41. Penn African Studies Newsletter, 11/12/ 95 Talk of Human Rights in African indigenous Cultures by Rev. The mende arethe largest ethnic group of thirteen in Sierra Leone. http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/Afstd2.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER Penn African Studies Newsletter, 11/12/'95 McDaniel and Moudileno to Teach Graduate African Studies Seminar "Africa and the African Diaspora" is the theme of the graduate African Studies seminar and lecture series for Spring semester 1996. It will be taught by Drs. Antonio McDaniel (a.k.a. Tukufu Zuberi) and Lydie Moudileno. They write: In this seminar, we want to re-think the historical, political and cultural relationship between Africa and the African Diaspora. Since the term "African Diaspora" posits "Africa" as a "matrix" from which people were disseminated around the world, our major task will be to interrogate Africa as the projected center that in turn allows for the projection of a community outside it. We will look mainly at issues of positionality, representation, history, and culture. We have organized the course around two themes: 1) discourses on/ from Africa and the African Diaspora which will include discussion on the works of C.L.R. James, St. Claire Drake, W.E.B. DuBois, Cheikh Anta Diop, Paul Gilroy, and Abdias Do Nascimento 2) literary texts which envision diverse modes of cultural affirmation. For this theme, the study of fiction will be limited to works originally written in French, which will include works by Rene Maran, Aime Cesaire, L.S. Senghor, Bernard Dadie, and Maryse Conde. In addition, a number of distinguished speakers will be invited to enhance the debate on specific issues as part of the African Studies Spring Lecture Series.

42. African Timelines Part III: African Slave Trade & European Imperialism Nevertheless africa’s indigenous personality has managed to remain intact andcontinues to maintain http//www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/mende.html http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline3.htm

Part III: African Slave Trade AD / CE 15th - early 19th centuries African Timelines Table of Contents COCC Home Cora Agatucci Home Classes ... African Timelines Web tip: When you revisit this web page, please "refresh" or "renew" in your Internet Browser Short Cuts on this web page to brief Discussions on: Height of Atlantic Slave Trade Black Holocaust "Middle Passage" Resistance Diaspora Olaudah Equiano Dynamics of Changing Cultures ... Amistad Revolt See also Chronology on the History of Slavery and Racism [in the U.S.A.] , Eddie Becker, 1999: http://innercity.org/holt/slavechron.html http://innercity.org/holt/chron_1790_1829.html 1830-the end: http://innercity.org/holt/chron_1830_end.html late 15 th c. Kingdom of Kongo flourished on the Congo River (modern Zaire, now Republic of Congo), a confederation of provinces under the manikongo (the king; "mani" means blacksmith, denoting the early importance and spiritual power of iron working) From Symbols of Royal Power: Stool (Detroit Institute of Arts' African, Oceanic, and New World Cultures: African Art)

43. ULB - APFT/Articles to local peoples, as Richards (Richards 1992) has shown for mende living on the indigenous peoples have perceived, interacted with and made use of http://www.ulb.ac.be/soco/apft/GENERAL/PUBLICAT/ARTICLES/Ellen5.htm

Putting plants in their place Anthropological approaches to understanding the ethnobotanical knowledge of rainforest populations by Roy Ellen In: 'Tropical rainforest research: current issues', eds. D. S. Edwards, W.E. Booth and S.C. Choy. Kluwer: Dordrecht 1996, pp. 457-465. Introduction In an historical review of the subject published a little over a decade ago Richard Ford (Ford 1978: 29) says of ethnobotany that it represents a common discourse but lacks a unifying theory. That this is still the case is in part due to the historical differences between what we might call biological ethnobotany and anthropological ethnobotany. The first operates within a bio-economic paradigm. At its narrowest this has been simply the study of plants used by indigenous people (whoever they might be). Data thus provided have often been no more than species identifications against vernacular names, and lists of uses. In its most recent version this approach has become heavily identified with the discovery of new applied botanical and phytochemical possibilities, and with the economic valuation of rainforest (Peters et al 1989); and so becomes virtually synonymous with what is widely understood as the remit of economic botany. Although the global significance of such work should not be underestimated, bare lists are of limited application (see e.g. Alcorn 1981a: 228). The second kind of ethnobotany operates primarily within a cultural-linguistic paradigm, is concerned with indigenous rules and categories and is particularly evident in the work of Harold Conklin, Brent Berlin and those who have been influenced by them in the US; and in the work of those within a Francophone tradition closely associated with what is now the

44. Resources On The Mende People indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Lifestyle Of The mende People Of South Carolina. or as devoid of http://www.mongabay.com/indigenous_ethnicities/african/Mende.html

Mende Indigenous Ethnicities index Home People African ... Contact Mende Web resources african indigenous people bamana Africa, African Anthropology - General Resources. ... Lobi Luba Luchazi Luluwa Lunda Africa The West African indigenous scripts for African languages, such as those for Vai, africa Windhoek. English, Afrikaans, German ,indigenous languages: Oshivambo ... Leone. Freetown. General Essay on the Religions of Sub-Saharan Africa The choice of indigenous traditions has been made on ... Press for the International Ethnicity and Race by Countries Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Minorities At Risk (MAR) IJAW. 3979. 0.0360. indigenous peoples. NIGERIA. OGONI. ... 0.0800. communal contender. Africa ...official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages, ... population, German 32%, indigenous Liberia ...race: indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30 ... Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North RaceandHistory.com - Foreign Control of African Lands and ...

45. General Essay On The Religions Of Sub-Saharan Africa Although the number of practitioners of indigenous traditions in africa has Beidelman, TO The Kaguru A Matrilineal People of East africa New York Holt http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sub/geness.html

General Essay on the Religions of Sub-Saharan Africa Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa has changed and evolved over the last two to three thousand years in many different ways. While the traditions depicted in this chart provide examples of those that exist today, and that were affected by the expansion of European colonialism in the 19th century, peoples living in the vast area south of the Sahara desert had already sustained rich systems of belief and practice long before the arrival of Christianity and colonialism, and certainly in some cases befroe the Muslim expansion from the Arabian peninsula. Islam entered Sub-Saharan Africa in the eighth century, and within six hundred years of the prophet's death had penetrated from the Sahara to the Sudanic belt, and from the Atlantic to the Red Sea, making its presence felt among the indigenous peoples who inhabited this expanse. Other transplanted religions have had virtually no impact upon Sub-Saharan traditions. With the exception of Judaism, these did not make any permanent incursion into the region until the 19th or 20th centuries. The chart suggests three wide areas of religious beliefs and practices: (I) Indigenous African religions; (II) World Religions (Baha'i, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Sikhism and Zorastrianism); (III) New Religious Traditions (African Independent Churches).

46. African History: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. In most cases the indigenous peoples had proved unreliable (most of them were In return, the African kings and merchants received various trade goods http://africanhistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa080601a.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help African History Slavery African History: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. Homework Help African History Essentials A Gazetteer of African Independence ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the African History newsletter! See Online Courses Search African History The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade A brief review of the triangular trade with particular reference to recent statistics. Related Resources Slavery and the Slave Trade Slavery Images The Role of Islam in African Slavery Reparations for Slavery? Book Reviews Transformations in Slavery For two hundred years, 1440-1640, Portugal had a monopoly on the export of slaves from Africa. It is notable that they were also the last European country to abolish the institution - although, like France, it still continued to work former slaves as contract labourers, which they called libertos or engagés à temps . It is estimated that during the 4 1/2 centuries of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Portugal was responsible for transporting over 4.5 million Africans (roughly 40% of the total). During the eighteenth century however, when the slave trade accounted for the transport of a staggering 6 million Africans, Britain was the worst transgressor - responsible for almost 2.5 million. (A fact often forgotten by those who regularly cite Britain's prime role in the abolition of the slave trade.)

47. AFRICA: TIE-DYEING, SIERRA LEONE While resist dyeing is practiced all over africa, it is in West africa that by mende PEOPLE Catalog Number F8918; Tiedyeing process Blue tie-dyed http://www.davis-art.com/artimages/slidesets/slideset.asp?setnumber=027

48. Sierra Leone (09/05) Languages English, Krio, Temne, mende, and 15 other indigenous languages. Disease and hostility from the indigenous people nearly eliminated the first http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5475.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of African Affairs September 2005 Background Note: Sierra Leone PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Sierra Leone Geography Area: 71,740 sq. km. (29,925 sq. mi.); slightly smaller than South Carolina. Cities: Capital Freetown (est. 550,000). Provincial capitals Southern Province, Bo; Eastern Province, Kenema; Northern Province, Makeni. Terrain: Three areas are mangrove swamps and beaches along the coast, wooded hills along the immediate interior, and a mountainous plateau in the interior. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Sierra Leonean(s). Population (2002 est., no census since 1989): 4.9 million. Annual growth rate (2001 est.): 2.4%. Ethnic groups: Temne 30%, Mende 30%, Krio 1%, balance spread over 15 other tribal groups, and a small Lebanese community. Religions: (est.) Muslim 60%, Christian 30%, animist 10%. Languages: English, Krio, Temne, Mende, and 15 other indigenous languages. Education (2001): Literacy Health: Life expectancy (2001 est.)

49. Exploring Africa -> Current Events -> Diamonds And Warfare: African Connection Sierra Leone was also different in another way from other African colonies. Long term inhabitants of a given area are called indigenous people. http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/teachers/current/diamondwar.html

Current Events: Diamonds and Warfare, The Africa Connection Associated articles and activities: Featured Story Student Activities Vocabulary List Featured Story Introduction Have you heard the sayings: "Diamonds are our best friend," or that "Diamonds last forever?" Many societies highly value diamonds because they are considered to be beautiful and to symbolize love and friendship. However, few of us know where the diamonds we buy and proudly wear come from, or how they get from their place of origin to our jewelry stores. Where is Sierra Leone? World Map Map of Africa showing Sierra Leone Detailed map of Sierra Leone Given their beauty, their worth, and the joy they often bring as symbols of love, we have trouble understanding that diamonds have caused great human suffering in parts of Africa. The illegal mining and selling of diamonds by rebels (groups opposed to legitimate governments) provides the money needed to buy guns and other weapons, which are being used not only to fight against armies, but to kill and injury innocent

50. Exploring Africa -> Teachers -> Curriculum-> Africa And The World-> The Return T At several periods in history, africans and people of africa descent have migrated Long term inhabitants of a given area are called indigenous people. http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/lm15/actsix.html

Unit Three: Studying Africa through the Humanities Module Fifteen: Africa and the World Teacher's Edition Activity 6 Thus far in the unit, we have focused on the movements of Africans from Africa to other parts of the world. However, the movements between Africa and the rest of the world do not occur in only one direction. At several periods in history, Africans and people of Africa descent have migrated back to Africa. In this activity, you will learn about the return to Africa and the founding of the African countries of Sierra Leone and Liberia.[ Map: Colonial Africa ] The "back-to-Africa" migrations that resulted in the formation of these two countries came from highly organized efforts in the Nineteenth century on the part of Africans in the diaspora to return to Africa. Africans in the Americas and Europe continued to return to live in Africa in somewhat smaller numbers throughout the twentieth century. For example, there were a number of African American missionaries who moved to Africa. Moreover, when African countries became independent in the 1960s and 1970s a number of African Americans and Africans in Britain immigrated to these newly independent African countries. Ghana, which became independent in 1957, was one of the most popular destinations for Africans from the diaspora. For example

51. MAR | Data | Minority Group Assessments For All Regions Bolivia, indigenous Highland peoples indigenous. Bolivia, Lowland indigenouspeoples United States of America, AfricanAmericans ethnoclass http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/assessments.asp?regionId=99

52. Tribes Of The Niger MANDE a group of Madespeaking people of West africa. They developed agriculture The include the Bambara, Dyula, Malinke, mende, and Soninke. http://schools.4j.lane.edu/spencerbutte/StudentProjects/Rivers/tribe.html

Tribes of the Niger River BAMBARA : a Mande-speaking people of Mali. Today sedentary farmers, they are divided inti many small chiefdoms, and known for their elaborate cosmology and religion. Earlier they had founded two important states at Seguo, on the Niger. Population 1.2 million. EDO : a Kwa-speaking people of southern Nigeria, the population of the kingdom of Benin; whose political and religious ruler, the , lives in Benin City. The ruling dynasty is historically closely linked with the Yoruba. They are famed for they carving, metal-casting and other arts. Population 1.3 million. FULANI ( FULBE, PEUL) : a people speaking a West Atlantic language, dispersed across the Sahel zone of West Africa from Senegal to Cameroon. They are predominantly Muslim, and coprise both transhumant cattle keepers and also sedentaery agricultural groups. Both are typically minority elements living among other peoples. The pastoralist groups are egalitarian, the sedentary ones having chiefs in some areas, such as northern Nigeria, where they overthrew the Hausa rulers of existing states in the early 19th century, established kingdoms by the conquest of indigenous peoples. population 7 million HAUSA : a Chadic-speaking people of Nigeria and Niger. They are intensive farmers

53. Encyclopedia: Sierra Leone/People Other descriptions of Sierra Leone/People. The indigenous population of Sierra Leone Ethnic groups 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, mende 30%, http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Sierra-Leone/People

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Sierra Leone/People" also viewed: Demographics of Sierra Leone Demographics of Guinea Demographics of Angola Economy of Sierra Leone ... Joanne Wright What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Roy Gardner Rota (music) Ronald Reagan Romanch ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Sierra Leone/People Updated 221 days 15 hours 4 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Sierra Leone/People The indigenous population of Sierra Leone is made up of 18 ethnic groups. The Temne in the north and the Mende in the South are the largest. About 60,000 are Krio , the descendants of freed slaves who returned to Sierra Leone from the British Isles and North America and slave ships captured on the high seas. In addition, about 4,000 Lebanese Indians , and 2,000 Europeans reside in the country. In the past, Sierra Leoneans were noted for their educational achievements, trading activity, entrepreneurial skills, and arts and crafts work, particularly woodcarving . Many are part of larger ethnic networks extending into several countries, which link West African states in the area. However, the level of education and

54. Lonely Planet Most importantly, indigenous people were discriminated against and in 1898 a an allAfrican record), a shift of power to the indigenous mende and Temnes http://www.expedia.co.uk/lonelyplanet/Sierra-Leone/historyandculture.aspx

Expedia.co.uk Skip Navigation HOME DEALS ... CORPORATE TRAVEL Welcome - Already a member? Sign in Site Map My Trips My Profile ... Customer Support Sierra Leone Back to World Guide index Culture History Pre 20c Sierra Leone has had a very eventful 500 years. The country was a major player in the beginning and end of the slave trade, but inequalities between the Krio freed slaves who developed the modern nation and indigenous peoples caused bitterness and conflict. Krios have long ceased to rule the roost in Sierra Leone, but the same old inequalities between the Freetown elite and the poor of the interior remain alive, and were a factor in the recent, savage, decade-long conflict that left the country in ruins. The American slave trade was effectively launched from Freetown in 1560, and by the 18th century Portuguese and British trading and slaving settlements lined the coast. In the late 1700s, freed slaves from places such as North America were brought to the new settlement of Freetown. Soon after, Britain abolished slavery and Sierra Leone became a British colony. Many subsequent settlers were liberated from slaving ships intercepted by the British navy. These people became known as Krios and assumed an English lifestyle together with an air of superiority, long dominating the government and trade of the country. But things didn't all run smoothly in this brave new world. Black and white settlers dabbling in the slave trade; disease; rebellion; and attacks by the French were all characteristics of 19th-century Sierra Leone. Most importantly, indigenous people were discriminated against and in 1898 a ferocious uprising by the Mende began, ostensibly in opposition to a hut tax.

55. Sierra Leone Country Information Religious beliefs can be separated into Muslim (60%) indigenous beliefs (30%) and 5615000 people; Temne (30%); mende (30%); other African (30%) http://www.elca.org/countrypackets/sierra-leone/desc.html

For more information on Sierra Leone you may write to the chancery at 1701 19 th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; check the U.S. State Department or World Factbook country sites; or type in the country's name on the Internet using a broad-based world wide web search engine. Another good site for updated information is www.sierra-leone.org Sierra Leone Physical. Sierra Leone is located in Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Liberia and Guinea. It covers an area slightly smaller than South Carolina. The climate there is tropical, generally hot and humid during a rainy summer season (May to December) and dry during the winter (December to April). The terrain contains a coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country and an upland plateau that rises into an eastern mountain range. Rich natural resources include bauxite, diamonds, titanium ore, iron ore, gold, and chromite. Rapid population growth, deforestation and soil exhaustion are the nation's primary environmental concerns. People.

56. Ethnicity And Race By Countries Sierra Leone, 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, mende 30%, Venezuela,Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0855617.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 23, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Texas Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Ethnicity and Race by Countries Afghanistan Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians (1989 est.) Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998) Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua and Barbuda black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian Argentina white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%; mestizo, Amerindian, other 3%

57. Sierra Leone: People People. The two main ethnic groups are the mende, who speak a Mande language andlive in Keeping Up With People)(development assistance for indigenous http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0861082.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 23, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Texas Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips Sponsored Links TripAdvisor Sierra Leone (Africa) google_ad_client = 'pub-1894504138907931'; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; google_ad_format = '120x240_as'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel =''; google_color_border = ['336699','B4D0DC','DFF2FD','B0E0E6']; google_color_bg = ['FFFFFF','ECF8FF','DFF2FD','FFFFFF']; google_color_link = ['0000FF','0000CC','0000CC','000000']; google_color_url = ['008000','008000','008000','336699']; google_color_text = ['000000','6F6F6F','000000','333333']; Encyclopedia Sierra Leone People The two main ethnic groups are the Mende, who speak a Mande language and live in the central and southern parts of the country, and the Temne, who speak a W Atlantic language and live in the north. There are also Creoles or Krios, descendants of freed slaves from North America, the West Indies, and other parts of W Africa. The population also contains small numbers of Indians and Lebanese, who play a major role in the nation's commerce. English is the country's official language and Krio, a mixture of several African languages and English, is the lingua franca. About 60% of the population is Muslim; 30% follows traditional religious beliefs, and 10% is Christian.

58. USA/Africa Dialogue, No. 232: Ayittey On Indigenous Values, Part 1 indigenous Curbs Against Despotism In the eyes of the Gikuyu people, the submissionto a African chief was expected to be humble toward his people but http://www.utexas.edu/conferences/africa/ads/232.html

Many folks from around the world have asked to know more about George Ayittey. For the benefits of those who rely on this Dialogue for information to teach and do research, I have been carrying some long articles. This is the minimum we owe others without access to information. In two parts, I will be excerpting a piece from Ayittey's book. NOTE : The following is excerpted from Indigenous African Institutions . If you want to send excepts of your piece abroad through this medium, seek the permission of your publishers and send it to me for circulation. There is a small reward: a small commercial will be posted as in the following. All Ayittey's books are available at http://www.amazon.com. [when school resumes, the volume of postings will reduce to let you all focus on other things] Indigenous Curbs Against Despotism In the eyes of the Gikuyu people, the submission to a despotic rule of any particular man or a group, white or black, is the greatest humiliation to mankind Jomo Kenyatta, late president of Kenya. Despotism and kleptocracy do not inhere in the nature of African cultures or in the African character; but they are now rife in what was

59. The Black World Today the exploitation of indigenous people by Arab merchants. mende Nazer opensher story dramatically on a spring night in 1994 when she was abducted. http://www.tbwt.org/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=40

60. Worldstats: Providing Information About Our World! 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, mende 30%, other 30%), Disease andhostility from the indigenous people nearly eliminated the first group of http://www.worldstats.org/world/sierra_leone.shtml

Home Countries Big Cities World ... Useful Links Sierra Leone Quick Overview: The indigenous population is made up of 18 ethnic groups. The Temne in the north and the Mende in the South are the largest. About 60,000 are Krio, the descendants of freed slaves who returned to Sierra Leone from Great Britain and North America and slave ships captured on the high seas. In addition, about 4,000 Lebanese, 500 Indians, and 2,000 Europeans reside in the country. In the past, Sierra Leoneans were noted for their educational achievements, trading activity, entrepreneurial skills, and arts and crafts work, particularly woodcarving. Many are part of larger ethnic networks extending into several countries, which link West African states in the area. However, the level of education and infrastructure has declined sharply over the last 30 years. Geography: Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia Area: total: 71,740 sq km land: 71,620 sq km water: 120 sq km Land boundaries: total: 958 km border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km

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