101. Dealing With Snakes In KZN Mambas and Cobras are more nervous, faster moving snakes. They will usually move away from any disturbance. If annoyed or frightened they will strike http://drakensberg.kzn.org.za/drakensberg/news/7.xml

Dealing with Snakes in KZN Recently on an internet interest list, SA Mountain Talk, Arthur Morgan published this most useful and informative article on snakes in South Africa - and KZN. From the venom point of view there are four types of snakes in South Africa: Adders ( vipers) Mambas and Cobras ( plus sub-type Spitting Cobras ) Back fanged ( including sub-type Boomslang ) Constrictors ( no venom, but nasty wounds - treat as for dog bite ) All outdoors people are at risk for snake bite, although this occurs rarely in South Africa. Be careful where you walk and put your hands. If you see a snake freeze, and then move slowly away without any sudden movements. If you or a friend are bitten do not panic. Very serious injury is rare after a snake bite. The snake has to expend a lot of energy to make the venom, and will not use it wastefully - you are far to big for it to eat, and it just wants to warn you off with the least effort and risk to itself. It will inject a lot of venom only if you have made it very cross or very frightened. The most bites in Africa are by the adders, which are fat, lazy snakes that stay put on warm paths or where ever they want. If annoyed they can strike forwards with great speed. They have long fangs and inject a venom that causes tissue damage. There will be rapid onset of severe pain, needing big doses of morphine type analgesics, and gross swelling. The fluid and blood causing the swelling comes initially from the blood so there can be lethal shock. Treatment is elevation of the bite, fluid and blood as needed, lots of analgesia, and possibly several ampoules of anti venom. The time to death will usually be at least hours.

102. Elapids Cobras, mambas, kraits, coral snakes, taipan (Family Elapidae) ../Singapore%20Zoological%20Gardens ../Night%20Safari http://www.szgdocent.org/resource/rr/c-elapid.htm

ELAPIDS Cobras, mambas, kraits, coral snakes, taipan Family Elapidae Elapids are extremely venomous snakes. They have hollow front fangs which are short because they are permanently erect (in contrast, the vipers have fangs which fold back and can thus be long). Most are elapids terrestrial and actively hunt their prey. Few climb trees. Elapids are the youngest snakes, developing about 20 million years ago. The family is divided into subfamilies of Coral Snakes (Subfamily Micrurinae), Cobras (Subfamily Elapinae) and Tiger Snake/Taipan (Subfamily Acanthophiinae) and Subfamily Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae Elapids dominate in Australia probably due to the absence of other snakes species when they first arrived about 25 million years ago when Australia collided with Asia. Elsewhere, colubrids dominate. More than 25% of elapids (75 species) are found in Australia where they make up 60% of the snake species there (so Australia is the only place in the world where venomous species outnumber non-venomous ones, and where the most toxic snakes are found!). In Australia, elapids display the widest variety of habits usually displayed by other snakes. Some are like harmless colubrids, others are constrictors. But like all other elapids, none eat fish or invertebrates and none climb trees.

103. Family: Elapidae - Elapid - Identification Of Cobras, Kraits, And Coral Snakes Included in this family are coral snakes, cobras, mambas, and all the Australian venomous snakes. The coral snake is small and has caused human fatalities. http://www.tigerhomes.org/animal/elapidae-family.cfm

Login Cams Gift Shop [Education Center ... Back to King Cobra More: Pictures of King Cobras Family: Elapidae - Identification of Cobras, Kraits, and Coral Snakes A group of highly dangerous snakes with powerful neurotoxic venom that affects the nervous system, causing respiratory paralysis. Included in this family are coral snakes, cobras , mambas, and all the Australian venomous snakes. The coral snake is small and has caused human fatalities. The Australian death adder, tiger, taipan, and king brown snakes are among the most venomous in the world, causing many human fatalities. CLICK HERE - Tigerhomes ANIMAL CAMS Only by examining a dead snake can you positively determine if it is a cobra or a near relative. On cobras, kraits, and coral snakes, the third scale on the upper lip touches both the nostril scale and the eye. The krait also has a row of enlarged scales down its ridged back. Identification of Cobras, Kraits, and Coral Snakes

104. POLYVALENT SNAKEBITE ANTISERUM Patients bitten by an elapid snake (cobra, rinkhals, mamba) or an unidentified snake should be observed for 24 hours. A patient suffering from a suspected http://home.intekom.com/pharm/saimr/snake.html

INDICATIONS CONTRA-INDICATIONS DOSAGE SIDE-EFFECTS PREGNANCY OVERDOSE IDENTIFICATION PATIENT INFORMATION POLYVALENT SNAKEBITE ANTISERUM THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH SERUM AND VACCINE DEPARTMENT, RIETFONTEIN. PROPRIETARY NAME (and dosage form): POLYVALENT SNAKEBITE ANTISERUM DESCRIPTIVE NAME: POLYVALENT SNAKE BITE ANTISERUM (ANTIVENOM) (REFINED EQUINE SERUM GLOBULINS). REGISTRATION NO.: T517 (Act 101 1965) PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION: A30.2 ANTIBODIES SCHEDULING STATUS: COMPOSITION: Bitis arietans (puff adder), B. gabonica (Gaboon adder), Hemachatus haemachatus (rinkhals), Dendroaspis angusticeps (green mamba), D. jamesoni (Jameson's mamba), O. polylepis (black mamba) Naja nivea (Cape cobra), N. melanoleuca (forest cobra), N. haje (Egyptian cobra), N. mossambica (black-necked cobra). Contains 0,3% Cresol as preservative. It conforms to the potency requirements laid down in the South African Therapeutic Substances Regulations. IDENTIFICATION: A light yellowish to light brown clear liquid. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION: Neutralises the venom of specific snakes.

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