81. MSN Encarta - Civil Law more Encarta Search. Search Encarta about civil law The codes of civil law and court procedures vary widely, but in general they are distinguished http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565815/Civil_Law.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Search ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Administrative Law American Law Institute more... Encarta Search Search Encarta about Civil Law Advertisement Civil Law Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 1 item Article Outline Introduction Historical Development Geographical Expansion Comparison of Civil Law and Common Law I Introduction Print Preview of Section Civil Law , term applied to the body of private law used in those countries in which the legal system is based on ancient Roman law as modified by medieval and modern influences. Civil law is used in most nations in Europe and Latin America, as well as in some countries in Asia and Africa. The law of the United States, Canada, and a number of other nations is based on English common law , which differs from civil law in origin and other important respects. In the United Kingdom, the term “civil law” is used to distinguish that part of the legal system which deals with disputes between individuals (such as property disputes, divorce, or personal injury claims) from the criminal legal system.

82. MSN Encarta - Search View - Civil Law The codes of civil law and court procedures vary widely, but in general they are distinguished from common law in several significant ways. http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761565815__1/Civil_Law.html

Search View Civil Law Article View To find a specific word, name, or topic in this article, select the option in your Web browser for finding within the page. In Internet Explorer, this option is under the Edit menu. The search seeks the exact word or phrase that you type, so if you don’t find your choice, try searching for a keyword in your topic or recheck the spelling of a word or name. Civil Law I. Introduction Civil Law , term applied to the body of private law used in those countries in which the legal system is based on ancient Roman law as modified by medieval and modern influences. Civil law is used in most nations in Europe and Latin America, as well as in some countries in Asia and Africa. The law of the United States, Canada, and a number of other nations is based on English common law, which differs from civil law in origin and other important respects. In the United Kingdom, the term “civil law” is used to distinguish that part of the legal system which deals with disputes between individuals (such as property disputes, divorce, or personal injury claims) from the criminal legal system. II.

83. THE CASE AGAINST CIVIL EX POST FACTO LAWS The Court in Calder did not argue that civil ex post facto laws need not be The massachusetts Constitution, for instance, refers to laws made to punish http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj15n2-3-4.html

Vol. 15 No. 2-3 THE CASE AGAINST CIVIL EX POST FACTO LAWS Steve Selinger A ccording to Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution, "no State shall pass any ex post facto Law.'' A similar provision that applies to Congress is found in Section 9 of the same article. At first glance these constitutional prohibitions seem simple enoughretroactive laws violate the Constitution. Unfortunately, the issue is not so simple. With one ruling in 1798, the Supreme Court succeeded in muddling the issue of ex post facto laws by holding that the prohibition of retroactive laws applies only to criminal, not civil, laws. In The Constitution of Liberty From a policy standpoint, as Hayek's analysis indicates, ex post facto laws are riddled with problems. Unfair and unpredictable, ex post facto or retroactive laws mar the American legal system and create an abundance of problems.[1] This article examines the origins of the constitutional interpretation of ex post facto laws, reviews sources favoring the prohibition of ex post facto civil laws, considers the damaging impact of retroactive laws on property rights, and proposes a solution to the debate over retroactive laws in which ex post facto civil as well as criminal laws would be constitutionally prohibited unless just compensation is provided for unfair retroactivity. Given that the clear constitutional ban on ex post facto laws does not distinguish between criminal and civil laws and given our own intuitions about fairness in the legal system, the prohibition on ex post facto laws should be extended to civil laws in order to prevent unfair and capricious changes in the law.

84. Jeopardizing Children's Lives Serious Ambiguities in Laws Confuse and Undermine Parental Duty to Care Religious exemptions, even in the civil code, can mislead parents into thinking http://www.masskids.org/jcl/jcl_3.html

July 1994 III. Civil Exemptions Undermine Parental Legal Responsibility Despite Denials by HHS, Civil Exemptions Do Undermine Parental Legal Responsibility to Provide Care Common Law Does Not Effectively Restore Parental Duty When the Duty is Confused or Negated by Exemptions The cornerstone of present HHS policy on the exemptions is to allow states to exempt parents from neglect charges - thereby apparently absolving parents from responsibility for providing medical care. HHS, however, has alternatively argued that civil exemptions do not really negate such responsibility (in the absence of specific criminal statutes) since the common law provides for a duty to care. However, common law in the absence of a specific statute, provides no enforcement capability, so parents will have no incentive to carry out a common law duty when a specific statute appears to absolve them of the specific duty. Serious Ambiguities in Laws Confuse and Undermine Parental Duty to Care Civil religious exemptions are a maze of legal ambiguities, open to opposite interpretations. Either the parent must rely on spiritual healing no matter what the circumstances, or only in limited, non-serious circumstances.

85. United States Rules Of Civil Procedure. Process Serving Laws. Therefore, the laws regarding civil process in your state may change from time to time. massachusetts Rules Michigan Rules Minnesota Rules http://www.serve-now.com/resources/process-serving-laws/

Laws Courts Free Forms Glossary ... Home United States Process Serving Laws Are you a Process Server? Process Server Quick Search Enter the City, State or Zip Code below, then click 'Find!'. City or County State Zip AK AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY -or- International: Canada United States Rules of Civil Procedure Please click on the state links below for information on Rules of Civil Procedure and Process Serving Laws in your state. NOTICE: At ServeNow.com we try to keep this information current. Please keep in mind, however, that process server and investigative associations are active in keeping legislation supportive of the process serving profession. Therefore, the laws regarding civil process in your state may change from time to time. You should visit your states Judicial Branch web site for the most up to date rules. Alabama Rules Alaska Rules Arizona Rules Arkansas Rules ... Site Map var DID=12500;

86. RADIO CODES & SIGNALS - MASSACHUSETTS Radio codes Signals massachusetts. Email us your Radio codes Signals or Fleet code / Talk Group Updates Scanner Frequencies codes http://www.bearcat1.com/radioma.htm

Subscribe to National Communications Magazine America's #1 Scanning/CB/Two-Way Magazine Look radio codes and signals used by any number of agencies within a state. Download any file through your browser's file save button. Send files to friends. Submit new information to share. National Communications Magazine . Remember the site is free for you to use, but then there is really nothing that is free of charge. The magazine supports the web site, so please consider supporting the magazine with a subscription. With an annual subscription of $21.00 you will also receive access to our on-line 4 Million frequency searchable databases. We also have a site dedicated to Trunked Frequencies which is also available to you at no charge. You can look up frequencies by city/state You can look up frequencies by frequency/state You can print up the list of frequencies You can email a search to yourself to use in Excel or Scancat System Photos System Photos Return Back

87. Employment Rights Civil Rights Attorney Robert LeRoux Hernandez In addition the massachusetts Constitution (Article 114 of the Modeling it after Title VI of the civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress intended Section http://www.civiljustice.com/disab.htm

88. Federal Laws, Case Law And The U.S. Constitution - Safe Schools Coalition GLBT civil Human Rights in Brief in Schools Families Federal (US) law assures GayStraight Alliances the same privileges afforded the chess club and http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org/lawpolicy-fed-case-constitution.html

home site map 7/18/03 ~ this is also available as a pdf formatted handout here states prohibit employment discrimination based on sexual orientation ( include gender identity) states (plus D.C.) prohibit hate crimes based on sexual orientation ( ... Just 1 state – Massachusetts offers children the security of their same-sex parents being allowed to marry (1) 14 states prohibit employment discrimination based on sexual orientation (4 include gender identity) a) Four states (Minnesota, Rhode Island, New Mexico and California) ban discrimination based on both sexual orientation and gender identity. b) Ten others (Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Hawaii, New Jersey, Vermont, New Hampshire, Nevada, Maryland and New York) ban just sexual-orientation-based discrimination. according to the web site of the National Lesbian and Gay Task Force, 11/04 back to top of page (2) 29 states (plus D.C.) prohibit hate crimes based on sexual orientation (7 plus D.C. include gender identity, too) a) Seven states plus Washington, D.C.

89. Identity Theft Resource Center | A Nonprofit Organization CALIFORNIA LAWS on identity theft Additional laws can be found at the website SB 930 Hughes 1999 session, civil code 1747.9 Only the last 5 of an http://www.idtheftcenter.org/statefedlaws.shtml

Home About the ITRC Victim Resources Consumer Resources ... Reference Library CURRENT LAWS This section covers: Federal Laws including the new FACTA laws as they become effective Specific State Laws California Laws FEDERAL LAWS: ... http://www.consumer.gov/idtheft/federallaws.html for a complete listing of All the basic state laws that make identity theft a crime Federal laws including the Fair Credit Reporting Act, FACTA And the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act In November 2003, Congress passed amendments to the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). It will take up to 18 months for all the changes to become fully effective. As information becomes known, this page will help you understand some new rights you have under the federal law. We recommend looking everything over once but have also made this user friendly for ease in reading. Free Annual Credit Reports: Basically starting in December 2004, consumers will be able to start to order a free credit report from each of the credit reporting agencies every 12 months. In order to avoid a massive amount of calls, states have been divided into regions and your official start date depends on where you live. Click here for details Access to Application and Transaction Records from Fraudulent Accounts in Your Name: The Cantwell-Enzi Amendment (effective date June 2, 2004) allows each consumer access to business records free of charge, provided that you send the credit issuer, financial institution or utility company a copy of a police report and a sworn affidavit that you are a victim of identity theft. There is no law that requires this form to be notarized. It should be witnessed by two unrelated individuals before mailing.

90. Resource Center - Dog Guide Access Laws - The Seeing Eye, Inc. Dog Guide Access Laws section header graphic. Print friendly version Alaska Statutes of 1988; code of civil Procedure Sections 09.65.150 and 11.76.130 http://www.seeingeye.org/ResourceCenter.asp?sc=dg

91. Vietnam Civil Code Policy Drops Transgender Rights Queer Day Laws lawyer says Burns is only doing it for publicity. Vietnam Vietnam s revised civil code draft doesn t include the recognition of the right to have http://www.queerday.com/2005/may/09/vietnam_civil_code_policy_drops_transgender_

92. Society On Podium: Chronology Of Events Regarding Women In Iran Since The Revolu Family matters become the central focus of laws on women. According to article 1075 of the civil code, temporary marriage, siqeh, can last for a http://www.iranchamber.com/podium/society/001009_chronology_events_women_iran.ph

Home History Iran's Guide Podium Chronology of Events Regarding Women in Iran since the Revolution of 1979 By: Elham Gheytanchi, February 11, 1979 Ayatollah Khomeini and his followers take power after a revolution. February 26, 1979 Khomeini announces that the Family Protection Law (1967) is abrogated. March 3, 1979 Khomeini announces that women cannot be judges. March 6, 1979 Khomeini announces that women are to wear hejab in the workplace. (Hejab is Islamic modest dress which in Iranian context, at least in the early period of the revolution, refers to a scarf and long dress that covers women's whole body). March 8, 1979 A celebration planned by groups for International Women's Day is turned into a protest against Khomeini's announcement about the veiling of women and banning of the Family Protection Law. Thousands of women gather in the streets of Tehran asking prime minister Bazargan to hear their plea. This is the first time when Islamic forces, calling themselves Hezbollah (Party of God), attack demonstrations. March 29, 1979

93. Healing Iraq We hoped for more reforms on the existing judiciary code in order for women to obtain additional Sharia to replace civil marriage and inheritance laws http://healingiraq.blogspot.com/archives/2004_01_01_healingiraq_archive.html

Healing Iraq "It is useless to attempt to reason a man out of what he was never reasoned into." Jonathan Swift Daily news and comments on the situation in post Saddam Iraq by an Iraqi dentist Saturday, January 31, 2004 Slate story on Zaydun Thanks to everyone who pointed out this story to me. Wendell Steavenson, a former reporter for Time magazine, has been in Samarra interviewing Zaydun's family, his cousin Marwan, an Iraqi ICDC lieutenant, as well as the American Colonel in command of the US force in Samarra. Here is the story. UPDATE: I can't stress how disgusted and dissapointed I am with the people who are still in denial: "Oh no our soldiers are good and educated, they would never do that!" "Our soldiers would have no motive to lie". "I would never trust a former Republican guard officer". "I can't give judgement until the investigation is over". Well people, picture this. Suppose I had published a similar account of Iraqi Fedayeen pushing two American soldiers in a river, drowning one of them in the process. Would you have reacted in the same manner? Would all you armchair analysts say "Oh no, lets not rush to conclusions. We should wait for the investigation results"? Would you all suddenly be so 'open minded'? No, you would be jumping all over it crying and condemning the 'murderous' Fedayeen.

94. Welcome To The National Employment Lawyers Association Of Illinois At age 50, Roberts could influence federal law for many years to come. civil Rights Tax Relief Act National Employment lawyers Association/Illinois http://www.nela-illinois.org/

User ID Password Existing Members: If you haven't yet activated your account, please do so here Click Here for Help with Login Problems Seventh Circuit Reverses Summary Judgment in Title VII Retaliation Case Chicago:(7/20/05): On July 20th, the Seventh Circuit reversed a finding in favor of the employer on summary judgment in a retaliation case under Title VII, where the plaintiff had a favorable evaluation but was terminated shortly after she complained of gender discriminination. The court found that her supervisor complained about her attitude only after she made the gender discrimination complaints, and noted that she was fired only three days after threatening to file a gender based discrimination charge. She also failed to mention anything about the plaintiff's attitude at her deposition. To see the actual decision, click on "more" below. more Seventh Circuit Reverses Summary Judgment in Favor of the Employer in FMLA Case Chicago: (7/19/05): On July 19th, the Seventh Circuit reversed a finding of summary judgment in favor of the employer in a Family Medical Leave Act case where the employer required the returning employee to submit to an examination by a doctor chosen by the company before it would allow the plaintiff to return. The court held that the FMLA permits an employee to return to work based on a report issued by the employee's treating doctor and if the doctor says they can return to work, the employer must accept the employee back. For more details, click on "more" below.

95. Temple Israel Boston - Beit Tefillah Rabbi Friedman Same Sex civil Marriage in MA (1/23/04) That statute protects marriage under federal law as a union of a man and a woman, and declares http://www.tisrael.org/worship/index.php?page=1190

96. LawPDA: Carry The Rules, Not The Books! With this unique tool you can access your law library in seconds while at Get the 29 California Codes for 2005 and the State Constitution and save 50% ! http://www.lawpda.com/

Home News Support Cart 15% OFF ALL NEW YORK TITLES! Enter the code " NY " into the New York Promotional Code text field and you will receive 15% off each product! Offer valid through Friday, September 30 Mobipocket and MS Reader formats not included. Browse Titles By jurisdiction Federal California Florida Illinois ... Law Related Bundles and Specials Bundles Federal Rules Bundle California Civil Practice Bundle Specials Enter the code " NY " into the New York Promotional Code text field and you will receive 15% off each product! Offer valid through September 30, 2005. Testimonials What our costumers are saying.. Reviews Bundles and Specials Welcome to LawPDA LawPDA eBooks are digital editions of the law that are extensively indexed, hyper-linked and full of features for instant access to any rule or term. With this unique tool you can access your law library in seconds while at the office, the courthouse, at home or on-the-go, instead of lugging bulky paper volumes with you.

97. M.G.L. - Part 4 - Table Of Contents GENERAL LAWS OF massachusetts. PART IV. CRIMES, PUNISHMENTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN CRIMINAL CASES. TITLE I. CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS. CHAPTER 263. http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/gl-pt4-toc.htm

GENERAL LAWS OF MASSACHUSETTS PART IV. CRIMES, PUNISHMENTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN CRIMINAL CASES. TITLE I. CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS. CHAPTER 263. RIGHTS OF PERSONS ACCUSED OF CRIME. CHAPTER 264. CRIMES AGAINST GOVERNMENTS. CHAPTER 265. CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON. CHAPTER 266. CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY. CHAPTER 267. FORGERY AND CRIMES AGAINST THE CURRENCY. CHAPTER 268. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC JUSTICE. CHAPTER 268A. CONDUCT OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES. CHAPTER 268B. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE BY CERTAIN PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES. CHAPTER 269. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC PEACE. CHAPTER 270. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC HEALTH. CHAPTER 271. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. CHAPTER 272. CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY, MORALITY, DECENCY AND GOOD ORDER. CHAPTER 273. DESERTION, NON-SUPPORT AND ILLEGITIMACY. CHAPTER 273A. UNIFORM RECIPROCAL ENFORCEMENT OF SUPPORT. CHAPTER 274. FELONIES, ACCESSORIES AND ATTEMPTS TO COMMIT CRIMES. TITLE II. PROCEEDINGS IN CRIMINAL CASES. CHAPTER 275. PROCEEDINGS TO PREVENT CRIMES. CHAPTER 276. SEARCH WARRANTS, REWARDS, FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE, ARREST, EXAMINATION, COMMITMENT AND BAIL. PROBATION OFFICERS AND BOARD OF PROBATION. CHAPTER 276A.

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