21. The Power Of Regionalism Fischer First of all, African Americans have a regional history of their We were in mali looking for the origins of this culture, talking with Bamana http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/1999-07/fischer.html

The Power of Regionalism: A Conversation with David Hackett Fischer Historian David Hackett Fischer, author of Paul Revere's Ride and Albion's Seed , has shaped the study of regionalism during the past thirty years. Fischer teachers American history a Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts. He spoke recently with NEH Chairman William R. Ferris about the depth and persistence of regionalism in America, from its earliest footholds through the technological revolution. William R. Ferris: The United States has been a country of regions from the first waves of settlers. How you define a region? David Hackett Fischer: A region for me is a cultural thing. It is people who share a sense of themselves, who form a bond with one another and also with the place. I like the way you work with that great theme of Eudora Welty, “places of the heart.” I think that is what regions are most of all. Ferris: People in a sense define themselves through the places where they are born and grow up. Let me ask you, what forms that sense of place Eudora Welty describes? Is there something measurable or what scholars might call imagined places? Fischer: It is clear that regions have a remarkable way of reinventing or reimagining themselves through time. But at the same time, regions have a fundamental foundation in a cultural reality that is not merely imagined or invented.

22. Download Interdisciplinary, Cross-regional And Standard-specific Units, Outreach A lesson for geography, history, and social studies teachers. Bantu Farming. A student reading about farming in the Bamana (mali) region of West Africa http://www.outreachworld.org/searchresources.asp?fieldid=32

23. Rock Bridge High School Cartoon history of the mali Empire. If you scroll up/down there are more links to Also includes different sections on regional history and selftests. http://www.columbia.k12.mo.us/rbhs/mc/Africa museum project.htm

Rock Bridge High School Home About RBHS Academics Athletics ... Announcements Africa museum project Media Center Information Research Databases Educational Sites Encyclopedias ... Early African History, Until 16th Century -this website gives a pretty basic history of West Africa, early trade, kingdoms, and the Mali Empire. The information is pretty simple, but it has some good maps and diagrams of the different regions and how they spread from one to another. African History Ancient African Civilizations LONG article covering almost every region of the ancient African civilizations. Includes: Mali/Ghana, the African Interior, East African trade, Ethiopia, and the Sahara and Sahel regions and much more! The Mali Empire and Others Cartoon History of the Mali Empire. If you scroll up/down there are more links to pages on Mali, Mansa Musa, and other West African civilizations. http://ragz-international.com/africa1.htm The Spread of Civilization in Africa. Describes agricultural and technological development in early African civilizations and the migration of the Bantu peoples. The Story of Africa Early History The Old Congo In-depth history of the Congolese civilizations African Christianity A History of the Christian Church in Africa History of Ethiopian Christianity Christianity in Ethiopia More Ethiopian history, particularly on the spread of Christianity

24. Amazigh History regional Tamazight speakers use their own localized terms to define their own regional Tuareg elements in mali call their ancestral homeland Azouad (in http://www.libyamazigh.org/history.htm

Substance and Origins: Since the dawn of history, Imazighen have been the indigenous inhabitants of North Africa, their territory stretching from Egypt to Mauritania and from the Mediterranean to the boundaries of historic sub-Saharan Black Africa. Various empires and peoples have conquered portions of historic Tamazgha , beginning with the Phoenicians and Greeks and continuing through the Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks, French, British, Spanish, and Italians. Imazighen have been subjected to various religious beliefs: their own early pantheistic concepts; the polytheistic dogmas of the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans; and monotheistic Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Since the 13th century, most Imazighen have professed the Islamic faith and Islam has sunk most deeply into their psyches. Throughout their history, the Imazighen have always had their heroes or heroines who have defended their ancestral homeland but then succumbed to the superior "civilization" might of their conquerors. In 814 B.C., for example, Amazigh chief Larbas negotiated a deal to marry Princess Dido, daughter of the King of Tyre, in return for a small piece of real estate that eventually became Qart Hadasht (i.e., the New City, or Carthage). King Juba and king Massinissa intrigued with the Romans against the Carthaginians. Royal prince Jugurtha learned Roman fighting techniques and then led a formidable rebellion from 106 to 104 B.C. according to the Roman historian Sallust's account of the Jugurthine War.

25. Affiliated Faculty & Staff regional Interests East and West Africa Uganda, mali Current Research Interests Arabic, Culture and history of the Middle East. regional Interests http://www.uga.edu/afrstu/facstaff/aff.htm

African Studies Institute Home Certficate in African Studies Minor in African Studies Group Project Abroad (GPA) ... Photo Album Agriculture and Applied Economics Office: Rural Development Center, Tifton Phone: (229) 386-3512 Esendugue Greg Fonsah Assistant Professor / Extension Economist Rural Development Center (229) 386-3512 P.O. Box 1209 Tifton, GA 31793 gfonsah@uga.edu Education: Ph.D.-University of Nigeria, Nsukka Current Research Interests: The British Mbos Tribe of Cameroon Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Office: 102 Conner Hall Phone: (706) 542-1611 Web: http://ugacescn.ces.uga.edu/caeshome Edward Kanemasu 120 Four Towers (706) 542-0812 ekanema@uga.edu Education: Ph.D.-University of Wisconsin Current Research Interests: Agricultural Meteorology Remote Sensing, Sustainable agriculture in Mali, Peanut CRSP in Ghana Regional Interests: East and West Africa [Uganda, Mali]

26. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Mali history. malians express great pride in their ancestry. mali is the cultural heir to the succession of ancient African mali HEADLINES. regional PAGE http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistory.asp?CountryID=110&RegionID=5

27. Mali Africa History, Mali mali Africa history Resources mali is active in regional organizations. It participates in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and http://creekin.net/k14449-n116-mali-africa-history-mali.html

Creekin.net World Travel Information Source Countries About Us Contact Mali Africa History Mali Principal Locations Araouane Bamako Bandiagara Bla ... Tombouctou Resources Cheap Holiday Mali Education In Mali Kingdom Of Mali History Of Mali ... Mali Weather Mali Africa History Mali Mask Map Of Mali Fact About Mali Bruno Mali ... Capital Of Mali Mali Africa History Mali (03/05) Malians express great pride in their ancestry. Mali is the cultural heir to the succession of ancient African empiresGhana, Malinké, and Songhaithat occupied the West African savannah. These empires controlled Saharan trade and were in touch with Mediterranean and Middle Eastern centers of civilization. ... Mali is active in regional organizations. It participates in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Economic Monetary Union (UEMOA) for regional economic integration; Liptako-Gourma Authority, which seeks to develop the contiguous areas of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso; the Niger River Commission; the Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS); and the Senegal River Valley Development Organization (OMVS). ... [ Read More Ambassador Jendayi Frazer Speeches:U.S. Policy in Africa under the Second Bush Administration Feb 24, 2005

28. Mali: Cultural History And Development - SIT Study Abroad mali s history is alive in places like Timbuktu, Djenne, and Kangaba. Countryspecific news compiled mostly from regional news sources. http://www.sit.edu/studyabroad/africa/mali_pom.html

SIT Home SIT Study Abroad Home About Us Site Map ... Contact Us Program Info Mali Home Program Highlights Excursions Explore Mali ... Apply Now Who Are You? Prospective Students Accepted Students Advisors/Faculty Parents ... Alumni * Requires free Adobe Acrobat Reader Mali: Gender and Development Explore Mali Malians are friendly, easygoing people whose eagerness to share their rich and varied culture and traditions embraces students from the moment they arrive. Although the country is poor, the openness and generosity of its people are overwhelming. Mali's history is alive in places like Timbuktu, Djenne, and Kangaba. Many students are surprised and intrigued to learn that Mali's adventurous past dates to Abu Bakari II's 1311 expedition to the New World. Visiting the striking landscape and experiencing the culture of the cliff-dwelling Dogon people leaves students with indelible memories. A semester in Mali is an unforgettable experience. Comments from Former Students "Mali's people live in the fourth-poorest country in the world, but they are filled with hope for their future. They share with one another, and their overriding value is for relationships between one another. What a great place to go for Americans who lead busy lives and sometimes forget the value of a small gesture called a smile."

29. TABLES OF MODERN MONETARY HISTORY: REGIONAL TABLESby Kurt Schuler TABLES OF MODERN MONETARY history regional TABLES by Kurt Schuler. www.dollarization.org mali, French franc*, 0.5, 2. Mauritania, French franc, 1, 4.82 http://users.erols.com/kurrency/authorities.htm

TABLES OF MODERN MONETARY HISTORY: REGIONAL TABLES by Kurt Schuler www.dollarization.org Preliminary version, May 2005 I welcome comments from knowledgeable readers. Should you have a suggested correction, please specify the source of your information. I am most interested in information from primary sources, particularly laws and the reports of monetary authorities. Notes So far the tables for Africa, Asia, and Australia/Pacific are finished, though they are subject to revision. "Present" refers to 2005 in the tables of monetary authorities. Table. African countries that have had various types of monetary authorities Systems with competitive issue of the monetary base Free bankingCompetitive issue by banks of notes (paper money) and deposits with few special regulations. Fixed exchange rate with gold, silver, or a foreign currency. Lesotho (1902-21), Malawi (1894-1940), Mauritius (1813-17, 1817-24*, 1824-5, 1832-49), Namibia (1915-61), South Africa (1837-1920, 1920-1*), Swaziland (1897-1921), Zambia (1906-40), Zimbabwe (1892-1940). Besides these episodes, there was also limited competition in Mozambique (1919-42*). Botswana (1897) and Nigeria (sometime 1899-1912) had episodes of note issue by a single bank either too brief or not extensive enough to usefully classify as free banking. Free issueUnusual system with neither an exchange rate target nor centralized control of the monetary base.

30. ADDRESS BY MANDELA TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF MALI mali also has a distinguished record as a champion of regional and African unity. South Africa s own history has taught it what the world knows, http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1996/sp0302.html

ADDRESS BY PRESIDENT NELSON MANDELA TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF MALI Bamako, 2 March 1996 Your Excellency Mr. President; Honourable President of the National Assembly; Honourable Members of the National Assembly; Ladies and Gentlemen, It is a great honour to be here in Mali today and I would like to thank the Government and people of Mali for the very warm welcome they have extended to me. I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation at being the guest of the National Assembly of Mali. I am moved at having this opportunity to address the elected representatives of a people which, like the people of South Africa, has known the pain of being denied freedom and what it is to fight for democracy. Since 1992 Mali and its National Assembly have stood out as examples on a continent striving for democracy. Mali also has a distinguished record as a champion of regional and African unity. On behalf of all South Africans, I would like to thank the Government and people of Mali for their support and their contribution over the years to the struggle against apartheid. Although this is our first official visit to Mali, we know that we are amongst long-standing friends; brothers and sisters who shared in our victory as they shared in our struggle. And it is my pleasant task to report to you that the people of South Africa are resolutely taking advantage of their freedom to address their basic needs.

31. Afrol News - Mali's Tomb Of Askia Becomes World Heritage the ancient building representative for the regional architectural history. Tourism to mali s many cultural and natural attractions has increased http://www.afrol.com/articles/13558

Africa News afrol News Frontpage Latest News Subscriptions Countries ... Subscriptions See also: 01.08.2005 - afrol News closed for holidays in August 01.08.2005 - Beninese artist exposes African injustice in Europe 26.04.2005 - Axum obelisk has returned to Ethiopia 30.03.2005 - Intrafrika+ art exhibition culminates in Cameroon ... Mali Mali's Tomb of Askia becomes world heritage Ancient city of Gao: «An important vestige of the Empire of Songhay./i> Unesco / afrol News afrol News , 5 July The late 15th century pyramidal Tomb of Askia has been declared a new World Heritage site. The 17-meter high monument was raised in Gao by Askia Mohamed, the founder of the powerful Songhay Empire, which dominated the Sahel and the trans-Saharan trade for centuries. Now, Gao hopes more tourists will discover the eastern Malian city. UNESCO Director-General Koïchiro Matsuura this week welcomed a number of new World Heritage sites at a congress in the Chinese city of Suzhou. One of the most profiled new sites was the fourth-ever Malian monument, the Tomb of Askia, located in Gao, the ancient capital of the Songhay Empire at the Niger River. The UN agency found no difficulties accepting the Malian application to include Askia's tumb in the prestigious World Heritage list. The "dramatic 17-meter pyramidal structure" (UNESCO) actually fulfilled three conditions to be included, when only one had been necessary.

32. Afrol News - Mali's Tomb Of Askia Becomes World Heritage the ancient building representative for the regional architectural history. Gao remains one of the most profiled tourist destinations in modern mali http://www.afrol.com/printable_article/13558

This article was found at the online version of afrol News. The URL and reference to the article is http://www.afrol.com/articles/13558 Mali Mali's Tomb of Askia becomes world heritage Ancient city of Gao: «An important vestige of the Empire of Songhay./i> Unesco / afrol News afrol News , 5 July The late 15th century pyramidal Tomb of Askia has been declared a new World Heritage site. The 17-meter high monument was raised in Gao by Askia Mohamed, the founder of the powerful Songhay Empire, which dominated the Sahel and the trans-Saharan trade for centuries. Now, Gao hopes more tourists will discover the eastern Malian city. UNESCO Director-General Koïchiro Matsuura this week welcomed a number of new World Heritage sites at a congress in the Chinese city of Suzhou. One of the most profiled new sites was the fourth-ever Malian monument, the Tomb of Askia, located in Gao, the ancient capital of the Songhay Empire at the Niger River. The UN agency found no difficulties accepting the Malian application to include Askia's tumb in the prestigious World Heritage list. The "dramatic 17-meter pyramidal structure" (UNESCO) actually fulfilled three conditions to be included, when only one had been necessary. Songhay's founding Emperor, the mythological hero Askia, ordered the building of the monument in 1495 in his capital Gao. It bears testimony to the power and riches of the Empire that flourished in the 15th and 16th centuries through its control of the trans-Saharan trade, notably in salt and gold.

33. CARE - Virtual Field Trip - Mali - Explore More Two Worlds of Cotton Colonialism and the regional Economy in the French Soudan, history, society, economy, and governmental structure of mali. http://www.careusa.org/vft/mali/explore_more.asp

Other Field Trips... Bolivia Ecuador Ghana Guatemala Haiti Honduras Kosovo Madagascar Mali Nepal Peru Explore More Two Worlds of Cotton: Colonialism and the Regional Economy in the French Soudan, 1800-1946 By Richard L. Roberts / Hardcover / Date Published: December 1996 Mali in Pictures Publications Departmen Lerner,Department Of Lerner Publications (Editor) Date Published: February 1990 Text and photographs introduce the topography, history, society, economy, and governmental structure of Mali. Additional Books About Mali: The Bamana Empire by the Niger: Kingdom, Jihad and Colonization 1712-1920 Sundiata A. Djata / Paperback / Date Published: November 1996 Excavations at Jenne-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season Susan K. McIntosh (Editor) / Paperback / Date Published: January 1995

34. Virtual Tour Of The Mount Airy Museum Of Regional History In North Carolina mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, MarylandUS, Massachusetts-US, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico 2002 - Mount Airy Museum of regional history http://www.northcarolinamuseum.org/requestinfo.asp

Name Organization Address City State Zip Alabama-US Alaska-US Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Arizona-US Arkansas-US Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbajan Azores (Portugal) Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bolivia Bonaire (Netherlands Antillies) Bosnia Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi California-US Cambodia Cameroon Canada Canary Islands Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Channel Islands Chile China - People's Republic of Colombia Colorado-US Congo - Democratic Republic of Congo - Republic of Connecticut-US Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Croatia Curacao (Netherlands Antillies) Cyprus Czech Republic Delware-US Denmark District Of Columbia-US Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador England Equatorial Guniea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faroe Islands (Denmark) Fiji Finland Florida-US France French Guiana French Polynesia Gabon Gambia Georga-US Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland (Denmark) Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Hawaii-US Holland (Netherlands) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland Idaho-US Illinois -US India Indiana-US Indonesia Iowa-US Ireland - Republic Of Israel Italy Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire) Jamaica Japan Jordan Kansas-US Kazakhstan Kentucky-US Kenya Kiribati Korea (South Korea) Kosrae (Federated States of Micronesia) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Lithuania Louisana-US Luxembourg Macau Macedonia Madagascar Maderia (Portugal) Maine-US

35. Senegal - History And Politics It shares its eastern border with mali, the northern border with Mauritania Senegal’s relationship with neighbours, regional bodies and international http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Senegal/Politics.html

Geographic Map General Information Geography Natural resources ... Sources Senegal - History and Politics Constitution adopted March 1963, revised 1991 Legal system - based on the Napoleonic Code and the 1963 constitution Legislative branch - National Assembly (140 seats); Senate (48 seats) Elections - Legislative, last held May 1998; Presidential, last held March 2000 Political groupings and alliances Parti socialiste (PS, the dominant party in the National Assembly) (PIT) (LD-MPT) (PLS) History The Republic of Senegal is the most westerly state of Africa. It covers an area of 196,722 sq. km (75,955sq miles). The May 1988 population census of Senegal stood at 6,896,808 and an estimated 8,152,000 at mid-1993. The southern border of Senegal is first with Guinea-Bissau and then with Guinea on the northern edge of the outcrop of Fouta Djallon. It shares its eastern border with Mali, the northern border with Mauritania and Gambia forms a semi-enclave between part of southern Senegal and the sea. It is bordered on its western side by the Atlantic Ocean. Pre-colonial history It is now known that Senegal has been inhabited since Paleolithic and Neolithic period This has been evidenced by the discovery of household implements and tools and stone circles. Added to these discoveries are copper and iron objects, which have been discovered in the Sine-Saloum region. One of the major ethnic groups the Tukulor occupied the lower Senegal Valley since the 11

36. SOAS: SOAS: Centre Of African Studies: Members: Anthropology His current, regional research focuses on material culture and history Research on cultural heritage projects and local identities in mali and a http://www.soas.ac.uk/centres/centreinfo.cfm?navid=693

37. Qualiton Imports Ltd.: WORLD in the language of the Mandingo people) rank as keepers of the regional history and mythology, BALLAKE Kora Music from mali - Jeli Moussa Sissoko. http://www.qualiton.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=CTGY&Store_Code=QIL&Catego

38. Rock Climbing.com - Africa - Mali regional Discussions Climbing history Trivia Access Issues Closures. Climbing Specialty Gear Heads Post a new message related to mali http://www.rockclimbing.com/routes/listState.php?CountryStateID=206

39. TRAVEL.com ® RegionalAfricaMali An Introduction to mali interknowledge.com/mali Brief introduction to the geography, climate, and history of mali. http://www.travel.com/Regional/Africa/Mali/

40. Mauritania History such as Ghana mali and Songhai brought their political culture from the south. Mauritania s postindependence history has been dominated by regional http://www.world66.com/africa/mauritania/history

Mauritania History - overview of historic events the travel guide you write Recent Changes Home Destinations Mapsonomy ... Mauritania Sections Mauritania Map Accommodation History ... [Add Section] Map View Enlargement History [edit this] North of Moudjeria photo by: Eric Studer [Upload image] THE SAHARA HAS LINKED rather than divided the peoples who inhabit it and has served as an avenue for migration and conquest. Mauritania lying next to the Atlantic coast at the western edge of the desert received and assimilated into its complex society many waves of these migrants and conquerors. Berbers moved south to Mauritania beginning in the third century A.D. followed by Arabs in the eighth century subjugating and assimilating Mauritania's original inhabitants. From the eighth through the fifteenth century black kingdoms of the western Sudan such as Ghana Mali and Songhai brought their political culture from the south. The divisive tendencies of the various groups within Mauritanian society have always worked against the development of Mauritanian unity. Both the Sanhadja Confederation at its height from the eighth to the tenth century and the Almoravid Empire from the eleventh to the twelfth century were weakened by internecine warfare and both succumbed to further invasions from the Ghana Empire and the Almohad Empire respectively. The one external influence that tended to unify the country was Islam. The Islamization of Mauritania was a gradual process that spanned more than 500 years. Beginning slowly through contacts with Berber and Arab merchants engaged in the important caravan trades and rapidly advancing through the Almoravid conquests Islamization did not take firm hold until the arrival of Yemeni Arabs in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and was not complete until several centuries later. Gradual Islamization was accompanied by a process of arabization as well during which the Berber masters of Mauritania lost power and became vassals of their Arab conquerors.

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