1. Mauritania History, People, Economy, Geography, Government MAURITANIA INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER 1. Historical Setting. EARLY HISTORY. SANHADJA CONFEDERATION Regional Security Concerns. Morocco. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

2. History Of Mauritania Mauritania's postindependence history has been dominated by regional politics. Morocco and Algeria, vying for regional dominance, have http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. The Country People Of Mauritania For Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information About Mauritania * Business * Culture * Education * History * Media * http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

4. Mauritania Location, Map, Area, Capital, Population, Religion Home page Arab Info Mauritania History Mauritania Government Links to Mauritania http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. Mauritania History, People, Economy, Geography, Government Mauritania. General Overview Economy Flag Details Government Geography History In Their Language Regional Security Concerns. Morocco. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. Mauritania History HISTORY HUMAN RIGHTS LINKS NEWS PEOPLE MAURITANIA This African country can In 1985 and 1986, elections were held on the local and regional http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. Mauritania History Mauritania's postindependence history has been dominated by regional politics (see fig. 1 ). Morocco and Algeria vying for regional dominance have http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

8. Marweb, Moteur De Recherche Du Maroc Regional_countries/Mauritania Top Regional countries Mauritania Page 2 Hamidou, Baro Mauritania, history reporting People origin and a wink on the Bible. Libya http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. Marweb, Moteur De Recherche Du Maroc Regional_countries/Mauritania mauritania government economy exterior trade geography islam capital city mauritanian population history culture embassies hotels cultural http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

10. Marweb, Search Engine Regional_countries/Mauritania Top Regional countries Mauritania Top Regional countries Mauritania Categories s economy, people, geography, government, history, and http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. Mauritania History mauritania s postindependence history has been dominated by regional politics (seefig. 1 ). Morocco and Algeria vying for regional dominance have http://www.world66.com/africa/mauritania/history

Mauritania History - overview of historic events the travel guide you write Recent Changes Home Destinations Mapsonomy ... Mauritania Sections Mauritania Map Accommodation History ... [Add Section] Map View Enlargement History [edit this] North of Moudjeria photo by: Eric Studer [Upload image] THE SAHARA HAS LINKED rather than divided the peoples who inhabit it and has served as an avenue for migration and conquest. Mauritania lying next to the Atlantic coast at the western edge of the desert received and assimilated into its complex society many waves of these migrants and conquerors. Berbers moved south to Mauritania beginning in the third century A.D. followed by Arabs in the eighth century subjugating and assimilating Mauritania's original inhabitants. From the eighth through the fifteenth century black kingdoms of the western Sudan such as Ghana Mali and Songhai brought their political culture from the south. The divisive tendencies of the various groups within Mauritanian society have always worked against the development of Mauritanian unity. Both the Sanhadja Confederation at its height from the eighth to the tenth century and the Almoravid Empire from the eleventh to the twelfth century were weakened by internecine warfare and both succumbed to further invasions from the Ghana Empire and the Almohad Empire respectively. The one external influence that tended to unify the country was Islam. The Islamization of Mauritania was a gradual process that spanned more than 500 years. Beginning slowly through contacts with Berber and Arab merchants engaged in the important caravan trades and rapidly advancing through the Almoravid conquests Islamization did not take firm hold until the arrival of Yemeni Arabs in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and was not complete until several centuries later. Gradual Islamization was accompanied by a process of arabization as well during which the Berber masters of Mauritania lost power and became vassals of their Arab conquerors.

12. TABLES OF MODERN MONETARY HISTORY: REGIONAL TABLESby Kurt Schuler TABLES OF MODERN MONETARY history regional TABLES by Kurt Schuler mauritania,French franc, 1, 4.82. Mayotte, French franc*, 1, 1 http://users.erols.com/kurrency/authorities.htm

TABLES OF MODERN MONETARY HISTORY: REGIONAL TABLES by Kurt Schuler www.dollarization.org Preliminary version, May 2005 I welcome comments from knowledgeable readers. Should you have a suggested correction, please specify the source of your information. I am most interested in information from primary sources, particularly laws and the reports of monetary authorities. Notes So far the tables for Africa, Asia, and Australia/Pacific are finished, though they are subject to revision. "Present" refers to 2005 in the tables of monetary authorities. Table. African countries that have had various types of monetary authorities Systems with competitive issue of the monetary base Free bankingCompetitive issue by banks of notes (paper money) and deposits with few special regulations. Fixed exchange rate with gold, silver, or a foreign currency. Lesotho (1902-21), Malawi (1894-1940), Mauritius (1813-17, 1817-24*, 1824-5, 1832-49), Namibia (1915-61), South Africa (1837-1920, 1920-1*), Swaziland (1897-1921), Zambia (1906-40), Zimbabwe (1892-1940). Besides these episodes, there was also limited competition in Mozambique (1919-42*). Botswana (1897) and Nigeria (sometime 1899-1912) had episodes of note issue by a single bank either too brief or not extensive enough to usefully classify as free banking. Free issueUnusual system with neither an exchange rate target nor centralized control of the monetary base.

13. Mauritania Regional Security Concerns - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, mauritania regional Security Concerns Flags, Maps, Economy, history, Climate,Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, http://www.photius.com/countries/mauritania/national_security/mauritania_nationa

Country Ranks INDEX for Mauritania History ... Feedback Mauritania Regional Security Concerns http://www.photius.com/countries/mauritania/national_security/mauritania_national_security_regional_security_co~9880.html Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook Back to Mauritania National Security Polisario troops at Tindouf, Algeria Courtesy Theresa Smith Since independence, Mauritania has been confronted with several potential challenges to its national security. Problems in addition to the Western Sahara war have included Moroccan irredentist claims, Senegalese meddling in racial disputes, and Libyan interference. Morocco Unavailable Figure 11. Nouadhibou and Vicinity, 1987 Source: Based on information from Charles Toupet (ed.), Atlas de la République Islamique de Mauritanie , Paris, 1977, 54. Moroccan threats to Mauritania originated in the seventeenth century and continued into the twentieth century. In 1956 and 1957, Mauritanian and Moroccan members of the Army of Liberation ( Armée de Libération AL), the military wing of the Mauritanian National Liberation Front headquartered in Morocco, raided Mauritania's northern region. With no military forces of its own to defend the frontiers, the preindependence transition government called on France for aid. In February 1958, a joint Franco-Spanish land-air operation destroyed the AL in the Spanish Sahara and stopped the southward infiltration of Moroccansupported guerrillas.

14. Mauritania Local Government - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Re mauritania Local Government Flags, Maps, Economy, history, Climate, NaturalResources, Each region had a regional assembly of twenty to thirty members http://www.photius.com/countries/mauritania/government/mauritania_government_loc

Country Ranks INDEX for Mauritania History ... Feedback Mauritania Local Government http://www.photius.com/countries/mauritania/government/mauritania_government_local_government.html Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook Back to Mauritania Government The 1961 Constitution kept the highly centralized colonial structure of counties ( cercles ), subdivisions ( souspréfectures ), and administrative posts. Local councils were established in the twelve cercles the French created eleven cercles coterminous with the old amirates, and the newly independent government created a twelfth cercle , Tiris Zemmour, out of northern Adraras representative and administrative bodies to replace the chiefs and councils of notables through whom the French ruled. By 1961 urban and rural communes had been created, and rudimentary representative councils had been established with elected mayors in the urban communes. There were five urban communes modeled after similar bodies in France in Rosso, Kaédi, Atar, Bogué, and Nouakchott (see fig. 1

15. Mauritania - HISTORY Throughout mauritania s history, the interaction between the two cultures By 1984 the Haidalla regime was under siege not only for its regional policies http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/mauritania/HISTORY.html

COUNTRY STUDIES Mauritania - HISTORY Mauritania - History Mauritania The character of present-day Mauritania's population reflected the waves of immigration from north and south that had begun in the third century A.D. The first wave, Berbers from the north, migrated into what is now Mauritania in the third and fourth centuries and later in the seventh and eighth centuries. Local populations either became vassals in service to the Berbers or migrated farther south. In the ninth century, three Berber groupsthe Lemtuna, Messufa, and Djodalaformed a loose confederation in order to better control the easternmost trans- Saharan trade route. The Sanhadja Confederation, as it came to be called, monopolized trade between the ancient empire of Ghana and the city of Sijilmasa. The historically important towns of Koumbi Saleh, Aoudaghast, Oualâta, Tîchît, and Ouadane flourished during this epoch. In the eleventh century, following the breakup of the Sanhadja Confederation and a period of unrest and warfare among the Sanhadja Berbers, a small group of Sanhadja zealots established a religious center from which they preached a doctrine of Islamic reform and holy war. By 1090 the empire of the Almoravidsas the fundamentalist revolutionaries came to be knownextended from Spain to Senegal. Within forty years, however, the fervor and zeal of the original Almoravid reformers waned, and, at the same time, their foes to the north and south grew stronger.

16. The Country & People Of Mauritania Arab Countries Arab World Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information . About mauritania * Business * Culture * Education * history * Media http://www.hejleh.com/countries/mauritania.html

Special Arab Files This page contains links to sites in Mauritania and Mauritania related sites. For Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information visit Arab Countries Web hejleh.com Mauritania, History Settled by Berbers in the 1st millennium AD, the region was the center of the ancient empire of Ghana (700–1200) and later became part of the empire of Mali (14th–15th cent.). By this time the Sahara had encroached on much of Mauritania, limiting agriculture and reducing the population. In the 1440s Portuguese navigators established a fishing base, and from the 17th cent. European traders dealt in gum arabic along the southern coast. France gained control of S Mauritania in the mid-19th cent., declared a protectorate over the region in 1903, and made it a separate colony in French West Africa in 1920; however, little was done to develop the economy. Nationalist political activity began after World War II, and Mauritania gained full independence in 1960. A Muslim state was created in 1961 under Makhtar Ould Daddah as president. His rule was troubled by ethnic tensions between the Fulani and the Arab-Berber group, by economic problems aggravated by the severe drought in the Sahel, and by worker-student protests. The military deposed Ould Daddah in 1978, and military governments subsequently ruled the country. A 1975 agreement with Spain and Morocco giving Mauritania control over the southern third of the Spanish (Western) Sahara ignited a conflict in the former colony. The Polisario Front, a proindependence guerrilla group backed by Algeria, waged war against Mauritanian troops until 1979, when Mauritania renounced its claims to the area and signed a peace treaty with the front. Slavery was only officially abolished in 1980, and racial unrest erupted in the late 1970s and persisted into the 1990s, aggravated by government repression of black Mauritanians.

17. The History Guy: New And Recent Conflicts Of The World q Congo Second Congolese War (This IS a regional war)—(1998Present) Peace mauritania gave up its portion of the Western Sahara in 1979 and ended http://www.historyguy.com/new_and_recent_conflicts.html

New and Recent Conflicts of the World Home Military History Historical Personalitie What's New ... Site Map The world is a violent place, and for various political, economic, religious and other reasons, wars and conflicts often erupt. The purpose of this web page is to chronicle these conflicts and attempt to explain why they occur and what may result from them. This page contains four current sections and one section not yet completed. The current sections are: Recently concluded or suspended wars and conflicts Major Acts of Terrorism More detail to be added as time allows Alphabetical listing. q Afghan War q Al-Aqsa Intifada (Israeli-Palestinian Conflict) (high-risk to become a regional war) q Algerian Civil War q Basque Separatist Conflict q Burma (Myanmar) Civil War Military operations near border areas have brought both rebels and the Burmese government into occasional conflict with neighboring Thailand. q Burundi Civil War The rebels use neighboring Congo as a base to launch attacks, thereby giving the Burundi government reason to involve itself in the Second Congolese War q Colombian Civil War The United States is providing military and logistical support to the government.

18. Mauritania - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Main article history of mauritania. From the 3rd to 7th centuries, the migration The Ministry of Interior controls a system of regional governors and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania

Mauritania From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Not to be confused with the ancient kingdom of Mauretania Al-Jumhuriyah al-Islamiyah al-Muritaniyah R©publique Islamique de Mauritanie Islamic Republic of Mauritania In Detail In Detail National motto Arabic ... French : Honneur, Fraternit©, Justice English : Honor, Fraternity, Justice) Official language Arabic French defacto ... Capital and largest city Nouakchott President of Military Council Col. Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (named interim leader by the Military Council for Justice and Democracy Prime Minister Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar Area ... km² Negligible Population Density Ranked 129nd 2.6/km² GDP (PPP) Year Ranked 148th $4.891 billion Currency Ouguiya Time zone UTC ... 28 November , from France National anthem National Anthem of Mauritania Internet TLD ... Calling Code The Islamic Republic of Mauritania , or Mauritania , is a country in northwest Africa . Its coast faces the Atlantic Ocean on the west, with Senegal on the south-west, Mali on the east and south-east, Algeria on the north-east, and the Moroccan annexed territory of Western Sahara on the north-west. The capital and largest city is

19. Mauritania (Government) - An Agreement Was Signed By Mauritania, Mali And UNHCR history of mauritania, Islamic Republic of mauritania The member statessubsequently formulated 15 regional cooperation conventions. http://www.arab.de/arabinfo/mauritania-government.htm

Home page Arab Info Mauritania Info Mauritania History ... Links to Mauritania Mauritania - Government In April 1994 an agreement was signed by Mauritania, Mali and UNHCR representatives regarding the voluntary repatriation of Malian refugees from Mauritania. The Tuareg refugee camp in Mauritania closed in mid-1997, following the repatriation of some 42,000 Malians. Meanwhile, in April 1994 Mauritania, Mali and Senegal agreed to strengthen military co-operation in order to improve joint border security. In January 1995 the Governments of the three countries issued a communique in which they pledged co-operation in resolving -joint border issues and in combating extremism, arms-smuggling and drugs-trafficking. In mid-1996, at the conclusion of a meeting in Mauritania (Nouakchott) of ministers responsible for the interior, the three established joint security measures on their common borders. (An investigation into drugs-trafficking in Mauritania resulted in July in the imprisonment of seven senior police-officers and four magistrates.) In February 1989 Mauritania was a founder member, with Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, of the Union of the Arab Maghreb. The member states subsequently formulated 15 regional co-operation conventions.

20. Mauritania (08/05) Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, economy, The Ministry of Interior controls a system of regional governors and http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5467.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of African Affairs August 2005 Background Note: Mauritania PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Republic of Mauritania Geography Area: 1,030,070 sq. km. (419,212 sq. mi.); slightly larger than Texas and New Mexico combined. Cities (2002): Capital Nouakchott (pop. 559,000). Other cities Nouadhibou (72,000), Rosso (49,000), Kaedi (34,000), Zouerate (34,000), Kiffa (32,000), Atar (24,000). Terrain: Northern four-fifths barren desert; southern 20% mainly Sahelian with small-scale irrigated and rain-fed agriculture in the Senegal River basin. Climate: Predominantly hot and dry. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Mauritanian(s). Population (2002): 2.8 million. Annual growth rate: 2.5%. Ethnic groups: Arab-Berber (White Moor or Beydane), Arab-Berber-Negroid (Black Moor or Haratine), Haalpulaar, Soninke, Wolof. Religion: Islam. Languages: Arabic (official), Hassaniya, French, Pulaar, Wolof, and Soninke. Education: Years compulsory six.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 1     1-20 of 97    1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20