41. CIA - The World Factbook 2002 -- Field Listing - Ethnic Groups tribes Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic Venezuela,Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people. http://www.123plaza.com/factbook/fields/2075.html

Field Listing - Ethnic groups Home Reference Maps Appendixes This entry provides a rank ordering of ethnic groups starting with the largest and normally includes the percent of total population. Country Ethnic groups (%) Afghanistan Pashtun 44%, Tajik 25%, Hazara 10%, minor ethnic groups (Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) 13%, Uzbek 8% Albania Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Gypsy, Serb, and Bulgarian) (1989 est.) note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from 1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization) Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% American Samoa Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%, other 5% Andorra Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998) Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Anguilla black (predominant), mulatto, white Antigua and Barbuda black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian

42. Guide To Country Profiles The World Factbook Home tribes Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic VenezuelaSpanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people. http://fackbook2001.ultimate-resources.com/ethnic_groups.html

43. Weapons In Context: Extract One can point to other examples, such as that of the Azande and mangbetu of By contrast, many central African peoples believe that except on a few http://sapir.ukc.ac.uk/PRM/prmroot/shieweap/weaobj2.html

Weapons in context Extract from Spring's African Weapons Weapons and Society Weapons and Warfare History and the 'Ethnographic Present' Earth and Fire: Iron Technology and the Blacksmith ... Main 'thinking about objects' page Introduction (pp 9-19; references given by Spring are fully cited in the bibliography This book is primarily intended as a celebration of African artistry and ingenuity. It also attempts to show the way in which arms and armour are incorporated into the complex material systems which express the structure of non-industrialised societies. The book takes as its subject a particular category of artefact which may not conform to Western preconceptions of what constitutes African art, but this should not be allowed to detract from our appreciation. Furthermore, the creativity which has gone into the production of African arms and armour must not be obscured by the fact that these artefacts are often used in a context which attests to man's most negative and destructive cultural proclivity. At the risk of playing devil's advocate, I believe that to underrate the significance of these artefacts within the societies which produced them would be to overlook a whole range of human endeavour and activity. Weapons and Society It is difficult both to detect and to analyse the concept of aesthetic appreciation in societies which do not appear to have a perception of 'art' as we in the West understand it. However, there is some evidence to suggest that there is a considerable difference between the type of object which might be considered of aesthetic significance in an African as opposed to a Western context. As Vaughan (1973) has pointed out, the Marghi of Northern Nigeria 'do not consider rock paintings or calabash decorations fitting topics for artistic activity, while they do view weapons as products which are worthy of an aesthetic appreciation'.

44. Center For African Studies | University Of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign Presents a sampling of the people of africa today teachers and students, Interviews and dialogues describe different aspects of indigenous lifestyles http://www.afrst.uiuc.edu/Library/libvideos1.htm

african@uiuc.edu AFRICA-RELATED VIDEOS AND FILMS AT UIUC DECEMBER 2003 Unless otherwise noted, videos are in the Undergraduate Library Media Center. Subject Index Catalog 1- 6000 a Day: An Account of a Catastrophe Foretold Brooklyn, NY, 55 minutes First Run/Icarus Films, 2001 Not cataloged, December 2003 How the failure of key individuals, prominent NGO's, and governments to act allowed a catastrophe to fester a catastrophe that undoubtedly could have been avoided. Since it appeared 20 years ago, AIDS has left a trail of destruction behind it. This film answers the question "Why did the world wait so long to react?" and dissects the key moments in the global response to the epidemic.... (English subtitles provided for narration in French.) About the United Nations see Africa Recovery Al abwab al moghlaka see The Closed Doors 2- Adieu Bonaparte 109 minutes VIDREC 791.4372 Ad45

45. Subsaharanlist SubSaharan Designs Crafts of the African Potter and Smith. Exhibtion List mangbetu peoples, Democratic Republic of Congo Late 19th-early 20th century http://www.hurstgallery.com/exhibit/past/sub-saharan/subsaharanlist.html

Hurst Gallery exhibit archives... After browsing, close this window to return to the Hurst Gallery web site which should currently be open in an earlier window. Sub-Saharan Designs: Crafts of the African Potter and Smith: Exhibtion List Pottery 1. ST-061899-01 Head Bura-Asinda-Sikka, Burkina Faso 3rd-11th century A.D. Terra cotta H: 5.5 in., W: 4 in. The heads of the Bura-Asinda-Sikka are usually completely flat, are distinguished by great simplicity and in most cases are decorated with logitudinal bulges in relief (Schaedler, 1997). 2. ST-061899-02 Head Bura-Asinda-Sikka, Burkina Faso 3rd-11th century A.D. Terra cotta H: 5.5 in., W: 4 in. 3. ST-061899-03 Head Bura-Asinda-Sikka, Burkina Faso 3rd-11th century A.D. Terra cotta W: 3 in. 4. ST-061899-04 Head Nok, Nigeria 500 B.C.-200 A.D. Terra cotta 500 B.C.-200 A.D L: 4 in., W: 3 in.

46. The Journal Of Design Research Testing the design potential of the Cornrow Curves and mangbetu Software programs6. African Fractals Modern Computing and indigenous Design. http://jdr.tudelft.nl/articles/issue2003.02/Art1.html

CONTENTS Towards an Autochthonic Black Aesthetic for Graphic Design Pedagogy Audrey Bennett Department of Language, Literature, and Communication Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute New York USA Email: bennett@rpi.edu Introduction Is math a source for the long sought after black aesthetic in graphic design? A synopsis of the math in African and African-American culture ... Notes Introduction graphic designers , that uses the language of rhetorical graphics? In response to this question, this paper proposes that the long sought after black aesthetic in American design is already rooted in the mathematics of graphic design. That is, with the emergence of Eglash’s discovery of fractal geometry in African settlement architecture, art, cornrows, and other indigenous cultural artifacts (1999) and the emergence of ethnomathematics and cultural design as schools of thought, an untapped opportunity has surfaced to pave a historical path from African art and design history to a cultural aesthetic for present African-American graphic designers. The collective development of a consistent African-American cultural aesthetic in graphic design would: Increase the confidence of African-American graphic design students, and

47. African Arts: In And Out Of Focus: Images From Central Africa, 1885-1960 African People Through the Eyes of Western Photographers and Official The section Kuba, Tutsi, and mangbetu documented an extended history of http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0438/is_1_37/ai_n6260668

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles African Arts Spring 2004 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Related Searches Art and photography / Exhibitions Photography of art / Exhibitions Art museums / Exhibitions Congo (Kinshasa) / Exhibitions Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports In and Out of Focus: Images from Central Africa, 1885-1960 African Arts Spring, 2004 by Amanda Carlson Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. In and Out of Focus Images from Central Africa, 1885-1960 National Museum of African Art Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. December 6, 2002-March 16, 2003 "In and Out of Focus" reminded us that photography simultaneously brings us both closer to and further from reality. While many exhibitions use photographs as uncontested "documents," "In and Out of Focus" looked at photographs in their own right, as objects originating within specific historical, political, and cultural contexts. It presented one of photography's most complicated stories, Central Africa during the colonial era. The exhibition highlighted collections at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African Art and the NMAfA's Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, with additional photographs from several private collections in Belgium. It was curated by Christraud Geary, a pioneer in the field of African photography.

48. MSN Encarta - Print Preview - African Art And Architecture For example, the Chokwe people of Angola, in central africa, created very indigenous african religions have had a greater influence on art objects than http://encarta.msn.com/text_761574805___27/African_Art_and_Architecture.html

Print Print Preview African Art and Architecture Article View On the File menu, click Print to print the information. African Art and Architecture V. Regional Differences Africa is the second largest continent (after Asia) and comprises more than 50 independent countries. The continent is home to more than 1,000 ethnic groups with as many different languages ( see African Languages). Differences in geography, politics, religion, and economics have shaped its numerous artistic traditions. Western and central Africa seem to have had stronger artistic traditions than the rest of the continent to the east and south. Good conditions for cultivating crops, a settled rather than nomadic population, and the existence of large kingdoms and city-states may have strengthened the impetus to create in this region. However, African societies that were not primarily agricultural also produced rich artistic and architectural traditions. Ways of life change, and scholars can sometimes trace changes in a society through its works of art. For example, the Chokwe people of Angola, in central Africa, created very dignified wooden statues of Chibinda Ilunga, a legendary hero who introduced a new hunting technique to them in the 1600s. The Chokwe are now farmers, but the honor accorded this figure in their art indicates that hunting must once have been central to their survival. Vigorous artistic traditions developed in many towns and city-states of western Africa, where trade was the driving economic force. Yet the presence of trade in parts of eastern and southern Africa did not produce artistic traditions of comparable importance.

49. MSN Encarta - Search View - African Art And Architecture In western africa, the Yoruba people of Nigeria and Benin use a decorated indigenous african religions have had a greater influence on art objects than http://encarta.msn.com/text_761574805__1/African_Art_and_Architecture.html

Search View African Art and Architecture Article View To find a specific word, name, or topic in this article, select the option in your Web browser for finding within the page. In Internet Explorer, this option is under the Edit menu. The search seeks the exact word or phrase that you type, so if you don’t find your choice, try searching for a key word in your topic or recheck the spelling of a word or name. African Art and Architecture I. Introduction African Art and Architecture , works of art and architecture created on the African continent south of the Sahara. The immense Sahara acts as a natural barrier, separating African cultures to the north from those to the south. Although there has always been some intermingling of peoples on the two sides of the Sahara, differences in history and culture are pronounced. This article primarily discusses the art created south of the Sahara, a region known as sub-Saharan Africa. For information on the art of northern Africa, see Islamic Art and Architecture; Egyptian Art and Architecture; and Coptic Art and Architecture. The history of African art and architecture spans a vast period, beginning as early as 25,500

50. Dictionary - Ethnic Groups - Aboriginal all Bantu), and the mangbetuAzande (Hamitic Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab,German, African, indigenous people. African, Zambia, African 98.7%, European 1.1 http://exxun.com/enpp/dy_ethnic_groups_1.html

exxun.com america europe africa ... world Evolving xxlarge UNion - thousands of windows on the world - constantly updated Home Countries Flags Maps ... Notes and Definitions Ethnic groups Dictionary A B C D ... Z Translation word Country Ethnic groups aboriginal Australia Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1% aborigine Taiwan Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine Acholi Uganda ... Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi 6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro 3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2 ... adherent Bosnia and Herzegovina ... 48%, Croat 14.3%, other 0.6% (2000) note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam Adja Benin African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja , Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500 admixture Fiji Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture ), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.) admixtures Palau Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures ) 69.9%, Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%, other or unspecified 3.2% (2000 census)

51. Archaeolink.com Archaeology, Anthropology, Social Studies, General Knowledge indigenous Studies by region. africa. africa, african Anthropology GeneralResources Asian indigenous and Tribal People - General Resources http://archaeolink.com/

The Amazing This place is designed to provide students and others interested in the fields of archaeology, anthropology, and ancient civilizations a one stop resource for homework help or other projects. While that is still the main theme of the site, it is now expanding into other realms and disciplines ranging from gardening to astronomy and much more. You will find numerous resources (currently over fifteen thousand and climbing ) divided by topic. best viewed with 600 x 800 resolution. Web archaeolink.com For your convenience, you may explore each section from its own index, found immediately below - - Or, to explore the whole website from one place, just scroll on down this page ( site map ) picking and choosing what you like. Archaeology Pages Index - General archaeological information plus archaeology by region era, and specialty plus much more. Anthropology Pages Index - General anthropology information; cultural, linguistic, early man, cyberanthropology; plus indigenous peoples; by tribe and region; peoples of Africa, Asia, South America, religious anthropology and more.

52. International2 The slave trade, including enslavement of American and Pacific peoples. Erasures ofgenocide and resistance. indigenous sovereignty movements. http://www.suppressedhistories.net/catalog/intl2.html

more international presentations RACISM, HISTORY AND LIES "Oh, what a disgrace if a race so despised, so entirely the slave of demons, should thus conquer omnipotent God's elect people." Pope Urban II, calling for the First Crusade Eurocentric texts present myths of racial supremacy / inferiority as historical fact. This slide talk surveys the ways that indigenous histories have been omitted or distorted, and Eurocentric chronology ( whose "Antiquity"?) and geography ("Old World, New World"). It looks at attempts to de-Africanize ancient Egyptians and to ignore Saharan civilization, and examines the ongoing overthrow of the Bering Strait doctrine and other colonial models of history. A survey of Black South Asia is included. The origins of European racism and anti-Semitism are discussed in the context of crusader invasions, blood libel pogroms, inquisitions and burnings driven by diabolist ideology. [For more see Articles THE EUROPEAN CONQUEST "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be expected." -Governor of California, 1851

53. Pulse Of The Planet @ Nationalgeographic.com When it s courtship time among the Wodaabe people of africa, it s the men who mangbetu women are forbidden to use musical instruments, so they bend the http://pulseplanet.nationalgeographic.com/ax/archives_culture_subcat.cfm?subcate

54. Africa Studies Videos In The Harvard Libraries The acquisition of African Studies videos is expensive and labor intensive, Loeb Music Video 11037 Spirits of Defiance the mangbetu People of Zaïre. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~cafrica/videos.shtml

African Studies Videos in the Harvard Libraries The acquisition of African Studies videos is expensive and labor intensive, but they represent an invaluable resource for teaching and research on Africa. At Harvard the main collection of these videos is located in Widener Library, but there are also smaller collections in the Harvard Libraries listed below. The most accurate way to determine the status of an individual African Studies video is to do a search through the HOLLIS catalogue of all Harvard Library holdings at http://lib.harvard.edu Harvard's Libraries serve the University's current faculty, students, staff, and researchers who hold valid Harvard IDs. Since policies on admittance and borrowing, hours, and services vary for each of them, it is best to contact them directly for details. African Studies Videos in Widener Library Main collection) African Studies Videos in the Undergraduate Libraries Hilles Library Lamont Library African Studies Videos in the Specialized Libraries ... Home African Studies Videos in Widener Library Widener's African videos must be requested at least several days in advance so they can be shipped to the Circulation Desk. This can be done in person at the Widener Circulation Desk or by computer using "HOLLIS."

55. UW-M News Notes No. 41- Winter 93 a collection of art from the mangbetu people, at the Elvehjem from September 4, UW/NonUW Study in africa! The Office of International Studies http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Newsletters/UW_41.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER Michael G. Schatzberg, Political Science, coordinated the African Studies Program annual symposium titled "The Past as Prologue: Historical and Cultural Roots of Contemporary Zaire" on October 2, 1993. The symposium was held in conjunction with the Elvehjem Museum of Art exhibit African Reflections: Art from Northeastern Zaire, which was on display through January 4, 1994. "Segments of the state structure remain in place, but basic public services have been disastrously affected." "In Search of Zaire: The Shattered Illusion of the Integral State" was the theme of M.Crawford Young's lecture. Young stated that, for the past century, Zaire has experienced persistent efforts to construct a leviathan state invested with the mission of transforming society according to an image of its rulers. Young characterized the developments within the concept of the "integral state" - a state which seeks to achieve unrestricted domination over civil society. Three versions of the integral state in the history of Zaire include the colonial state at the peak of its power from the 1920s to 1950s, the vision of the forces of Patrice Lumumba who served as Prime Minister for a brief period in 1960, and the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko since 1965. Young suggested that the undertaking of an "integral state" has proven to be a flawed notion from the outset, strongly reinforced by collapse of regimes in Eastern Europe whose structures bear a strong resemblance. He posited that a reinvented Zaire will be grounded in a relationship between state and civil society that is profoundly different from that imposed by the integral state.

56. Zaire - A Country Study way rather than by conquest (as with the Zande and mangbetu) that Alur The KongoPeoples; The Significance of Ethnic Identification; indigenous SOCIAL SYSTEMS; http://countries4.tripod.com/cZaire1.htm

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod Star Wars Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next Zaire - A Country Study Risk Management Convertible Bonds Technical Analysis Stock Charting ... Millionare Index Page Table A. Chronology of Important Events Table B. City Name Changes, 1966-72 Country Profile GEOGRAPHY ... lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0027) Figure 4. Provinces at Independence, 1960 In the welter of political formations that appeared after the Belgian declaration of January 13, 1959, at least one partÍÍÍÍy stood as the standard-bearer of pan-territorial nationalist aspirations: the Congolese National Movement (Mouvement National Congolais MNC). Technically, the MNC was formed in August 1956. Its declared objective was to "pursue the political emancipation of the Congo," while fostering among its members "a consciousness of their national unity and responsibilities." Although the party never disavowed its commitment to national unity, not until the arrival of Patrice Lumumba in Léopoldville in 1958 did it enter its militant phase. There can be little doubt that the MNC owed a great deal of its success to Lumumba's charisma, to his uncanny ability to galvanize crowds, never more impressive than when venting the collective grievances of his followers against Belgian colonialism. His undeniable talent as a political organizer and an activist, coupled with his passionate commitment to the idea of a united Congo perhaps reflective of his Tetela origins, the Tetela being a relatively small group located in Kasaiwere critical factors as well behind the rapid extension of the MNC in at least four of the Belgian Congo's six provinces (see

57. African Languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 than half a million speakers each, but many others are spoken by relativelyfew people. Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages. http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africanlng.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. African languages geographic rather than linguistic classification of languages spoken on the African continent. Historically the term refers to the languages of sub-Saharan Africa, which do not belong to a single family, but are divided among several distinct linguistic stocks. It is estimated that more than 800 languages are spoken in Africa; however, they belong to comparatively few language families. Some 50 African languages have more than half a million speakers each, but many others are spoken by relatively few people. Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages. There are usually two or three tones (based on pitch levels rather than the rising and falling in inflections of Chinese tones) used to indicate semantic or grammatical distinction.

58. African Art. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 Among the mangbetu people of Gabon, the decorative motifs on stringed musical In the latter part of the 20th cent., African art has come to be http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africana.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. African art art created by the peoples south of the Sahara.

59. AllRefer.com - Zaire - Non-Bantu-Speakers Of The Northern Savannas And Forest Fr The mangbetu and the Mamvu are the most important of these groups. The indigenouspeople came to think of Alur chiefs as capable of putting a stop to http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/zaire/zaire59.html

You are here allRefer Reference Zaire History ... Zaire Zaire Non-Bantu-Speakers of the Northern Savannas and Forest Fringe Figure 9. Distribution of Principal Ethnic Groups Source: Based on information from Jan Vansina, Introduction a l'ethnographie du Congo , Kinshasa, 1966. Northwestern and north-central Zaire, more specifically the subregions of Ubangi and Mongala in Équateur Region, have been occupied by speakers of the eastern section of the Adamawa-Eastern language family since their arrival in the seventeenth or eighteenth century (see fig. 9 ). They are classed into three major ethnic groups, namely the Ngbandi, the Ngbaka, and the Bandaspeaking groups (of which the Mbanja are the most important). Conflicts and migrations have dispersed these groups to some degree; the Mbanja in particular do not occupy a contiguous territory. Northeastern Zaire, specifically in the subregion of Bas-Uele and the northern portions of Haut-Ueleboth in Haut-Zaïreis peopled by a heterogeneous group called the Zande, also speakers of the eastern section of the Adamawa-Eastern language family. The Zande are sometimes divided into two sections: to the east, the Vungara and to the west, the Bandiya. Each section has taken its name from the clan providing the ruling house in the areas included in it. The Vungara are the larger of the two, and the following sketch has been based on data from them. The Zande emerged as a people in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when groups of hunters, probably divided into an aristocracy called the Vungara and commoners called the Mbomu, penetrated the area and subjugated the Bantu-speaking and AdamawaEastern -speaking peoples they found there. The dynamic of the conquest was influenced by the rules of succession to the monarchy among the Vungara. A man took his father's throne only when he had vanquished those of his brothers who chose to compete for it. One or more of the losing brothers, a prince or princes without land or people, then undertook to find and rule a previously unconquered people. This process continued through the nineteenth century until a large area and a wide assortment of peoples had been dominated by the Zande Vungara. The outcome was a rich mixture of the cultures of conqueror and conquered.

60. African Art: Information From Answers.com African art, art created by the peoples south of the Sahara. Among the Mangbetupeople of Gabon, the decorative motifs on stringed musical instruments, http://www.answers.com/topic/african-art

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Encyclopedia Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping African art Encyclopedia Source African art, art created by the peoples south of the Sahara. The predominant art forms are masks and figures, which were generally used in religious ceremonies. The decorative arts, especially in textiles and in the ornamentation of everyday tools, were a vital art in nearly all African cultures. The lack of archaeological excavations restricts knowledge of the antiquity of African art. As the value of these works was inseparable from their ritual use, no effort was made to preserve them as aesthetic accomplishments. Wood was one of the most frequently used materials—often embellished by clay, shells, beads, ivory, metal, feathers, and shredded raffia. The discussion in this article is limited to the works of the peoples of W and central Africa—the regions richest (because of the people's sedentary lifestyles) in indigenous art. Western Sudan and Guinea Coast In this region the style of woodcarving is abstract. Distortion is often used to emphasize features of spiritual significance. The figures of the Dogon tribe of central Mali stress the cylindrical shape of the torso. Some wooden carvings were made by an earlier people, the Tellem. Sculptures such as masks carved of soft wood are homes for the spirits and are discarded once they have been used in rituals. The Dogon have three distinctive styles of sculpture: masks incorporating recessed rectangles, ancestor sculptures carved in abstract geometric style used as architectural supports, and freestanding figures made in a cylindrical style. High-ranking Dogon families often had carved doors on their granaries.

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