81. Mambila Avatars And The Ancestor Cult - 1 So, to take a mambila example,most mambila are regular churchgoers and make Some people hold that this comprises the spirits of all the dead,others http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/dzanc_2.html

dzanc.html Section 1 Driving off the dead. Mambila avatars and the ancestor cult: Problems of history and interpretation are of far greater importancethan Christianity, despite the greater frequency and regularity ofChristian practice. The methodological challenge is to make explicitthe basis for this assessment, and with this we must confront someof the classic problems of hermeneutics. Returning to the problem of ancestors Fortes (1965:124) draws on Gluckman(1937) to distinguish between ancestor worship and 'mere'cults of the dead. "In many countries there is a cult of thedead which is not a cult of the ancestors, since no tendence is paidto a line of ancestors." (Gluckman 1937:129) According to theseanthropological avatars Mambila may be said to have no ancestors,but a cult of the dead. However, Gluckman also gives this definitionof an ancestral cult: "If an ancestral cult may be defined asthe belief in the continued interference of ancestral ghosts in theaffairs of their living kin and continual ritual behaviour by thelatter to the former." (125 ) This seems to imply that Mambilacould be held to have ancestors but no ancestor cult. Indeed, itmay be best to avoid the term ancestor and simply talk of the dead. However, this does not help with the problem of peripherality. Rather than discussing analytic definitions I wish to present theavailable evidence for Mambila ancestors and their attitude to thedead. Questions of definition may arise in the discussion of thisevidence.

82. Africa note Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in african language , african language south , african language translation http://www.ethiotrans.com/africa.htm

Africa Home About Africa Services Health Education Portfolio Get Quote ... Ruwanda County Flag Language Support Algeria Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects Yes Angola Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages Yes Benin French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north) Yes Botswana English (official), Setswana Yes Burkina Faso French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population Yes Burundi Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) Yes Cameroon 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) Yes Central African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), Arabic, Hunsa, Swahili Yes Chad French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects Yes Congo, Democratic Republic of the

83. Art/Auctions: African & Oceanic Art Auction At Sotheby's November 11, 2004 Lot 97 is a fine mambila helmut mask that has expressive volumetric features See The City Review article on the Fall 1999 African and Oceanic Art http://www.thecityreview.com/f04strib.html

African and Oceanic Art Sotheby's 10:15AM, November 11, 2004 (Lots 1-132) Sale 8029 Lot 22, "Flute-stopper Male Figure," New Guinea, Lower Sepik River, Yuat River, Biwat, 18 ½ inches high By Carter B. Horsley Once again Sotheby's has put its Pre-Columbian Art auction into the same catalogue as its African and Oceanic Art auction. See the separate article on the Pre-Columbian Art auction that occurs at 2PM November 11, 2004. This morning auction November 11, 2004 at Sotheby's of African and Oceanic Art is highlighted by a spectacular flute-stopper from New Guinea, a magnificent Yoruba Ram's Head Altarpiece, an impressive Benin bracelet, and a Kongo power figure. Oceanic Art Lot 22 is a magnificent flute-stopper in the form of a male figure with a fabulous feathered headdress from the Lower Sepik River, Yuat River, Biwat region of New Guinea. According to the catalogue entry for this lot, the Biwat carved "elaborate sacred flutes, haiyang, sometimes up to eight to ten feet in length." "Aggressively stanced figures such as this," it continued, "were inserted at the top of the flute when not it use. It was these flutes which the Biwat themselves considered their most important and sacred objects. Their social, ceremonial and religious significance was tremendous. Although several cults existed, these figures are often considered to be the children of the mother crocodile spirit, a powerful being that performed creative deeds in primeval times and let initiates be reborn by symbolically swallowing and throwing out the candidates."

84. Consulate General Of Nigeria Because of the great diversity of people and culture, It has a herd of forestelephants, the whitefaced monkey (indigenous to Nigeria only), buffalo, http://www.nigeria-consulate-ny.org/culture/m_culure_tourist.htm

Home Contact Staff Culture and Tourism Introduction Because of the great diversity of people and culture, Nigeria has distinguished herself over the centuries in the field of arts. Nigerian versatility in art is so great that it is generally felt that all African nations should view Nigeria as the principal trustee of the most durable fruits of black artistic genius. It is not precisely known when the first works of Nigerian art reached the outside world, but in 1897, following a British punitive expedition to Benin, over 2,000 Benin bronzes and ivories were shipped to England and later dispersed all over Europe and America. (Picture courtesy Ramat Publishing, Inc. ) The oldest sculptures found in Nigeria were from the Southern Zaria and Benue areas of central Nigeria. They consist of terracotta figures and figurines made by a people who achieved a high degree of cultural sophistication. These sculptures, together with other cultural elements, have been named the Nok Culture. Evidence shows the Nok people had knowledge of iron smelting and adorned themselves with tin and stone beads, earrings, noserings and bracelets. The Nok Culture is dated between 500 B.C. and 200 A.D. The next known phase of Nigerian cultural evolution was Igbo Ukwu bronze casting. Found in the small village of Igbo-Ukwu, near Awka, the casts date from the 9th Century A.D. They first came to light in 1938 and consist of staff heads, crowns, breastplates, pendants

85. Subject Research Guides: African Studies: Selected Internet Resources (Rutgers U African Studies Internet Resources (Columbia University Libraries) with aninterest on the mambila people of the NigeriaCameroon borderland. http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/rr_gateway/research_guides/africana/interne

@import url(/rul/includes/04rul-style2.css); NOT LOGGED IN ASK A LIBRARIAN SEARCH WEBSITE SITE INDEX ... ALUMNI LIBRARY Lourdes Vazquez lvazquez@rci.rutgers.edu January 25, 2005 Research Resources: Subject Research Guides: African Studies: Selected Internet Resources Libraries and Research Institutions Periodicals Reference Sources Organizations ... Current Events and Newspapers Libraries and Research Institutions An A-Z African Studies in the Internet This guide encompasses Internet sites, discussion lists and any other e-resources of relevance to Africa or African studies Africa Project (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Overview of a project centered on improving and encouraging scientific research in Africa. Includes online publications and links to Web sites for African universities and scientific societies. Africa Research Central Gateway to archives, libraries, and museums with important collections of African primary sources. The focus is on repositories in Africa, but there are also links to the web sites of institutions in Europe and North America. Africa South of the Sahara (Stanford University) A large collection of selected Internet resources, organized by country, region, and topic.

86. Joshua Project - People Clusters mambila, Nigeria, 121000, 1, 0, 0.0 %, 0, 0.0 %, NAB56b People group populationfigures are now maintained as a percentage of the national population. http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopcluster.php?rop2=C0044

87. Embassy Of The Federal Republic Of Nigeria Because of the great diversity of people and culture, Nigeria has distinguished It has a herd of forest elephants, the whitefaced monkey (indigenous to http://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/culture1.shtml

Culture and Tourism Introduction Nigeria's Appeal to Tourists Some Business Opportunities Transportation ... Leather Work Introduction Because of the great diversity of people and culture, Nigeria has distinguished herself over the centuries in the field of arts. Nigerian versatility in art is so great that it is generally felt that all African nations should view Nigeria as the principal trustee of the most durable fruits of black artistic genius. It is not precisely known when the first works of Nigerian art reached the outside world, but in 1897, following a British punitive expedition to Benin, over 2,000 Benin bronzes and ivories were shipped to England and later dispersed all over Europe and America. Nigeria's cultural heritage is woven from threads of history and diversity, legend and conquest. Tourists visiting the country will gain insights to a glorious past as well as a promising future, set amid the natural beauty of this diverse country. From rain forests in the south, broad savanna woodlands in the center to a semi-desert region in the north, Nigeria offers a remarkable range of physical beauty in her land and hospitality of her people, ready to be enjoyed by the tourist fortunate enough to choose this land of ancient empires as their travel destination. Nigeria is a vast country with a population of about 120 people covering about 923,768 sq.km of landmass, located wholly within the tropics. The country aptly described as the 'Giant of Africa' is richly endowed with ecological and cultural resources, which are of universal recognition. The richness and diversity of the Nigeria culture is a manifestation of the socio-cultural differences of the over 250 ethnic groups that inhabit the land for ages.

88. Anthropology On The Internet: Networked Resources The mambila material is in a hypertext format with links to photographs and Among the more notable are the University of Pennsyvania African Studies http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CA/articles/resources.html

B. Schwimmer, Anthropology on the Internet Volume 37, Number 3, June 1996 p.562 NETWORKED ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESOURCES The growth of the Internet began with the sciences and has only recently involved other disciplines. Within anthropology, archaeologists have been the most active innovators. Cultural anthropologists have made more modest use of it and physical anthropologists and linguists the least. Experimentation has been tentative so far but has involved all of the major forms of Internet communication and presentation. E-mail discussion lists. Beyond obvious one-to-one communication possibilities, e-mail has created a unique form of academic activity through distributed discussion lists. Individuals subscribe to a "list" devoted to a specific topic and automatically receive all messages posted to it. They can, accordingly, submit queries, answers, comments, notices and longer pieces and follow the trains of postings from other contributors. Exchanges can be controlled by the list organizer, but there is usually little screening because of the large unrewarded workload and a the conviction that Internet communication should not be restricted according to any standards, including those of propriety, taste, or relevance. The most general anthropology list

89. Anthro-l: September-1994 By Date indigenous people and the environment (fwd) Elaine Winters; subscribe boves@KENYON . Lee Cronk; Re indigenous folks protect environment? wilkr http://www.anatomy.usyd.edu.au/danny/anthropology/anthro-l/archive/september-199

anthro-l: september-1994 by date About this archive Most recent messages Messages sorted by: [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Other mail archives Starting: Thu Sep 01 1994 - 02:42:22 EST Ending: Fri Sep 30 1994 - 23:41:43 EST Messages: bone carving and toolmaking Taina Makinen The Mayan Epigraphic Database R. C. Alvarado (no subject) sambhu Prasad H-World Invites Anthropologists DANIEL A. SEGAL Symbolic Anthropology and Archaeology0~ Geoffrey Scott McNeely test Eugene A. Berkery New List: Craniofacial Biology Reseach David Dean Ph.D. LA Area Anthropologists Moira Killoran student rsch among Amish Eric Silverman test(ignore) Jim McCullough Call for Papers: Language, Play and Performance brenda danet REQUEST: Anthropology on Population RICHARD ROBBINS Developmental Defects in Prehistory Troy Case New EPA rules for Indians for air quality LISA A. MITTEN Films James B. Bandow White Tiger Janet Gillis Flint knapping Rob Quinlan OFFRE DE DISPONIBILITE Alberto Antoniotto Questions on Tiger/Dragon Janet Gillis intentional communities and the internet Kevin M. Kniffin Re: Flint knapping richard e landavazo Re: REQUEST: Anthropology on Population Glenn Stone Re: intentional communities and the internet Al Billings Jack Burris Re: intentional communities and the internet Troy Case Re: Flint knapping Michael Bauser Flint Knapping ref.

90. History On-Line The people interviewed, mostly rural civilians from southeast Angola Ethnogenesis And Fractal History On An African Frontier mambila-Njerep-Mandulu http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Resources/Books/00218537.html

Browse material from: Cambridge University Press The Journal of African History ISSN: 0021-8537 The Journal of African History publishes articles and book reviews ranging widely over the African past, from the late Stone Age to the 1970s. In recent years increasing prominence has been given to economic, cultural and social history and several articles have explored themes which are also of growing interest to historians of other regions such as: gender roles, demography, health and hygiene, propaganda, legal ideology, labour histories, nationalism and resistance, environmental history, the construction of ethnicity, slavery and the slave trade, and photographs as historical sources. Contributions dealing with pre-colonial history are especially welcome. Triannual: March, July and November Kalala Ngalamulume Volume 45 - Issue 02 - July 2004 A tempest ina teapot? Nineteenth-century contests for land in South Africa's Caledon Valley and the invention of the mfecane

91. REFERENCES In The Future of Pastoral People Proceedings of a Conference Held in Nairobi, In The Struggle for the Land indigenous Insight and Industrial Empire in http://www.gamji.com/fulani_references.htm

REFERENCES Abalu, G. "Major Rural Development Issues in Nigeria." In Issues on Development: Proceedings of a seminar held in Zaria, Nigeria, January 12-13, 1982 , edited by Akin Fadahunsi, Moses Awogbade, and Are Kolawole, 5-13. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1985. Adefolalu, D. "Desertification Trends in the Sahel with Particular Reference to Nigeria." In Paper presented at the Workshop in Land Resource, Kano, September 25-28, 1986 , by the Bayero University. Kano: Department of Geography, 1986. Ademosun, A. Livestock Production in Nigeria: Our Commissions and Omissions, Inaugural Lecture Series 17 delivered at the University of Ife on February 29 1976 . Ife: University of Ife Press, 1976. Adholla-Migot, S., and P. Little. "Evolution of Policy Toward the Development of Pastoral Areas in Kenya." In The Future of Pastoral People: Proceedings of a Conference Held in Nairobi, August 4-8, 1980 , by the Institute of Development Studies. Nairobi: Institute of Development Studies, 1980, 144-153. Aleyidieno, S. "Education and Occupational Diversification Among Young Learners: The Problem of Harmonising Tradition Practices with the Lessons of Our Colonial Heritage." In

92. BLACK STAR individual. The ritual altars in the African villages are the indigenouspeoples way of reaching out and praising the Great Creator. http://www.ghanalounge.com/atr.html

AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION CONTENTS ORIGINS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SPIRITUALISM CRIME AND AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION THE WOMAN IN TRADITIONAL ASANTE THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION ... OTHER LINKS TO ATR ORIGINS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SPIRITUALISM Indeed today, in spite of the hurt and suffering, the denial of the existence of Black Americans, the denial of equality in all aspects of American life, the Black church is still the only viable social institution which is dominated, operated, and totally controlled by African Americans. It is a tribal instinct which has survived years of change and abuse. The Priest Leader and spokesperson is still the Black Preacher. The intense need to be free motivated African Americans to adapt their Christianity to the African way of life and the tradition continues today. The African traditional religious life has always considered all life to be the sphere of the Almighty, the powerful(the Otumfoo), the Omnipotent(Gye Nyame). He is wise, and all seeing and all knowing. He is the Great Spider (Ananse Kokroko), and the Ancient of Days (Odomankoma). By Rev Addo a retired pastor WNC Conference of the United Methodist Church who taught Religion for many years at Bennett College, Greensboro NC ADDOX@ATTGLOBAL.NET

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