21. SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE AND AERONAUTICS This hearing is intended to profile NASA’s Life and microgravity Science on 1) the nature of the collaborative research activities that have been http://www.house.gov/science/space_charter_032200.htm

SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE AND AERONAUTICS U.S. House of Representatives COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE B-374 Rayburn House Office Building Washington, DC (202) 225-6415 FAX Hearing Charter FY2001 NASA Budget Request: Life and Microgravity Research 2318 Rayburn House Office Building Wednesday, March 22, 2000 2:00 P.M. WITNESSES: Dr. Arnauld Nicogossian Associate Administrator, Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications National Aeronautics and Space Administration Dr. Mary Jane Osborn Chair, Committee on Space Biology and Medicine National Research Council Dr. Richard Hodes Director, Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Dr. Jay Buckey, Jr. President, American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology Dr. David Kaufman President, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Purpose of Hearing This hearing is intended to profile NASA’s Life and Microgravity Science programs in the context of the Administration’s FY2001 budget request for NASA. Four witnesses will present testimony. Dr. Nicogossian has been asked to address:

22. National Institute On AgingNational Institutes Of Health FY 2001 NASA Budget Request Life and microgravity Research NIA and NASAhave been engaged in numerous collaborative research activities since 1989. http://www.house.gov/science/hodes_032200.htm

National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health NIA Home ^ About the NIA ^ Congressional Justification Director's Statement FY 2001 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Statement by Richard J. Hodes, M.D. Director, National Institute on Aging FY 2001: NASA Budget Request: Life and Microgravity Research House Science Committee Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics March 22, 2000 Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee: Thank you for inviting the National Institute on Aging (NIA) to participate in today’s hearing on life and microgravity research and collaborations between the National Institute on Aging and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It is an honor to appear before you today with my colleague Dr. Arnauld Nicogossian and the distinguished panel of witnesses. Overview of NIA/NASA Collaborations as well as other Institutes at the NIH, and NASA have supported joint ground/space projects, such as the Neurolab Program and the STS-95 mission. Most of the workshops supported by the NIA and NASA have focused on analysis and comparisons of changes observed during aging and the physical changes induced by space flight ( Chart #1 ). Through the issuance of workshop papers and grant solicitations, or Program Announcements (PA), these workshops have endeavored to stimulate the scientific community to engage in relevant research. The latest NIH-NASA Program Announcement "Earth-Based Research Relevant to the Space Environment," for example, was issued as a result of recommendations that arose from the 1997, NIA-NASA workshop "Aging and Space Flight: Expanding the Science Base" (

23. Reid F. Cooper's Extended Homepage collaborative activities continue. Affiliations (Fe2+,3+bearing) AluminosilicateGlasses and Melts Applications to microgravity, to Meteoritics, http://mandm.engr.wisc.edu/faculty_pages/cooper/main.htm

Reid F. Cooper Professor University of Wisconsin 219 Materials Science and Engrg. Bldg. 1509 University Avenue Madison, WI 53706 Main Contact Information Professor Cooper has moved to Brown University. link Collaborative activities continue. Affiliations Materials Science and Engineering Materials Science Program Geology and Geophysics Engineering Mechanics and ... Astronautics Research Interests The overall theme of the research pursued in my group is solid-state kinetics in both crystalline and amorphous materials, and particularly ionic materials (e.g., silicates, oxides, halides). As such, mechanical properties are contemplated from the perspective of chemical kinetics, with deviatoric stress being an additional potential in the Gibbs energy and the dynamic responses (elasticity, fracture, flow, attenuation/anelasticity) being kinetic responses to dissipate the added mechanical potential. The work is highly interdisciplinary, with interactions in geophysics, petrology, electrical engineering as well as mechanics. Low-Frequency Attenuation in Polycrystalline Solids and Partial Melts; Plastic Deformation in Crystalline Solids

24. ISDC 2005 The Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in microgravity (ADUM) research team has and NASA have been engaged in numerous collaborative research activities. http://isdc2005.xisp.net/~kmiller/isdc_archive/isdc.php?link=sessionSelect&sessi

25. GIScience At ISU- Research Activities This collaborative project with the USGS and Idaho Geological Survey funds microgravity and Magnetic Study of Dikes, Fissures, and Lava Tubes of the http://giscenter.isu.edu/ucgis/research.htm

26. CRS Report: 97-634 - The National Aeronautics And Space Administration: An Overv The Life and microgravity Sciences and Applications (LMSA) category provides collaborative activities with the National Institutes of Health (NIH). http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/Science/st-15a.cfm

Redistributed as a Service of the National Library for the Environment Th e National Aeronautics and Space Administration: An Overview and FY1999 Budget Analysis 97-634 STM Contents for This Section NASA Programs and Budget Figures Historical Budget FY1998 Budget FY 1999 Budget ... Inspector Genera l Future NASA Budget Outlook Selected NASA World Wide Web Sites General Program Offices ... Field Centers NASA Programs and Budget Figures NASA's budget is funded in four appropriations categories: Human Space Flight (HSF), Science Aeronautics and Technology (SAT), Mission Support (MS), and the Inspector General (IG). All NASA research and development activities are undertaken under the HSF and SAT categories. The MS category funds NASA personnel, administration of programs, telecommunications, and space communications for agency-wide activities. The following sections briefly describe NASA's historical budget and the and FY1998 budgets. A more detailed description of the FY1999 budget request is presented along with congressional appropriations and authorization actions to date. Historical Budget Since its creation, NASA has experienced both increasing and declining budgets. In the early 1960s, as the nation strived to put an American on the Moon by the end of the decade, NASA's budget steadily increased, peaking at $5.25 billion in FY1965. As other national priorities gained precedent, NASA's budget declined on an annual basis from FY1965 until it reached a $3 billion level in FY1974. After FY1974, NASA's budget once again began to increase steadily, peaking at $14.5 billion in FY1994. The recent national focus on reducing the federal budget deficit has resulted in a declining NASA budget. Its current year FY1998 level is $13.638 billion. The following figures depict NASA's budget from FY1959 through Administration proposed levels in FY2003. Figure 3 displays the agency's budget unadjusted for inflation. Figure 4 displays the funding in 1996 dollars. (The one-year spike in funding in 1987 was to build a replacement orbiter following the Challengertragedy.)

27. Integrated Modeling Of Cardiac Mechanical And Electrical Function conditions to develop simulations of longterm cardiac adaptation to microgravity . We have engaged in productive collaborative activities with other http://www.nsbri.org/Research/Projects/viewsummary.epl?pid=16

28. ‘Û‰F’ˆƒXƒe[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“AƒZƒ“ƒgƒŠƒtƒ [ƒWŒv‰æ‚ÉŠÖ scientific data on the biological effects of microgravity and space radiation . Furthermore, such collaborative activities promote dignity for the http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jsbss/letter/centrifuge05.html

ŠÖ˜A‘ŠÈ ‘Û‰F’ˆƒXƒe[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“A‘åŒ^ƒZƒ“ƒgƒŠƒtƒ [ƒWŒv‰æ‚ÌŒp‘±‚ðNASA‚Ö—v¿ —v–]‘(PDF;300KB) Dr. Michael Griffin, the New NASA Administrator NASA Headquarters 7 April, 2005 Dear Dr. Griffin, I am writing to you as President of the Japanese Society for Biological Sciences in Space (JSBSS) to express our concerns about the Centrifuge Facility (i.e., the Advanced Animal Habitat and its accommodation module) for the International Space Station (ISS). Our society is the largest scientific society devoted to space biology outside of the USA. We seek scientific findings on life processes in space, and contribute to space exploration that can extend our reach to other planets and moons within the solar system. Our society, based on its expertise, confirms the need for basic research with animal models in order to obtain scientific data on the biological effects of microgravity and space radiation. Such research is essential to prevent medical disorders during and after space flight to Mars, and to develop countermeasure, such as artificial gravity. Building spaceships to Mars without this intellectual knowledge is dangerous. The Centrifuge facility on the ISS is the key component for exploring the long-term effects of space flight on whole organisms. Thus we have supported the Centrifuge project from its inception, and have several times expressed to NASA and the space agency in Japan our eagerness for its development. We are now very much concerned about the fate of the Centrifuge and ISS in light of recent news (Washingtonpost, Mar. 15, 2005) reporting termination of the budgetary support for the Centrifuge Facility. Many of our current research activities are preparatory to use of the Centrifuge Facility. Although we are not funded by NASA, our community collaborates with your scientists. Cancellation of the Centrifuge Facility will thus not only cripple space biology, but also damage the very integrity of international collaboration in space research.

29. Department Of Medicine - St. Michael's Hospital primary research activities, I have active research collaborative projects with Effect of microgravity due to space flight on bone formation; and 4. http://medicine.facmed.utoronto.ca/English/page-1-1162-1.html

dqmcodebase = "/style/js/opencube/" //script folder location Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Home Divisions ... St. Michael's Hospital St. Michael's Hospital Gillian Booth MD (Active Staff, Clinician Investigator [60% protected research time]); Associate Scientist at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES)). Major research interests: Diabetes outcomes and models to improve care delivery, with a focus on reducing barriers for vulnerable groups, and the epidemiology of diabetes in high-risk urban populations. Dr. Booth is a co-editor of an upcoming ICES atlas on Diabetes in Ontario, and a member of the expert panel for the development of the 2003 Canadian Diabetes Association Guidelines. Telephone: 416-867-3719 Fax: 416-867-3696 E-mail: gillian.booth@utoronto.ca Alice Y.Y. Cheng MD Areas of interest: Metabolic disorders (diabetes, dyslipidemia); Endocrine issues in Womens' Health (pregnancy, osteoporosis); Medical education. Phone: Fax: E-mail: chenga@smh.toronto.on.ca Philip W. Connelly PhD (Staff Scientist) Director of University of Toronto Core Lipid Laboratory.

30. Chapter 4: Overcoming Barriers | Design In The New Millennium: Advanced Engineer The increase in collaborative activities is being driven by economic and to conduct experiments on board the KC135 microgravity research aircraft. http://books.nap.edu/html/adv_eng_env_p2/ch4.html

Overcoming Barriers In the Phase 1 report, the committee identified a number of barriers that will slow or limit the implementation of AEE systems. In this chapter, the committee discusses ways to overcome long-term barriers in five key areas: integration of tools, systems, data, and people knowledge management organizational culture education and training management and economics Efforts to overcome technical barriers to integration and knowledge management should be redirected to take full advantage of technologies and applications being developed for the Internet of the future. Overcoming cultural inertia in the engineering enterprise and inciting a revolution in design, business, and educational methodologies will be difficult. Currently, however, many organizations either ignore AEEs altogether or have delegated internal responsibility for AEEs to technology researchers and developers who do not have the authority or resources to influence the overall organization. As a result, not enough action has been taken to address important barriers to the implementation of AEEs, especially in the areas of organizational culture, education and training, and management and economics. Like AEEs, U.S. railroads in the early 1800s had to overcome problems associated with technological, economic, and cultural barriers (see

31. FLUG REVUE Update: Week Ending July 4, 1999 Swissair and SAA have been engaged in collaborative activities since September 1998 . The two companies began offering Shuttle microgravity flight http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRNews99/FR990704.htm

U P D A T E Home UPDATE Latest Issue Gallery ... Datafiles UPDATE Week ending July 4, 1999 SAirGroup to acquire stake in South African Airways Eurowings aims for higher profitability Lufthansa Consulting signs for managementof Philippine Airlines IATA warns airports on user fee increases ... News in brief SAirGroup to acquire stake in South African Airways SAA-Anteile gehen an Swissair-Gruppe The SAirGroup has successfully concluded negotiations with the state-owned Transnet of South Africa to acquire an equity holding in South African Airways (SAA). Under the agreement, the SAirGroup will purchase a 20-per-cent stake in SAA for USD 230 million. The acquisition makes South African Airways, Swissair and its partners in the Qualiflyer Group the strongest alliance on the African continent. South African Airways is Africa's largest airline, with a fleet of 50 aircraft and 9 400 employees. The company transported 5.7 million passengers in 1998 and generated total turnover of some CHF 1.8 billion. Swissair and SAA have been engaged in collaborative activities since September 1998. The partners have operated joint codeshare services on the Johannesburg-Zurich route since February 1, 1999. SAA, Swissair and the Qualiflyer Group account for over 40 per cent of all air traffic between South Africa and Europe. Eurowings aims for higher profitability Gewinnsteigerung steht bei Eurowings im Vordergrund After boosting turnover by 20,5 per cent to 706 million DM in 1998, German scheduled and charter carrier Eurowings expects another rise to 759 million DM in 1999, a plus of 7,5 per cent. On the other hand, the company aims to double operating profits from 15,1 million to 34 million DM. Net profit for 1998 was just five million DM, as exceptional investments in fleet equipment was needed. According to Eurowings, pasenger numbers last year were up 16,9 per cent to 2,9 million. Load factor was down from 57 to 54 per cent, but rose to 73 per cent on charter services.

32. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS About Aeronautics And Space microgravity results from giving a spacecraft enough forward velocity to These cover a broad spectrum of collaborative activities, ranging from the http://www.empowermentzone.com/spacefaq.txt

< ENTERPRISE? A: In earlier manned space flight programs-Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo-spacecraft which returned to Earth underwent post- flight checkouts that yielded valuable additional information on their performance and on the effects of traveling in space. Most then went on public display. They can be seen at various visitor centers at NASA installations, and at the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC and other major museums. The first Space Shuttle orbiter, Enterprise, was never intended for space flight. It was used for fit checking, mechanical and electrical compatibility checks and flight worthiness tests ( it was dropped from the back of its transport aircraft four times, to glide back to earth). It was then flown for display over the United States, Canada and Europe before being turned over to the Air and Space Museum. - Q: HOW DOES THE UNITED STATES COOPERATE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES IN PERFORMING SPACE PROJECTS? A: International cooperation has been an important part of the American civil space program since NASA was founded in 1958. Over the years, NASA has entered into over 1,200 agreements with more than 135 countries and international organizations. These cover a broad spectrum of collaborative activities, ranging from the development of major space hardware to the sharing of data among scientists around the world. These cooperative programs provide access to increasingly significant foreign expertise, to geographic locations necessary for the study of some unique scientific phenomena and for research and operational programs which are global in scale. Also, pooling resources sometimes enables NASA to undertake programs which could not be carried out alone, or would progress far more slowly if performed solely by NASA. The space station, which represents a partnership of the United States, Japan and Canada, and the member nations of the European Space Agency, (ESA) is the largest such cooperative effort to date. Q: IS THERE A TENTH PLANET? A: We do not know for certain. Some scientists believe that one exists and some do not. We can be sure that if another planet is out there, it is far outside the orbit of Pluto. The Hubble Space Telescope will help us determine if there really is such an astronomical body. Q: DO UFO's REALLY EXIST? A: NASA has no factual knowledge about UFO's, nor any data on possible life-forms on other planets. We do conduct the HRMS program (High Resolution Microwave Survey) via powerful radio receivers and sophisticated computerized recognition systems, in a constant watch for broadcasts from another star system. Q: WHAT INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE ON MOTION SICKNESS/WEIGHTLESSNESS? A: A book entitled BIOASTRONAUTICS DATA BOOK contains information on the effects of gravity on living creatures. It should be available through your local library. Q: HOW WERE NASA PROGRAM NAMES, SUCH AS MERCURY, GEMINI, AND APOLLO, CHOSEN? A: Officials considered a variety of names for each project before finally choosing one. Sometimes the names were descriptive, such as Skylab and Space Shuttle. Others were chosen because they seemed appropriate. Gemini, Latin for twins, refers to the fact that the spacecraft held two astronauts. Mercury was the mes- senger of the gods. Apollo was the god of the Sun, who spread knowledge. - Q: CAN NASA ENGINEERS EVALUATE MY INVENTION, DRAWING OR PLANS? A: No. We receive thousands of such requests every month, and NASA does not have enough engineers to handle such extra work in addition to their regular duties. Since it would be unfair to examine some ideas but not others, we do no evaluate any. Q: HOW DO ASTRONAUTS GO TO THE BATHROOM IN SPACE (BLOW THEIR NOSES, SCRATCH AN ITCH, OR BRUSH THEIR TEETH, ETC.)? A: The Space Shuttle orbiter contains a commode and urinal that can be used by both men and women. It is designed to be as Earth-like as possible, with flowing air substituting for gravity as a way to move body wastes. The airflow draws the waste into storage containers, where it usually stays until the return to Earth. The air is filtered to remove dirt bacteria, and odor, and then returned to the orbiter cabin. While in orbit, the commode is vented to the vacuum of space to deactivate bacteria and thus prevent odor formation. Nose- blowing in a pressurized suit, as worn on earlier flights, was not feasible. Scratching an itch was accomplished by using items inside the helmet, such as the shell itself, the neck ring the drinking water probe or the purge valve. Now the astronauts wear suits like those worn by jet pilots during liftoffs and landings. While working inside the orbiter during space flight, they wear everyday clothing. Spacesuits are needed only for extravehicular activities. Teeth brushing, hand washing, face washing or sponge bathing, etc., are done much as they are done on Earth. The water is conveyed to a container and stored for dumping upon return to earth. Q: CAN I OBTAIN SPACE ITEMS FROM NASA? A: No. Hardware and other items NASA no longer needs are usually offered first to the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum. Other museums may also receive items, and those belonging to the Smithsonian are sometimes loaned to other public institutions or museums, so that people all over the world can see them. Moon rocks, Moon dust, samples of space food, telescopes, binoculars, laser generators, old space suits, broken or discarded Space Shuttle thermal protection tiles, and other space artifacts are not available to the public. Blueprints, flight plans, designs, transcripts and other printed materials are prepared in limited quantities for distribution only to the working personnel who need them. Anyone who writes to a NASA Center, though, can receive interesting and helpful educational materials. Q: HOW CAN I BECOME AN ASTRONAUT? A: Any qualified adult man or woman in excellent physical condition may become an astronaut, if he or she is sufficiently capable and determined. This career choice usually requires highly specialized flight training, most often obtained in the military services, or a college education beyond a bachelor's degree. Those with doctorates in medicine, engineering or a science stand the best chance of success. Astronaut recruiting occurs periodically. Write to the Astronaut Office, Mail Code CB, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058, for information. Q: CAN I BECOME A MEMBER OF A NASA CLUB, OR HAVE MY NAME PUT ON THE PEN PAL, OR MAILOUT LISTS? A: No. NASA does not maintain mailout or pen pal lists, with the exception of occasional distributions to professional educators. Nor is there a NASA-sponsored space club. But there are a good number of private organizations throughout the country which support the space program, and most solicit new memberships. Your local library will probably have names and addresses to which you can write. NOTE: We appreciate your interest in the space program, and trust that this brochure will prove helpful. Additional information on space and, in particular, on the solar system and general astronomy, should be available in the periodicals maintained by most school and community libraries. PMS-007A April

33. General Information And Fees in microgravity and Space Sciences IV (Formerly microgravity Transport Processes for collaborative research activities among scientists and engineers. http://www.engconfintl.org/5awbody.html

General Information and Fees Interdisciplinary Transport Phenomena in Microgravity and Space Sciences IV (Formerly "Microgravity Transport Processes in Fluid, Thermal, Biological and Materials Science") August 7-12, 2005 Tomar, Portugal July 14th Preliminary Program as a pdf file Prof. S.S Sadhal , University of Southern California, USA Co-Chairs Prof. V.K. Dhir , UCLA, USA Prof. Naomi Chayen , Imperial College, U.K. Prof. H. Ohta , Kyushu University, Japan Prof. R.W. Smith , Queen's University, Canada Conference Objectives The main objectives of the conference are to exchange technical information and ideas among the various scientists and engineers working in the Space Science and Technology with Fluid, Thermal, Biological, and Materials Sciences. These areas have become of importance to various disciplines within the broader realm of space and microgravity research. The conference will address the cross-cutting aspects of issues relating to science and technology, and provide a forum for the synthesis of knowledge that has been acquired over the last several years. It is intended to effectively cover the interdisciplinary aspects of Space Science and Technology, and provide a forum to explore opportunities for collaborative research activities among scientists and engineers. Background While several space shuttle experiments over the last two decades have provided significant new insight into various physical phenomena under low-gravity conditions, the new and upcoming scientific problems in space technology have brought about the interdisciplinary dimension to space research. There is at present a need to provide direction for space research in which fluid flow and other transport processes form a common basis for many investigations. The proposed conference will provide the free flow of ideas under this common theme.

34. Paper00aport Objectives The principal activities of the microgravity collaborative studieshave been developed in the area of aerospace biomedical engineering with http://www.ipct.pucrs.br/microg/papers/paper00aport.html

35. Annual Report 1998 CONTENTS [Introduction] [Outline Of Research activities such as international conferences, collaborative research Two Phase Fluid Behavior and its Application under microgravity Surfaces http://www.aist.go.jp/MEL/soshiki/tokatsu/annu1998/ica.htm

36. Annual Report 1999 Annual Report 1999 Annual Report 1998 Annual with international activities, ie, international conferences, collaborative Two Phase Fluid Behavior and its Application under microgravity Surfaces http://www.aist.go.jp/MEL/soshiki/tokatsu/annu1999/ica.htm

37. Program Announcement - NASA/NSF Joint Program In Plant Biol It is hoped that this type of collaborative activities will have a synergistic If research requires a microgravity environment for concept verification, http://www.bio.net/hypermail/ARABIDOPSIS/1994-February/001887.html

38. AR 2000. Introduction the approval of the European Space Agency project microgravity effects on the start of collaborative activities with local health structures and the http://www.lisin.polito.it/english/annual_reports/ar2000_uk/ar00_intro.htm

Introduction R. Merletti, Director of LISiN The year 2000 witnessed important achievements of the Center for Biomedical Engineering, both at the national and at the international level. Among these are: the implementation of the Italian mirror of SCOP, Structural Classification of Proteins, first European mirror of the data base originally developed at the Medical Research Council of Cambridge (UK) and first milestone of the Laboratory for Bioinformatics (LABI) proposed in 1999 the promotion of a substantial teaching activity for the dissemination of results obtained by the Laboratory for Neuromuscular System Engineering (LISiN) and of the recommendations produced by the European Concerted Action on Surface EMG for the Non Invasive Assessment of Muscles (SENIAM). Such activity was jointly sponsored by the Department of Health of the Regional Administration of Piemonte and by the Department of Electronics of Politecnico di Torino and involved about 400 participants in six courses organized in six health delivery structures the publication of the Italian edition of the SENIAM volume containing the European recommendations about surface EMG and of the volume "Basic concepts of surface EMG", both adopted as textbooks in the courses mentioned above

39. Statistical Analysis Of National Science And Technology Programs experiment under microgravity, moon exploration, etc. and the efforts have been Therefore, the frequency of collaborative activities between the two http://www.nistep.go.jp/achiev/ftx/eng/rep026e/text/rep026e.txt

40. SCIENCE, AERONAUTICS AND TECHNOLOGY OFFICE OF LIFE AND microgravity SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS Life Sciences collaborative activities with nonNASA entities include foreign partners http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codeb/budget/olmsa1.html

SCIENCE, AERONAUTICS AND TECHNOLOGY FY 1998 ESTIMATES BUDGET SUMMARY OFFICE OF LIFE AND MICROGRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS SUMMARY OF RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications FY 1996 FY 1997 FY 1998 Life sciences Research and analysis [Construction of facilities] Flight program Subtotal Microgravity science research Research and analysis Flight program Subtotal Space product development Space shuttle/spacelab payload mission management and integration Aerospace medicine/occupational health Total Distribution of Program Amount by Installation FY 1996 FY 1997 FY 1998 Johnson Space Center Kennedy Space Center Marshall Space Flight Center Ames Research Center Langley Research Center Lewis Research Center Goddard Space Flight Center Jet Propulsion Laboratory Headquarters Total SCIENCE, AERONAUTICS AND TECHNOLOGY FISCAL YEAR 1998 ESTIMATES OFFICE OF LIFE AND MICROGRAVITY SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS PROGRAM GOALS The NASA Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications (LMSA) program leads the nation's efforts in space biological, physical and chemical research and aerospace medicine, supporting technology development, and applications using the attributes of the space environment to advance knowledge, to improve the quality of life on Earth, and to strengthen the foundations for continuing the exploration and development of space. LMSA activities are supportive of, and closely aligned to, the goals of the Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS) Enterprise. Those goals include: 1) increase human knowledge of Nature's processes using the space environment; 2) explore and settle the Solar System; 3) achieve routine space travel; and 4) enrich life on Earth through people living and working in Space.

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