81. The Languages And Writing Systems Of Africa Angola, Republic of Angola, República de Angola, former People s Republic of Angola Also includes Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars. http://www.intersolinc.com/newsletters/africa.htm

English Deutsch Español Français ... Português Three Pointe Dr. Suite 301 Brea, California 92821 U.S.A. Tel.: Fax: Toll Free (U.S.) With a global network of experienced resources, InterSol provides customized, cost-effective solutions to the challenges of international communications. Other Editions Africa Languages of Africa Sources: Ethnologue The World Fact Book Country Language Algeria, Al Jaza'ir, People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Sha'biyah National or official languages: Standard Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects. The number of languages listed for Algeria is 18, including Chaouia, Kabyle, Tumzabt, Taznatit and others. All are living languages. Angola, Republic of Angola, República de Angola, former People's Republic of Angola National or official languages: Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages. The number of languages listed for Angola is 42, of which 41 are living languages (including Mbundu, Loanda, Kongo, Chokwe, Luchazi) and 1 (Kwadi) is extinct. Benin

82. CIA - The World Factbook 2002 -- Sierra Leone 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sl.html

Country List World Factbook Home The World Factbook 2002 Sierra Leone Introduction Sierra Leone Background: Since 1991, civil war between the government and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (well over one-third of the population) many of whom are now refugees in neighboring countries. After several setbacks, the end to the eleven-year conflict in Sierra Leone may finally be near at hand. With the support of the UN peacekeeping force and contributions from the World Bank and international community, demobilization and disarmament of the RUF and Civil Defense Forces (CDF) combatants has been completed. Reestablishment of government authority throughout the country is slowly proceeding and national elections took place in May 2002. Geography Sierra Leone Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia Geographic coordinates: 8 30 N, 11 30 W Map references: Africa Area: total: 71,740 sq km

83. Center For African Studies | University Of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign Presents a sampling of the people of africa today teachers and students, This video explores the lives of the mende in the Sierra Leone forest village http://www.afrst.uiuc.edu/Library/libvideos1.htm

african@uiuc.edu AFRICA-RELATED VIDEOS AND FILMS AT UIUC DECEMBER 2003 Unless otherwise noted, videos are in the Undergraduate Library Media Center. Subject Index Catalog 1- 6000 a Day: An Account of a Catastrophe Foretold Brooklyn, NY, 55 minutes First Run/Icarus Films, 2001 Not cataloged, December 2003 How the failure of key individuals, prominent NGO's, and governments to act allowed a catastrophe to fester a catastrophe that undoubtedly could have been avoided. Since it appeared 20 years ago, AIDS has left a trail of destruction behind it. This film answers the question "Why did the world wait so long to react?" and dissects the key moments in the global response to the epidemic.... (English subtitles provided for narration in French.) About the United Nations see Africa Recovery Al abwab al moghlaka see The Closed Doors 2- Adieu Bonaparte 109 minutes VIDREC 791.4372 Ad45

84. ASCAC - African And African-American Studies Curriculum the impact of the encounters of Europeans with various indigenous peoplesacross the globe. The contemporary history of africa and african people, http://www.ascac.org/papers/africanandafrican.html

85. Map & Graph: Africa:Countries By People: Ethnic Groups More than 90% of people in Bhutan, Burundi and Burking Faso are involved in Sierra Leone, 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, mende 30%, http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/peo_eth_gro/AFR

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #71 The four largest nations are Russia China USA , and Canada Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 50 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Disasters Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Industry Internet Labor Language Lifestyle Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Related Stats People who viewed "People - Ethnic groups" also viewed: Ethnic groups - A note Divorce rate Sex ratio - 15-64 years Jews ... People : Ethnic groups by country Scroll down for more information Show map full screen Country Description Definition: This entry provides a rank ordering of ethnic groups starting with the largest and normally includes the percent of total population Sierra Leone 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed

86. ELCA Liberia Support Network Despite resistance by the indigenous people, settlement continued around indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, http://www.elca.org/liberia/aboutliberia.html

HISTORY Liberia, the second oldest independent country in Africa after Ethiopia, was established in 1847 by former slaves sent to West Africa by the American Colonization Society (ACS) in the early 1800s. Abolitionists in the ACS envisioned an opportunity for blacks to succeed as equals in a place absence of prejudice. For ACS evangelists, it meant a chance to “Christianize” West Africa. For others, including some slaveholders with the ACS, it was clearly motivated by white fear of a growing African population that might revolt against that treatment they had received as slaves. While some blacks that went to Liberia were free-born African Americans, many were freed form slavery only on the condition that they emigrate to Africa. In 1822, the first ship arrived in what is now Freetown, Sierra Leone. By 1830, despite many deaths from disease, there were as many as 2,500 immigrants who moved to the land now known as Liberia (land of liberty). Despite resistance by the indigenous people, settlement continued around present-day Monrovia (named after ACS supporter President James Monroe) until the land was forcibly purchased from indigenous chiefs. Eventually, over a 40 year period some 13,000 former slaves were shipped to Liberia. These settlers, never making up more than 5% of the population of the country, ruled the country for more than 150 years.

87. African Languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 than half a million speakers each, but many others are spoken by relativelyfew people. Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages. http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africanlng.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. African languages geographic rather than linguistic classification of languages spoken on the African continent. Historically the term refers to the languages of sub-Saharan Africa, which do not belong to a single family, but are divided among several distinct linguistic stocks. It is estimated that more than 800 languages are spoken in Africa; however, they belong to comparatively few language families. Some 50 African languages have more than half a million speakers each, but many others are spoken by relatively few people. Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages. There are usually two or three tones (based on pitch levels rather than the rising and falling in inflections of Chinese tones) used to indicate semantic or grammatical distinction.

88. Freedom Party International - Consent 14 - June 1991 But military rule was not part of indigenous African culture. In indigenousAfrican societies, the people were the army, owning their own weapons. http://www.freedomparty.org/consent/cons14_1.htm

This article appeared in Consent #14 (June 1991) Democracy And Africa - George B. N. Ayittey, Ph.D. Dr. George B.N. Ayittey, Ph.D. is a native of Ghana and currently an Associate Professor of Economics at The American University, Washington, DC 20016. His books, Africa Betrayed , and Indigenous African Institutions published in April 1991 by the CATO Institute (Washington) and Transnational Publishers, Inc. (New York) respectively. The following essay was originally presented as a lecture given at the University of Western Ontario on February 5, 1991. As we all know, Africa teeters on the brink of economic disintegration, political chaos and social decay. But more fundamentally, Africa is a tragedy in more ways than one. The main reason why things have gone so wrong in Africa, in my view, is that there are so many people, international institutions and aid agencies who want to help Africa - and sincerely. But the problems is, few understand the very people they seek to help. Mythology bedevils attempts to help Africa. One of these enduring myths is the nonsensical notion that Africa had no culture, no history and no viable institutions before the arrival of the European colonialists. You and I know that is patently false. But then our leaders perpetuate these myths by their own shameful ignorance of African heritage. Foreigners may be excused for their ignorance of African institutions but that of our own leaders is inexcusable.

89. Dragonfly Village - The Next Generation Of The Alternative Press For almost forty years now I’ve been teaching African and African American “I saw the raiders cutting peoples’ throats, their curved daggers glinting in http://www.dragonflymedia.com/portal/featured_stories/archive/stories_drb_slaves

Slaves Among Us Tell Their Tales True accounts by two Sudanese, captured and sold into slavery as children by Herb Boyd Dragonfly Village, January 2004 Recommend This Article To A Friend Two new books provide proof that the slave trade continues. Unlike the Atlantic slave trade, the movement of human cargo in these instances is an internal affair within the Sudan, the exploitation of indigenous people by Arab merchants. That two contemporary narratives from young Sudanese have been published almost simultaneously would seem remarkable, until one reflects that their stories are emblematic of thousands who remain in bondage. Bok finally succeeded in escaping when he was about seventeen. He took the cows to pasture, then ran for hours. When he finally reached a town, the police arrested him. For the next two months, the police were his new master. He left then the same way: he ran. When he finally stopped running he was in Khartoum. There he naively sought help by telling people about his enslavement, something vehemently denied by the Sudanese government. Someone snitched on him. He remained in custody for another seven months in Khartoum before he was miraculously freed. He made his way to Cairo. After some time there, he found his way on a TWA flight to New York in 1999, with a connecting flight to Fargo, North Dakota. Likewise, Nazer escaped with the help of fellow Nubians, and now lives in London. As with earlier slave narratives, Nazer and Bok are effusive in their gratitude to those who assisted them. Two years after her escape, Nazer is so beholden to her newly adopted country that she is amazed when she hears people openly criticizing the British government. Bok is equally appreciative of the American government, and his book includes photos of him with Condoleezza Rice and President Bush.

90. Dictionary - Ethnic Groups - English Gbandi, Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people http://www.exxun.com/enpp/dy_ethnic_groups_20.html

exxun.com america europe africa ... world Evolving xxlarge UNion - thousands of windows on the world - constantly updated Home Countries Flags Maps ... Notes and Definitions Ethnic groups Dictionary A B C D ... Z Translation word Country Ethnic groups English Gibraltar Spanish, Italian, English , Maltese, Portuguese, German, North Africans English Ireland Celtic, English English United Kingdom white ( English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh 4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani 1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census) entered Portugal homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal Equatorial Cameroon Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African less than 1% escaped Suriname ... 15%, "Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior) 10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2

91. FONT COLOR= Black SIZE= 25 FACE= Casual Script SSi I Lifestyle Of The mende People Of South Carolina This wellknown African-Americanspiritual had its beginning on the Sea Islands of Beaufort District. http://www.angelfire.com/sc/jhstevens/pictures.html

South Carolina setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Angelfire 40 Yr Old Virgin Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next Lifestyle Of The Mende People Of South Carolina circa 1900 Aunt Sophie Daise An Aristocratic Lady of St. Helena Island Children On Their Way To School Before the end of the Civil War, Penn School was founded on the Oaks Plantation. The newly freed slaves were eager to get a Education. Due to the isolation of the Island pior to the building of the first bridge in 1927, and the County not providing transportation, many children were forced to travel by Bateua or walk as much as 9 miles to attend school "Michael Heard Rowing Across Beaufort River" Taken from the Beaufort Gazette , May 19, 1998 The writer Mr. Gerhard Spieler is a writer on Black History for the Gazette The Hallelujah Singers were seen last week on the Good Morning program on ABC-TV. The program included a portion of a spiritual known around the world "Michael Row the Boat Ashore", sung in Beaufort's Tabernacle Baptist Church. This well-known African-American spiritual had its beginning on the Sea Islands of Beaufort District. Northern teachers and missionaries came here during the Confederate War. They heard it sung by the black men who rowed the ferry from the landing at the foot of Carteret Street across the Port Royal (Beaufort) River to the opposite shore of Lady's Island, now known as Whitehall Landing.

92. Liberia Country Study Because it was not uncommon in some situations for indigenous people to say thatthey These were the African Methodist Episcopal Church and the African http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/liberia_2_religiousaf

var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="8/7/3/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="728"; var zflag_height="90"; var zflag_sz="14"; Education Jobs Home Loans Telecom ... Public Eye var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="97/63/19/3/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="120"; var zflag_height="600"; var zflag_sz="8"; Choose: HTML TEXT AOL Military Back to the Table of Contents Religious Affiliation and Ethnicity The Christian denominations most strongly represented in Liberia were the United Methodist church and the Liberian Baptist Missionary and Education Convention (more commonly, the Liberian Baptist Convention). The members of each denomination constituted roughly 17 percent of affiliated Christians in 1970. Next in size were the Roman Catholic church, the Lutheran church, and the Liberian Assemblies of God, each having between 7 and 8 percent of the affiliated Christians. The Episcopal Church of Liberia, the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, and the Church of the Lord (Aladura) each had between 3 and 4 percent of the total. The many other groups ranged in magnitude from single churches having a few hundred members to others that were made up of a number of congregations; all were very active in education and health care and had 2 percent or more of all church members. Among the larger of these were the African Methodist Episcopal church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church, and the Seventh-Day Adventists. Among the many smaller ones were the Presbytery of Liberia in West Africa, mainly of the Pentecostal, spiritualist, or healing variety. Some of these were still under mission control in the mid-1970s, but many others were indigenous African churches.

93. Sierra Leone Sierra Leone s participation in the West African peacekeeping force, ECOMOG, The indigenous people mounted several unsuccessful revolts against British http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/sierra_leone.htm

var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="8/7/3/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="728"; var zflag_height="90"; var zflag_sz="14"; Education Jobs Home Loans Telecom ... Public Eye var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="97/63/19/3/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="120"; var zflag_height="600"; var zflag_sz="8"; Choose: HTML TEXT AOL Military Opposition Groups Revolutionary United Front (RUF) References Sierra Leone: The Forgotten Crisis Report to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Honourable Lloyd Axworthy, P.C., M.P. from David Pratt, M.P., Nepean-Carleton, Special Envoy to Sierra Leone April 23, 1999 Fourth report of the Secretary-General on UNAMSIL S/2000/186 19 May 2000 Websites Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) No Peace Without Justice The Special Court for Sierra Leone By Professor Michael P. Scharf, American Society of International Law, October 2000 UNAMSIL UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN SIERRA LEONE Sierra Leone Web DOCUMENTS RELATING TO DECISIONS MADE BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL CONCERNING THE COMMITTEE ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO RESOLUTION 1132 (1997) CONCERNING SIERRA LEONE Blood Diamonds Physicians for Human Rights - THE CAMPAIGN TO ELIMINATE CONFLICT DIAMONDS Washington Post Article "Diamonds Tragic Flaw" Amnesty International: The Crisis in Sierra Leone International Relations Committee - Democratic Foreign Policy Briefs - "Conflict Diamonds" in West Africa Fuel "The Worst Refugee Crisis in the World" ... Conflict Diamonds: Possibilities for the Identification, Certification and Control of Diamonds [Global Witness Report]

94. LANGUAGES-ON-THE-WEB: BEST XHOSA LINKS ombrarossapiccola.jpg (728 byte) South African Language XHOSA In these warsthe Xhosa, agricultural and pastoral peoples native to the Eastern Cape, http://www.languages-on-the-web.com/links/link-xhosa.htm

languages-on-the-web is now www.lonweb.org The page you are looking for is now HERE

95. Liberia: Map, History And Much More From Answers.com Ethnic groups, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, the attitudes of the settlers toward the indigenous African people. http://www.answers.com/topic/liberia

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Government ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Map Local Time Geography Dialing Code Currency Stats Anthem WordNet Wikipedia Translations Best of Web Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Liberia Dictionary (Click to enlarge) Liberia (Mapping Specialists, Ltd.) Li·be·ri·a lÄ«-b®r A country of western Africa on the Atlantic Ocean. It was founded (1821) through the efforts of the American Colonization Society and settled mainly by freed slaves from 1822 to the 1860s. Liberia is the oldest independent country in Africa (established 1847). A military coup in 1980 initiated a period of despotic government and civil unrest leading to full-scale civil war in 1990. A cease-fire agreement was reached in 1996, and elections were held in 1997. Monrovia is the capital and the largest city. Population: 3,390,000 . Li·be ri·an var tcdacmd="cc=edu;dt"; Encyclopedia Liberia lÄ«bēr ) (New Lat.,=place of freedom), officially Republic of Liberia, republic (1995 est. pop. 3,073,000), 43,000 sq mi (111,370 sq km), W Africa. Liberia fronts on the Atlantic Ocean for some 350 mi (560 km) on the southwest and is bordered on the northwest by Sierra Leone, on the north by Guinea, and on the east by C´te d'Ivoire. Monrovia is the capital, largest city, main port, and commercial center.

96. LX | Liberian Express | Religious Affiliation And Ethnicity Of Liberia Because it was not uncommon in some situations for indigenous people to say that Among the larger of these was the African Methodist Episcopal church, http://www.liberianexpress.com/religions.htm

"" then withsearch = true sFrom = request("news_from") sTo = request("news_to") else if request("searchFrom") "" then withsearch = true sFrom = request("searchFrom") sTo = request("searchTo") else if request("personname") "" then nameofperson = request("personname") namesearch = true else withsearch = false end if end if end if %> LX History Government People Cultures ... Obituary Religious Affiliation and Ethnicity The Christian denominations most strongly represented in Liberia were the United Methodist church and the Liberian Baptist Missionary and Education Convention (more commonly, the Liberian Baptist Convention). The members of each denomination constituted roughly 17 percent of affiliated Christians in 1970. Next in size were the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutheran church, and the Liberian Assemblies of God, each having between 7 and 8 percent of the affiliated Christians. The Episcopal Church of Liberia, the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, and the Church of the Lord (Aladura) each had between 3 and 4 percent of the total. The many other groups ranged in magnitude from single churches having a few hundred members to others that were made up of a number of congregations; all were very active in education and health care and had 2 percent or more of all church members. Among the larger of these was the African Methodist Episcopal church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church, and the Seventh-Day Adventists. Among the many smaller ones were the Presbytery of Liberia in West Africa, mainly of the Pentecostal, spiritualist, or healing variety. Some of these were still under mission control in the mid-1970s, but many others were indigenous African churches.

97. Monrovia there were indigenous and nonindigenous people live together, West Africanintervention troops arrived in Liberia in 1990, people gave a cheerful http://www.cpnm.org/new/English/articles_news/monrovia.htm

Liberia: a volatile field in Africa By-Prabash Finally, under the pressure of the so-called international community, in essence the US imperialism and its henchmen associates, and the warlord group, the Liberian president – a warlord the and self-content puppet of the US imperialism, Charles Taylor resigned and quit the country on 11 August. After than The political events in Liberia might not be interesting for many people on the earth because of its small size in geographical territory and population, but it has been one of the volatile country on the earth and a model of exploitation how the US imperialism without putting it military bases have been exploiting its resources and controlling its political, economic and social apparatus, since nearly two centuries. And, as the powerful Maoist revolutionary movements have been developing in small countries like in Nepal and Bhutan (where recently there is report that a Maoist party has formed in Bhutan), with the advent of 21 st century, Liberia has also been a challenge for the Maoist revolutionaries in the world as well as for the Liberian people to develop its revolutionary leadership, political line and military strategy to overthrow imperialism and domestic reaction, in order to realize the complete emancipation of the Liberian people. In view of emerging revolutionary high tide, most oppressed African nations like Liberia can be regarded as most volatile and rebelling country. Liberia is a small African country with an area of 111,370 squire kilometres and 2.9 million populations, according December 2000 census. The inhabitants of several ethnic groups such as Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, and Vai, and followers of different religions such as traditional indigenous belief 70%, Muslim 20% and Christian 10% demonstrate that Liberia is a multi ethnic and multi religious country. However, English is the official language of Liberia, but different ethnic groups speak more than 20 other different languages. That also demonstrates that it is a multi lingual country. Liberia is one of such countries in the world where foreign language – English is official language and more than twenty indigenous languages are considered as foreign.

98. January 2004 - Dragonfly Review For almost 40 years now I’ve been teaching African and African American historyat various the exploitation of indigenous people by Arab merchants. http://dragonflyreview.com/2004/jan/lead.html

THE CREATIVE HABIT: Learn It and Use It for Life, by Twyla Tharp THE SPONTANEOUS FULFILLMENT OF DESIRE: ... by Harvey L. Rich with Teresa H. Barker January 2004: Home Slaves Among Us Tell Their Tales True accounts by two Sudanese, captured and sold into slavery as children BY HERB BOYD Two new books provide proof that the slave trade continues. Unlike the Atlantic slave trade, the movement of human cargo in these instances is an internal affair within the Sudan, the exploitation of indigenous people by Arab merchants. That two contemporary narratives from young Sudanese have been published almost simultaneously would seem remarkable, until one reflects that their stories are emblematic of thousands who remain in bondage. SLAVE: My True Story ESCAPE FROM SLAVERY Bok finally succeeded in escaping when he was about 17. He took the cows to pasture, then ran for hours. When he finally reached a town, the police arrested him. For the next two months, the police were his new master. He left then the same way: he ran. When he finally stopped running he was in Khartoum. There he naively sought help by telling people about his enslavement, something vehemently denied by the Sudanese government. Someone snitched on him. He remained in custody for another seven months in Khartoum before he was miraculously freed. He made his way to Cairo. After some time there, he found his way on a TWA flight to New York in 1999, with a connecting flight to Fargo, North Dakota.

99. MAYC - Sierra Leone 2005 Members of BMYC are planning for their visit to this West African country Disease and hostility from the indigenous people nearly eliminated the first http://www.mayc.info/841

100. SIERRA LEONE  AND NEW LABOUR MILITARISM A second antiBritish rebellion broke out among the mende in April 1898, Of 158 people brought to trial and found guilty, ninety-six were executed, http://www.zmag.org/CrisesCurEvts/sierra_leone.htm

SIERRA LEONE AND NEW LABOUR MILITARISM By Richard Gott In Sierra Leone, as in Zimbabwe, Britain under New Labour has an irresistible urge to relive its colonial past. Maybe Robin Cook will soon be seeking to pay for his military adventure in West Africa by imposing a hut tax on its unfortunate inhabitants, just as the British did in 1898. That particular tax, a form of poll tax imposed on colonial territories, was to cause one of the great African rebellions of the 19th century. Two British military expeditions had to be sent to the colony, with soldiers brought from the West Indies. After a wave of fierce repression was unleashed on the population, nearly a hundred rebel leaders were hanged. The local Africans in West Africa had other ideas. Within a year they had rebelled against this imposed colony of foreign blacks and destroyed it. British reinforcements soon arrived, and former black "Empire Loyalists" were brought out to Freetown, men who had fought for Britain in the American war of independence, and then found an unhappy home in cold and racist Canada. These American blacks were joined a few years later by Jamaican Maroons, expelled from Jamaica after the British had fought them to a standstill with fighting dogs imported from Cuba. This new generation of black settlers, mostly Christian, found themselves endlessly fighting off the attacks of the indigenous inhabitants, who were mostly Moslem. British gunboats were sent upriver throughout the 19th century to crush the native rebellions.

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