21. Africa: Definition And Much More From Answers.com The terms to the indigenous peoples eventually came to describe a persons Roughly 20% of Africans primarily follow indigenous African religions. http://www.answers.com/topic/africa

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Geography WordNet Wikipedia Translations Best of Web Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Africa Dictionary Af·ri·ca ăf rÄ­-kə The second-largest continent, lying south of Europe between the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Africa has vast mineral resources, many of which are still undeveloped. var tcdacmd="cc=edu;dt"; Encyclopedia Africa ăf rÄ­kə ) , second largest continent, c.11,677,240 sq mi (30,244,050 sq km) including adjacent islands; 1997 est. pop. 743,000,000. Broad to the north (c.4,600 mi/7,400 km wide), Africa straddles the equator and stretches c.5,000 mi (8,050 km) from Cape Blanc (Tunisia) in the north to Cape Agulhas (South Africa) in the south. It is connected with Asia by the Sinai Peninsula (from which it is separated by the Suez Canal) and is bounded on the N by the Mediterranean Sea, on the W and S by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the E and S by the Indian Ocean. The largest offshore island is Madagascar; other islands include St. Helena and Ascension in the S Atlantic Ocean; S£o Tom©, Pr­ncipe, Annob³n, and Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea; the Cape Verde, Canary, and Madeira islands in the N Atlantic Ocean; and Mauritius, R©union, Zanzibar, Pemba, and the Comoros and Seychelles in the Indian Ocean. Geology and Geography The continent's largest rivers are the Nile (the world's longest river), the Congo, the Niger, the Zambezi, the Orange, the Limpopo, and the Senegal. The largest lakes are Victoria (the world's second largest freshwater lake), Tanganyika, Albert, Turkana, and Nyasa (or Malawi), all in E Africa; shallow Lake Chad, the largest in W Africa, shrinks considerably during dry periods. The lakes and major rivers (most of which are navigable in stretches above the escarpment of the plateau) form an important inland transportation system.

22. ITDG - East Africa - Case Study - Farmers' Project It has a population of 101000 people and borders meru National Park and River It also helps in making sound advice about indigenous crop diversity from http://www.itdg.org/?id=farmers_case_study

23. POLITICS-KENYA: A Fragile Peace In The Desert indigenous peoples DAY New Universities for a Multicultural Mexico RIGHTSPUERTORICO The Taíno s Last POLITICS africa s Big Men Cling to Power http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=28196

24. POLITICS-KENYA: A Fragile Peace In The Desert indigenous peoples DAY Riches Out from Under India s Orissa Tribals indigenouspeoples DAY With Violent POLITICS africa s Big Men Cling to Power http://ipsnews.net/new_nota.asp?idnews=28196

25. Land And Spirituality In Africa In February 1998, some indigenous peoples participants who had been at the Gabarone While land is a birthright of every African indigenous person, http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/jpc/echoes-16-05.html

The Earth as Mother Land and Spirituality in Africa Articles in this series: Land: Breaking bonds and cementing ties by Edmore Mufema Spirituality, land and land reform in South Africa ... Rev. Rupert Hambira In 1996, Indigenous People met during the Conference on World Mission and Evangelism held in Salvador Bahia Brazil. One year later, the World Council of Churches’ Indigenous Peoples’ Programme (WCC/IPP) in cooperation with the Botswana Christian Council also held a workshop under the theme "Spirituality, Land and the Role of the Churches in the Struggle for the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights" in Gabarone. From that meeting came a call to continue building spiritual,cultural and political identities within the churches in the countries where Indigenous Peoples are located. The areas of critical concern identified were land, protection of rights under international law, preservation/promotion of culture, decision making processes, advocacy, spirituality and networking. In February 1998, some Indigenous Peoples participants who had been at the Gabarone workshop and other representatives from Africa, attended a consultation on "Land and Spirituality" in Karasjok, Norway. Here the world-wide Indigenous Peoples community exchanged ways in which their spiritualities and lands were threatened. From this sharing, ideas of cooperation and responsibilities were discussed. The Indigenous meeting and the statement of Karasjok became a strong challenge to convene in Harare to identify the critical issues affecting African Indigenous Peoples in general. Before the WCC’s eighth Assembly in Harare, "Land and Spirituality: The African Context" was the theme chosen for the workshop the same theme used in Karasjok, Norway. It showed the connectedness between the spiritualities of the Indigenous Peoples and the land on which they originated.

26. Indigenous Crop Protection Practices In Africa indigenous Crop Protection Practices in SubSaharan East africa In a surveyin the meru district in Kenya the farmers were asked their reasons for not http://www.ippc.orst.edu/ipmafrica/elements/ncpp.html

Indigenous Crop Protection Practices in Sub-Saharan East Africa Database of Natural Crop Protectant Chemicals (DNCPC) Products Used, or With Potential Use, for Crop Pest Control in Sub-Saharan East Africa et. al. , 1992). To be classified as beneficials, these products should come from plants that grow well on poor quality land, i.e. do not compete with crop land, they should not act as weeds, they should not support crop pests, and the products should be easily prepared. Some degree of success in the commercial production of these materials has been attained, e.g. rotenone, pyrethrum, nicotine, and neem. Usually, however, these are quite expensive when purchased on the open market. Cheaper when on-farm produced. Commercial plantations are not without pest problems. Tephrosia, for example, suffers from insects, nematodes, damping off, and problems with seed production. Even pyrethrum plants suffer from nematode problems in the foliage. Recently, neem has been hit with severe root rot problems. Further, identification of the active compound(s) in these plants is illusive and very expensive to pursue. Table-l. Natural Products Used, or With Potential Use, for Crop Pest Control in Sub-Saharan East Africa

27. Indigenous Crop Protection Practices In Africa indigenous Crop Protection Practices in SubSaharan East africa, In a surveyin the meru district in Kenya the farmers were asked their reasons for not http://www.ippc.orst.edu/ipmafrica/natural/

Indigenous Crop Protection Practices in Sub-Saharan East Africa, their Status and Significance Relative to Small Farmer IPM Programs in Developing Countries Elements of IPM in Subsistence Agriculture Crop Protection Chemicals Natural Crop Protectant Products Some degree of success in the commercial production of these materials has been attained, e.g. rotenone, pyrethrum, nicotine, and neem. Usually, however, these are quite expensive when purchased on the open market. Cheaper when on-farm produced. Commercial plantations are not without pest problems. Tephrosia, for example, suffers from insects, nematodes, damping off, and problems with seed production. Even pyrethrum plants suffer from nematode problems in the foliage. Recently, neem has been hit with severe root rot problems. Further, identification of the active compound(s) in these plants is illusive and very expensive to pursue. Table-l. Natural Products Used, or With Potential Use, for Crop Pest Control in Sub-Saharan East Africa SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME PRODUCT USE TEXT Agave sisalana Perrine Kholokoto (Malawi 1/) Ikonge (Kamba, Taita), Sisal

28. Africa.iafrica.com Countryinfo Kenya People Kisii 6%, meru 6%, other African 15%, nonAfrican (Asian, European, and Arab) 1%.Religions Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, http://africa.iafrica.com/countryinfo/kenya/people/

SPYKIDS OWNZ YOU Contacts? spykids.br@gmail.com

29. IHP we learned that the battles of indigenous peoples are real, rooted everywhere, When the sun finally revealed itself from behind Mt. meru, http://www.ihp.edu/tanzania.html

A lumni Communit y: F ield Reports 2003-2004 Global Ecology Tanzania Field Report November - December 12, 2003 Written by IHP students: Rose Wolf, David Hoffman, Liv Gold, Marina Dimova, and Lauren Adams Faculty Advisor: Sarah Bostick We first glimpsed Africa through breaks in the clouds of a flushed-red sunrise, 33,000 feet in the air. Below us the land looked like leather. It was both stretched and wrinkled, dappled with sprays of shrubs and clusters of trees. We regarded each other in a sleepy, sealed-off silence. Waiting in our pressurized compartment, we blinked our eyes in disbelief and watched the land beneath us swell. When the plane finally touched down, we were awake and Tanzania was alive. After a brief respite at the luxurious Cocoa Beach in Dar es Salaam, we boarded a ferry and headed off to Stone Town – the place that would be our home for the next two weeks. For many of us those first few hours in Stone Town were an overwhelming flood of sights, sounds, and smells. Women had their heads covered, Maasai warriors paced the streets selling jewelry, and we started getting used to the constant banter of "jambo!" and "mambo!" that assailed us as we walked down the street. Everywhere there were people, fruit stands, fish markets, men selling cashews, mangos, and big bunches of little bananas.

30. MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Africa These nowdormant peaks include Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya, Mount meru, Scientific research has demonstrated that indigenous African farming and herding http://encarta.msn.com/text_761572628___2/Africa.html

Print Print Preview Africa Article View On the File menu, click Print to print the information. Africa II. Natural Environment The great diversity of the African environment makes it difficult to generalize about the continent. While much of the continent consists of vast plains with little relief, there are also towering volcanic peaks and the largest rift valley system in the world. The climate ranges from the year-round heat and humidity of equatorial regions to the dryness of the world’s largest desert to mountaintop conditions cold enough to support glaciers. It contains regions of biological significance due to their biodiversity and huge numbers of species found nowhere else. The African environment has long been mistakenly seen as hostile, foreboding, and tragically in decline. Popular descriptions of Africa such as “the dark continent,” images of untamed wilderness in nature publications, and sensationalized press coverage of disasters such as droughts and famines have shaped these perceptions of Africa. Geographers’ accounts of Africa used to attribute the underdevelopment of the continent to its unfavorable environment—its oppressive climate, infertile soil, polluted water, and exotic diseases. These days have begun to wane. Increased scientific research on the African environment has done much to dispel old misconceptions and to provide insights into the physical processes that give shape to the landscape. The relationship of African societies to the environment is also much better understood. Yet much remains to be done before this huge and complex continent is well known and appreciated, especially by the general public.

31. Africa And Middle East Join them on a wildlife safari through africa s most famous game reserves; meru, search of the essence of africa, encountering its indigenous people and http://www.videolearning.com/S4101.HTM

When you locate a video you wish to purchase, make note of the Title, the 6-digit Order Number (for example: 01-1234) and Price. Select the Order Form icon and complete the form. You may electronically submit, fax or telephone your order to Video Learning Library. = Public Performance Rights Included = Titles available for compatible viewing in Europe, Australia and New Zealand = Closed Captioned Africa and Middle East AFRICA The New York Times proclaimed this documentary series "a stunning piece of work... a winner". Hosted by Basil Davidson, the British author of more than 30 books about Africa, the series reveals the history and present-day life of the continent in breathtaking location photography and rare archival film. Africa, Volume 1 106 min. 0-7800-1104-X Africa, Volume II 106 min. Africa, Volume III 106 min. Africa, Volume IV 106 min. zzAfrica, Four Tape Boxed Set 424 min. Africa - Kenya 60 min. Bible Lands Journey with Video Visits through the Bible Lands and watch the Bible come to life as you tour the Holy Land. Begin your visit at the Red Sea, following the path of Moses and the Israelites through the desert of Sinai. Continue into the Negev, past the ancient walls of Hebron, to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born. Walk through the crowded streets of Nazareth and along the shores of the Sea of Galilee. Visit Masada, the mountaintop fortress, then take the ancient road to Sumaria. Pass Jericho and the Dead Sea before entering Jerusalem, Israel's capital and site of the life, passion, crucifixion, and resurrection of Christ.

32. Thinking Allowed: HourLong Videos A - G He describes his fieldwork with various indigenous peoples who instinctivelyunderstand how Stan Tenen is Director of Research of the meru Foundation. http://www.thinking-allowed.com/hs-z.html

Video Collection HourLong Videotapes III: Samuels - Yapko - Website Guide - Alphabetical List Home Page Website Search Website Outline About Thinking Allowed Uplink Schedule Host Jeffrey Mishlove Videotape Catalog Ordering Info Online Orders Fax/Mail Form New Releases Special Offers Hourlong Videos Innerwork Videos Viewer Comments Related Links One-hour videotapes, each featuring a two-part program from the Thinking Allowed television series. For other HourLong Edition titles, see also: HourLong Editions I: Anand - Grof HourLong Editions II: Halifax - Russell ... HourLong Editions Elisabet Sahtouris HOLISTIC BIOLOGY (#H030) 1 hour Consciousness may be thought of as the beginning point of evolution and of creation, rather than as a recent by-product of the evolutionary process. To support this view, Elisabet Sahtouris cites developments in quantum physics. She notes that a guiding intelligence can be observed in evolution, and that even the DNA molecules themselves show extraordinary properties of intelligence. Sahtouris notes that human culture has set itself against the natural world. This, she maintains, is characteristic of young species such as our own. Mature species, however, learn to cooperate with the environment. This level of social and natural organization can be seen in the complex harmony of rain forests. This is of special concern for the human species, as we have already seen the extinction of our close human ancestors. Elizabet Sahtouris is author of A Walk Through Time: From Stardust to Us

33. "Africa Mountain Protected Areas Update - December 1998" -Mtn-Forum On-Line Libr There are many tourists now climbing Mounts Kilimanjaro and meru, up to the tune of Whilst local indigenous people should be encouraged to remain in http://www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/bligx98a.htm

Africa Mountain Protected Areas Update - December 1998 Peter E. Blignaut, MPA Network Coordinator for Africa World Commission on Protected Areas/IUCN The modern day metaphor for protected areas is 'islands of biodiversity surrounded by seas of human altered landscapes'. The new approach to protected areas conservation, sometimes called the bioregional approach, places protected areas within their wider context, seeking to maximize the possibilities for successful protection and propagation of species by managing larger swathes of surrounding land to provide appropriate habitat. In keeping with this trend, the Protected Areas in the 21st Century symposium sponsored by WCPA in Albany, Australia ( November 1997), called for a movement from islands to networks of protected areas. Participants concluded that, among other things, "We need to establish partnerships and encourage cooperation with neighbors and other stakeholders, promote stewardship, enhance the use of relevant information, and develop and strengthen the policies, economic and other instruments which support protected areas objectives." -Alex de Sherbinin Social Policy Group - IUCN WELCOME FROM OUR CHIEF (Professor Larry Hamilton was recently introduced at a UN conference, as possibly the world's most eminent mountain scientist scholar)

34. "The Dragons And The Butterflies - In The Mountains Of Africa" -Mtn-Forum On-Lin In a landmark case the Wameru, the indigenous occupiers of Mount meru, Anderson David Grove Richard H (1987), Conservation in africa People, http://www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/masca02a.htm

The Dragons And The Butterflies In the Mountains of Africa Adolfo Mascarenhas African Mountains Summit Conference UNEP - Nairobi May 5th - 11th 2002 Part I Introduction 1.0 The Beginning 1.1 Scope of this Paper Part II The Setting 2.0 The Mountains of High Africa 2.1 The Significance of the Mountain of High Africa 2.1.1 The Volcanoes 2.1.2 The Great Rift Valley Box 2.1 "Bustani Ya Mungu" * 2.1.3. Mountains and Their Neighbourhood As Reservoirs of Hidden Wealth 2.2 The Unity and Diversity In Mountains Part III Prehistoric Efforts At Development 3.0 The Dawn of Civilization Box 3.1 Where is King Solomon's Mines? 3.1 Misconceptions About The Use of The Mountains Box 3.2 Misconceptions About Population Pressure In The Mountains 3.2 The Evidence of Technology 3.3 The Mountains And Food Production Part IV The Mountains And Cultural Identity 4.0 Mountains and Identity Box 4.1 Trade and Specialization in the Mountains 4.1 The Rise of Trade and Exchange and its Implications 4.2 The Need For Tropical Mountains to be Culturally Reconstructed

35. Anthropology Faculty At UGA particular conservation sites in africa, Asia, South America and the Pacific . indigenous peoples and Protected Areas at the World Parks Congress. http://anthro.dac.uga.edu/brosius.htm

Peter Brosius Both my research and teaching is premised on the belief that anthropology has an important role to play not only in contributing to our understanding of the human impact on the physical and biotic environment, but also in showing how that environment is constructed, represented, claimed, and contested. PAST RESEARCH I have a long-standing interest in the human ecology of Southeast Asia, particularly with respect to issues of environmental degradation. In 1990 I published a monograph entitled After Duwagan: Deforestation, Succession, and Adaptation in Upland Luzon, Philippines, which examined the historical ecology of deforestation in the Mt. Pinatubo region of the Philippines. My primary concern was to use succession theory to develop a general model for assessing the long-term impact of the primary forms of anthropogenic disturbance in the area. Since joining the anthropology faculty at UGA in 1992, my research has focused on the international campaign against logging in the East Malaysian state of Sarawak, on the island of Borneo. In the 1980s logging companies in Sarawak moved into areas occupied by Penan hunter-gatherers. In response the Penan resisted the activities of these companies by erecting blockades, thereby becoming the focus of a broad-based transnational environmental and indigenous rights campaign which has persisted, albeit somewhat diminished, up to the present. Their story has received broad international media coverage and scores of celebrities, from Al Gore and Jerry Garcia to Prince Charles, have spoken out on their behalf. The attention that the Penan have received is deeply resented by the Malaysian government, which has mounted a vigorous response. In the process, Malaysia has come to play an increasingly visible role as a critic of what it regards as neocolonialist attempts at control over environmental affairs in the South. My research focuses on the history of the Sarawak campaign; a campaign which has been transformed from a singular focus on the imperative to stop the progress of bulldozers, to one forced to contend with the Uruguay round of GATT, Post-UNCED conventions, ITTO criteria and indicators of sustainability, Eco-labeling, and the North-South debate.

36. California Wild Fall 1999 - Counterpoints In Science Starting about 5000 years ago, the Bantuspeaking peoples expanded from the region Its inhabitants developed africa’s only indigenous written script and http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/1999fall/stories/counterpoints.html

The Magazine of the CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CURRENT ISSUE SUBSCRIBE ... CALIFORNIA WILD Counterpoints in Science Images of Africa Jerold M. Lowenstein As I write these words, I’m getting ready for my ninth trip to Africa, this time to Namibia. Meanwhile, the Academy is preparing to show a new exhibit on Africa. Like most of us, I have conflicting images of this “dark continent” that gave birth to humanity five million years ago, and that spawned our own species, Homo sapiens , about 140,000 years ago. Though our ancestors came from Africa originally, the motherland appeared so remote and mysterious to Europeans in recent centuries that it had to be “discovered” and “explored” all over again, its rivers traced to their sources, its peoples described and subdued. The writer Joseph Conrad summed up his view of Africa in his title, Heart of Darkness Western images of Africa have tended toward two extremes: an idyllic Eden where people and animals lived in a “natural” state until civilization and its discontents intruded and spoiled everything; or a wild place of savage bloodthirstiness and ignorance, bereft of the advantages of Western law, technology, and religion. To me, the great paradox of Africa is that it seems to “have it all”—spectacular geography (glacier-topped mountains, great river valleys, rain forests, vast deserts), wonderful climate, a limitless treasure-chest of diamonds and gold, great diversity of plants and animals and most ancient history of life, a three-million-year head start in human evolution over any other continent, with ancient cities and societies. Yet today Africa has very little to show for these apparent advantages. The people are mostly impoverished, the governments mostly corrupt and undemocratic. Civil wars are commonplace.

37. Africa Travel: Safari And African Overland Tours And Adventures... Overland Travel is for people who want to explore africa in a raw and adventurous Encounters with the indigenous peoples, such as the Himba of Namibia, http://www.africatravel.co.za/

Main Africa Overland Safari Tours [Home] About: Siyabona Africa East Africa Overland Adventure Tours 10 day East Africa ... 77 day Nairobi CapeTown Africa Travel: Selection of Safari and African Overland Tours, expert advice, recommendations This is Africa Overland Adventure Safaris :: Steeped in culture and mystery, Africa is the most sought after travel destination in the world. Legendary game parks, ancient cities and spectacular scenery add up to an unrivalled experience. Hop onto an overland truck, taking in Africa's dry open plains, wild bush, exotic paradise, vast deserts and cities on exciting overland expeditions. Overland Travel is for people who want to explore Africa in a raw and adventurous way. It is important that travellers keep an open mind, have a positive attitude, and are prepared to participate when required. Africa Overland Adventure Safari Overview The overland expeditions include activities and accommodation that will allow you to get in touch with nature and wildlife in some of the most fascinating parts of Africa. The overland trip is for the budget conscious traveller who is young and adventurous at heart. Within each itinerary are numerous opportunities to see the best of what travel in Africa has to offer. Overland travel in Africa is a

38. Bibliography From Adaptive Strategies For Sustainable Livelihoods In Arid And Se InterCommission Task Force on indigenous People. indigenous peoples and Strategiesfor Murdock, PG africa Its peoples and their cultural history. http://www.iisd.org/casl/ASALProjectDetails/CASLASALBib.htm

CASL Home Page ASAL Project ASALs Description ... Significance Bibliography Bibliography from Adaptive Strategies for Sustainable Livelihoods in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Project General Andersen, David, ed. Conservation in Africa: People, policies and practices . Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge Press, 1989. Atta El Moula, M.E. "Migration: Causes and effects: The case of Omodiat Burush". GeoJournal 25.1, (September 1991): 47-50. Awori, A. and O. Odhiambo. Resource Journal for Sustainable Development in Africa Ayensu, Edward. "Africa." In Plant resources of arid and semi-arid lands: A global perspective , edited by Goodin J.R and D.K. Northington. London: Academic Press, Inc., 1985. Behnke, R.H. and I. Scoones . Rethinking range ecology: Implications for rangelands management in Africa . London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1991. Berhe, Costantinos. Human adaptation to marginal environments . IDS Working Paper, June 1990. Berkes, F., P. George and R.J. Preston. "Co-management. The evolution in theory and practice of the joint administration of living resources." Alternatives Beutel, F. K.

39. PBS Online: Ngorongoro: Fiery Origins To the east lie Mount Kilimanjaro, africa s highest mountain, and Mount meru, However, evergrowing numbers of indigenous people and their livestock, http://www.pbs.org/edens/ngorongoro/fiery.html

Located within the crater highlands of northern Tanzania, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area forms part of what is known as the Serengeti-Ngorongoro-Masai Mara ecosystem. Its eastern boundary is formed by the western wall of the Great Rift Valley, while its western boundary adjoins the world-famous Serengeti National Park. To the east lie Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, and Mount Meru, and to the west Lake Victoria. Geologically speaking, the landscapes of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area are a combination of both ancient and modern geological processes. The Ol Doinyo Gol mountains and the gneiss and granite outcrops scattered across the Serengeti Plain originated several hundred million years ago. Some 20 million years ago, the eastern side of Africa started to crack and rift, causing the land between the rifts to subside. This resulted in the earth's crust gradually thinning and softening, allowing molten materials to thrust to the surface and form lava beds and, later, volcanoes. Within the Ngorongoro area, the oldest volcanoes Lemagrut, Sadiman, Oldeani, Ngorongoro, Olmoti, Sirua, Lolmalasin and Empakaai were formed along the Eyasi Rift, which now forms the towering cliffs at Lake Eyasi. In the north, the rift separates the Doinyo Gol mountains from the Salei Plains, but much of the early rift is now obscured by lava. It is believed that Ngorongoro once rivaled Kilimanjaro in size. The lava that filled the volcano formed a solid "lid," which subsequently collapsed when the molten rock subsided, forming the caldera that we see today. Both Olmoti and Empakaai collapsed in a similar manner, but are not as immense as Ngorongoro. Two volcanoes of more recent origin, Kerimasi and Ol Doinyo Lengai, were formed along the Gregory Rift and lie to the northeast of the Empakaai caldera. Doinyo Lengai, the Maasai's "mountain of God," is still active its most recent eruption took place in 1983.

40. Africa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 Elgon, meru, and the Virunga range with Mt. Karisimbi and Nyiragongo. SubSaharan africa is occupied by a diverse variety of peoples including, http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africa.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Africa k KEY Geology and Geography Geologically, recent major earth disturbances have been confined to areas of NW and E Africa. Geologists have long noted the excellent fit (in shape and geology) between the coast of Africa at the Gulf of Guinea and the Brazilian coast of South America, and they have evidence that Africa formed the center of a large ancestral supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the Jurassic period to form Gondwanaland, which included Africa, the other southern continents, and India. South America was separated from Africa c.76 million years ago, when the floor of the S Atlantic Ocean was opened up by seafloor spreading; Madagascar was separated from it c.65 million years ago; and Arabia was separated from it c.20 million years ago, when the Red Sea was formed. There is also evidence of one-time connections between NW Africa and E North America, N Africa and Europe, Madagascar and India, and SE Africa and Antarctica.

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