5 million barrels per day, Chinasurpassed Japan to become the second largest international oil consumer after the United States.

85. IRIN Middle East Middle East MIDDLE EAST MIDDLE EAST MIDDLE middle east Weekly roundup Number 32 for 22-28 July 2005 “The attackersfollowed two buses as they left the government-owned company in the Abu Ghraib http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=48343&SelectRegion=Middle_East

86. RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY Southwestern Asia And The middle east. NEOTALIBAN LEADER REPORTEDLY KILLED IN Hakimi s claims have not been substantiated by the Afghan government. http://www.rferl.org/newsline/6-swa.asp

Top News I RFE/RL Newsline I Features I Reports I Specials I RFE/RL Experts Subscribe I Listen I RFE/RL Languages I About RFE/RL I Search I Site Map I Homepage News by Country Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bashkortostan (Russia) Belarus Bosnia-Herzegovina Georgia Iran Iraq Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macedonia Moldova North Caucasus (Russia) Romania Russia Serbia and Montenegro Tajikistan Tatarstan (Russia) Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan News by Language Afghan [Dari] Afghan [Pashto] Afghan [English] Albanian Arabic [Radio Free Iraq] Armenian Armenian [English] Azerbaijani Belarusian Estonian Georgian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Macedonian Romanian Persian Persian [English] Russian Slovak South Slavic [Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian] Tajik Tatar-Bashkir Ukrainian Uzbek Friday, 23 September 2005 Volume 9 Number 181 RFE/RL Newsline Section Headlines Print Version E-mail this page to a friend previous issue Southwestern Asia And The Middle East OFFICIAL AFGHAN VOTER TURNOUT ANNOUNCED... ...AS NEO-TALIBAN CLAIM LOWER NUMBERS VOTE COUNTING SUSPENDED IN TWO AFGHAN PROVINCES DUE TO PROTESTS After complaints and demonstrations by agents of several candidates, ballot counting has been suspended in Takhar and Badghis provinces in northern Afghanistan, Pajhwak News Agency reported on 22 September. Election officials were allegedly writing erroneous figures on the counting lists in Takhar, parliamentary candidate Pir Mohammad Khaksar told Pajhwak. "The officials are writing 19 in place of nine by adding a single digit to the tally," Khaksar said. JEMB officials rejected the charges of miscounting and said that they are ready to discuss the allegations with those concerned so that the counting can go on. In Badghis the number of observers was limited to one, leading to disagreements and a suspension of the counting. Abdul Karim, a polling agent for an unidentified candidate from Badghis, told Pajhwak that his side would not accept the results of the count unless it was held in his presence. AT

87. Freedom And Justice In The Modern Middle East - Council On Foreign Relations In the Islamic middle east, one may still find passionate arguments, One hasto look back a little way to see how middle eastern government arrived at http://www.cfr.org/publication.php?id=8093

88. Duke Library Middle Eastern Studies the middle east), provides brief description of the government and politics, Includes sections on Islamic studies, Islam outside the middle east and http://www.lib.duke.edu/ias/mideast/

Catalog Ask A Librarian Your Accounts Hours ... Contact Us Middle Eastern Studies Christof Galli Bibliographer, Middle East 024 Perkins Library (Basement) christof.galli@duke.edu Views of Muslim-Americans Hold Steady After London Bombings Fewer Say Islam Encourages Violence (Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life) Islamic Extremism: Common Concern for Muslim and Western Publics ... Index Arabicus - Bibliography of Arabic periodical articles Williams Afghan Media Project Through Palestinian Eyes: an Exploration into Palestinian Representations of Self Digital Dictionaries of South Asia (includes Persian (Steingass) and Urdu (Platts and Shakespear) The Writings of Maimonides (JNUL) Syria Links (U. of Oklahoma (Prof. J. Landis) Cinema from the Arab World Sept. 3-16, 2004 News Sources: mafhoum.com for Middle East (without Israel). For Israel: www.kol-israel.com Use Israel Union List (ULI) to find serials, books, dissertations held at Israel's universities and colleges. African and Middle Eastern Portals to the World (Library of Congress) Ancient Maps of Jerusalem US Census Bureau: Report on Arab Population OACIS for the Middle East (Yale U.)

89. MIDDLE EAST Over 1600 Links by Category, including Universities; government; Politics; Peace;News; Overview, Refugees in the middle east Process, Key Issues, http://law2.biz.uwa.edu.au/intlaw/middle_east.htm

Middle East Iraq Iraq Update (The Infofinder) Extensive Collection of Links related to the Iraq Crisis Contemporary Conflicts - Iraq (Canadian Forces College) Information and Archives; Maps; Peace Initiatives; Security Council Resolutions; U.N. Secretary-Genral Materials Cyber Links (Iraq.Net) Includes Links to Political; Religious; Kurdish; History; Organizations; Iraq on Search Engines Report of the U.N. Compensation Commission (International ADR/UNCC) Report of the Commission on 4 Claims consequent upon Iraq's invasion of Kuwait Israel The Jerusalem Post Includes Front Page; News; Business; Features; Opinion; Archive; Links; Search Site Ha'Aretz (English Edition) Includes News; Economics; Editorial; Op-Ed; Features; Previous Editions IsraelWire (Virtual Jerusalem) Latest Israel News Maven and Virtual Jerusalem Maven lists over 4,000 Jewish/Israel Links by Category and is Searchable. Virtual Jerusalem includes Latest News from Israel; Week in Review; Jerusalem; Business; Torah and Judaism; Tradition and Numerous Other Topics Israeli Internet Guide (IGuide) Over 1600 Links by Category, including Universities; Government; Politics; Peace; News; Reference; Events; Cities; Geography; Law; Environment; Religion

90. CNS Regions: Middle East/Africa In a stunning declaration on December 19, 2003, the Libyan government Overview of Weapons of Mass Destruction Capabilities in the middle east and South http://cns.miis.edu/research/mideast.htm

CNS Regions: Middle East/Africa Featured Mideast/Africa Topics Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East Includes WMD profiles of 11 countries, regional overviews, and reference tables of ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and combat aircraft deployed. Chart: Al-Qa`ida's WMD Activities The following table provides a comprehensive listing of reports concerning al-Qa`ida's involvement with chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons in the period between 1997 and December 2002. Jump to: General Country Overviews CBW Missile ... Nuclear General Iran Special Collection Contains information on nuclear- and treaty-related issues. Updated: June 15, 2005 Created: July 31, 2003 Companies Reported to Have Sold or Attempted to Sell Libya Gas Centrifuge Components An issue brief by Sammy Salama and Lydia Hansell for the Nuclear Threat Initiative. Created: March 2005 Was Libyan WMD Disarmament a Significant Success for Nonproliferation? In a stunning declaration on December 19, 2003, the Libyan government announced its intention to fully disarm its weapons of mass destruction (WMD) arsenal. This issue brief will examine the reasons behind Libya decision to disarm, the benefits, and the true extent of Libya's WMD arsenal. An issue brief by Sammy Salama for the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI).

91. "Ancient History": U.S. Conduct In The Middle East Since World War Il And The Fo The government sought foreign sources of oil during World War II because it The first US intervention in the middle east after World War II grew http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-159.html

Home About Us Experts Newsroom ... Contribute Search Advanced Search Help Publications Books Policy Studies Regulation Cato Audio ... White Papers Contribute Click here to learn more about supporting the Cato Institute. Liberty on the Web Elcato.org (Spanish) Misbahalhurriyya.org (Arabic) Cato.ru (Russian) Cato Offerings Pocket Constitution Email Updates Cato Audio Cato Store ... Cato University September 23, 2005 Daily Commentary East Meets West by Marian L. Tupy Archives Today's Hot Topic Hurricane Katrina Daily Dispatch Bush Stands with Iraq No Hope for Medicaid Roberts In Archives Cato In the Media On Saturday, C-SPAN will rebroadcast a 1994 Booknotes interview of Milton Friedman about F. A. Hayek 's The Road to Serfdom at 7:00 p.m. ET Cato Policy Analysis No. 159 August 16, 1991 "Ancient History": U.S. Conduct in the Middle East Since World War Il and the Folly Of Intervention by Sheldon L. Richman Sheldon L. Richman is senior editor at the Cato Institute. Executive Summary When Iranian revolutionaries entered the U.S. embassy in Tehran in 1979 and seized 52 Americans, President Jimmy Carter dismissed reminders of America's long intervention in Iran as "ancient history." Carter's point was not merely that previous U.S. policy could not excuse the hostage taking. His adjective also implied that there was nothing of value to be learned from that history. In his view, dredging up old matters was more than unhelpful; it was also dangerous, presumably because it could only serve the interests of America's adversaries. Thus, to raise historical issues was at least unpatriotic and maybe worse.(1)

92. UUA: Toward Peace And Justice In The Middle East: 2002 UUA Action Of Immediate W Whereas in 1982 the Unitarian Universalist Association general Assembly adopted Whereas the middle east situation has been deteriorating with increased http://www.uua.org/actions/immediate/02peace_and_justice.html

Social Justice Statements Home About Us Publications ... Office for Bisexual, Gay, Lesbian and Transgender Concerns Toward Peace and Justice in the Middle East 2002 Action of Immediate Witness Because our Unitarian Universalist Principles call us to affirm the inherent worth and dignity of every person, justice and equity in human relations, and the goal of world community with peace, liberty, and justice for all; and Whereas Rev. William Sinkford, President of the Unitarian Universalist Association, has spoken out on the Middle East conflict in a pastoral letter of March 27, 2002, calling for "our congregations to educate themselves on [the] issues and to engage in honest conversation"; Whereas in 1982 the Unitarian Universalist Association General Assembly adopted a General Resolution encourAgriculture a comprehensive peace settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and calling on all parties to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the others; Whereas Unitarian Universalists have supported and affirmed the rule of law and the positive role of the United Nations in building a world community; Whereas United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 emphasizes "the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war and the need to work for a just and lasting peace," and other United Nations resolutions have re-affirmed Israel as the "Occupying Power" bound by the Fourth Geneva Convention, "which is applicable to all the Arab territories occupied by Israel since 1967";

93. Ginn Weblog: Middle East Archives In view of all that has happened in the middle east since Ross left office The UN general Assembly Requests a World Court Advisory Opinion On Israel s http://blogs.fletcher.tufts.edu/ginnblog/archives/cat_middle_east.html

Ginn Weblog: Middle East Archive November 11, 2004 Sharon and the Future of Palestine In the upcoming (December 2, 2004) issue of the New York Review of Books , Henry Siegman discusses the current and evolving role of Ariel Sharon in the Middle East. While Siegman cites considerable optimism in publications ranging from the Economist to the Israeli publication Haaretz , he does not share in their view that Sharon has radically changed his strategy. Siegman comments,: "...Unfortunately, these views are based on a misreading of both Israeli and Palestinian realities. Sharon is not about to agree to the minimal conditions for a workable Palestinian state. His unshakable resolve to avoid dealing with the Palestinians—even to prevent chaos in the wake of the promised withdrawal from Gaza—and to widen Jewish settlement activity throughout the West Bank, which has increased following the announcement of his disengagement plans, gives the lie to such wishful thinking..." The article is a provocative discussion of the situation as it affects the United States, Europe, Israel and the Palestinians and useful for its explicit stance on a range of related issues - whether or not one agrees with the author. Posted by Jeff at 11:12 AM October 06, 2004

94. Middle East & North Africa - Technical Cooperation Program Under the TCP, the Bank can provide to government access to analysis and advice middle east North Africa Region World Bank 1818 H Street NW, MSN H9902 http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/mna/mena.nsf/Countries/Saudi Arabia/8797BA0F9058261

95. Middle East Report Online (MERO) middle east Reasearch and Information Project (MERIP), publisher of middle east The government s collapse and the Syrian plans for departure were each http://www.merip.org/mero/mero.html

Subscribe Online to Middle East Report Order a subscription and back issues to the award-winning magazine Middle East Report Click here for the order page. SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Primer on Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Click here Middle East Report Online (formerly MERIP Press Information Notes). Free, web-only news analysis and commentary in addition to the in-depth coverage found only in the print quarterly Middle East Report To view Middle East Report Online articles, choose from the menu below. Articles are listed in the order in which they were published, from the earliest to the most recent. (You can also click here to view a listing of direct links Middle East Report Online Demise of Oslo Peace Process Israel's 1999 Election Campaign Mubarak In Washington Israel's New Government Report from Iran Iranian Demonstrations UNICEF on Iraq Oslo: Back on Track?

96. CWS Delegation To Middle East Finds Increasing Challenges For Region's Christian The delegation reports that the middle east Council of Churches recently elected new R. Randy Day, general Secretary of the general Board of Global http://www.churchworldservice.org/news/archives/2004/11/237.html

@import "/css/complex.css"; @import "/css/complex_hnav.css"; Skip navigation Hotline Newsroom Resources ... Photo Gallery Back to most recent news releases Browse archive: this story CWS Delegation to Middle East Finds Increasing Challenges for Region's Christians His Beatitude Ignatios Hazim IV, Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch (in white cassock), and leaders of the Middle East Council of Churches met with CWS Exec. Dir. Rev. John L. McCullough (3rd from right) and delegation members. Photo: CWS November 4, 2004 NEW YORK – A delegation of U.S. church leaders returning from a tour of five Middle Eastern countries is reporting that stable Christian communities and churches in the region are being severely challenged by volatile and escalating humanitarian and political crises. Led by global humanitarian agency Church World Service, the delegation of U.S. mission agency heads visited government officials and Christian and Muslim leaders in Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Israel between October 23 and November 1. Church World Service Executive Director and CEO Rev John L. McCullough noted, "The region continues to be tense and volatile, with worsening humanitarian situations and political crises, particularly in Iraq and in Israel / Palestine.

97. NATO Topics: Mediterranean Dialogue Transatlantic Perspectives on the Broader middle east and North Africa the middle east The successor generation”, Deputy Secretary general’s Keynote http://www.nato.int/med-dial/home.htm

Updated: 20-Sep-2005 NATO Partnerships Info Eng. / Fr. NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue History Ambassadorial Conferences International Conference "From Dialogue to Partnership: Mediterranean Security and NATO: Future Prospects" The Future of NATO's Mediterranean Initiative NATO/CERI Valencia International Conference, RAND-CERI Fellowship Study. NATO's Mediterranean Initiative NATO/Ce.Mi.S.S.Rome International Conference, RAND Ce.Mi.S.S. Study. Mediterranean Security, New Issues and Challenges NATO/RAND Brussels International Conference,RAND Corporation Report. Landmarks 15 June 2005 NATO Secretary General meets the Knesset's Foreign Affairs and Defence Committee 13 January 2005 NATO Secretary General visits Jordan 8-9 December 2004 Foreign Ministers meeting at NATO HQ 17 November 2004 NATO's highest military authorities meet at NATO HQ 25 November 2004 Historic first visit to Algeria 28 June 2004 NATO elevates Mediterranean Dialogue to a genuine partnership, launches Istanbul Cooperation Initiative

98. UN Chronicle: Middle East Full text of the article, middle east from UN Chronicle, a publication in thefield of They also discussed the government s development priorities, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_3_41/ai_n9525155

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles UN Chronicle Sept-Nov 2004 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for Advocate, The Air Force Journal of Logistics Air Force Law Review Air Force Speeches ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Middle East UN Chronicle Sept-Nov, 2004 Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. On 24 August 2004, in his first visit to the country since his appointment, the top UN envoy for Iraq, Secretary-General's Special Representative Ashraf Qazi discussed the United Nations role in reconstruction and development efforts with senior officials of the Interim Government. Mr. Qazi and Planning Minister Mahdi al-Hafez of Iraq focused their discussions on reconstruction efforts in cities like Najaf and Al-Sadr in Baghdad, the scene of fierce fighting. "Unemployment and poverty lead to the proliferation of crime and terrorism", Mr. al-Hafez said. They also discussed the Government's development priorities, with the Iraqi Minister calling for an active UN role in his country's reconstruction and rehabilitation programme, as well as in the transitional political process. Minister of State Kassim Daoud also attended the meeting. Mr. Qazi pledged the full support of the UN Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), security circumstances permitting, to help the Iraqi people, in cooperation with the Interim Government.

99. NCC Middle East Delegation Visit April 16-27, 2002 Ministers in government, Christian and Muslim religious leaders and community NCC Delegation Arrives in middle east, Meets Orthodox Church Leaders in http://www.ncccusa.org/nccmiddleeastdelegation/

news@ncccusa.org Most Recent Stories NCC Home NCC Middle East Delegation Visit April 16-27, 2002 (Subject to change) Tuesday, April 16 - Fly to London Wednesday, April 17 - Arrive in Istanbul Thursday, April 18 - TURKEY Meeting with the His All Holiness Bartholomew, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. Meeting with His Beatitude Archbishop Mesrob II Mutafyan, Armenian Patriarch of Istanbul. Friday, April 19 - LEBANON Travel to Beirut. Meeting with Rev. Dr. Salim Sahyouni, president of the Supreme Council of the Evangelical Community in Syria and Lebanon and Evangelical Leaders. Meeting with Metropolitan Elias Audeh, representing the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Dinner and informal gathering with secular and religious leaders. Saturday, April 20 - LEBANON Meeting with His Holiness Catholicos Aram I, Catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia, one of the historic sees of the Armenian Church, and with Church Leaders of the Syrian Orthodox Church. Meeting with H.B. Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir and Leaders of the Catholic Churches in Lebanon.

100. IRAQ SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE 5) Human Rights/middle east Watch was the first organization to analyze and Along with general Intelligence, Special Security agents infiltrated the http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2002/issue3/jv6n3a1.html

Volume 6, No. 3 - September 2002 For our response to the British government plagiarizing this article, click here. To receive a free subscription to MERIA Journal gloria@idc.ac.il IRAQ'S SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE NETWORK: A GUIDE AND ANALYSIS By Ibrahim al-Marashi Ensuring the survival of President Saddam Hussein are five primary agencies that make up the Iraqi security apparatus: Special Security, General Security, General Intelligence, Military Intelligence and Military Security. In addition to preventing coups and protecting Saddam, these agencies, whose duties largely overlap, maintain internal domestic security and conduct foreign operations. These intelligence agencies along with the Ba’th Party organizations and select units of the military form Saddam’s security network, permeating every aspect of Iraqi life and ensuring his total control over the state. Iraq’s security apparatus, commonly referred to as the Mukhabarat, is one of the main instruments of state control for Saddam’s regime and has been instrumental in its survival despite two costly wars plus numerous internal insurrections, coup attempts and crippling international sanctions. Al-Mukhabarat al-’Iraqiyya (The Iraqi Mukhabarat) rather than a monolithic unit is a vast, complex labyrinth of security organizations with their own intelligence and military units pervading all layers of Iraqi society. The number and size of these agencies have grown dramatically since the Ba’th party takeover of Iraq in 1968. The five main agencies are the

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