1. Regional Africa Mali Society And Culture History Search Culture Africa History and Mali Regional Society. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

2. Regional - Africa - Mali - Society And Culture - History Resources for Regional Africa - Mali - Society And Culture - History http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

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5. Regional Africa Mali Society And Culture History Ranbury Web Regional, Africa, Mali, Society and Culture, History web Marketing http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. Regional Africa Mali Society And Culture History - DMOZ - Search Top Regional Africa Mali Society_and_Culture History Archaeology@ (6) Empire of Mali@ (7) Empire of Songhay@ (5) http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. Regional/Africa/Mali/Society And Culture/History Search Guide Search front page. Search eSearch Regional Africa Mali Society and Culture History Search categories http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

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9. Mali From Timbuktu To Washington >> Educational Resources regional history of mali from its beginnings to 1600. Great photos of the Dogon. Internet links listed. www.learner.org/exhibits/collapse/mali.html http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/Festival2003/mali_ed_resources.htm

Home Appalachia Scotland Schedule of Events e ducational resources These resources were compiled for the Teachers Symposium, "Mali: From Timbuktu to Washington" held during the Folklife Festival. You will find books, and other materials to use in your classroom, or for your own interest. Books Diouf. Kings and Queens of West Africa Watts Library/Grolier McKissack. The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhay Nelson. West African Kingdoms Steadwell Books/Harcourt. Shuter. Ancient West African Kingdoms Heinemann Library Publishers, 1999. Part of series, Understanding People in the Past, Grades 4-6 Wisniewski. Sundiata, Lion King of Mali Clarion Books. Websites General Information: www.africaguide.com/country/mali (general info, topics: people, religion, music, etc.) www.worldatlas.com (general info, map and country statistics) www.geographia.com

10. Mali Breakout - Standards Of Learning World history and Geography 1500 AD to the Present a) explaining how characteristics of regions have lead to regional labels b) explaining how regional http://mali.pwnet.org/sol/sol.htm

Home Standards of Learning History Geography ... Gallery Standards of Learning Grade Three: History and Geography The student will study the early West African empire of Mali by describing its oral tradition (storytelling), government (kings), and economic development (trade). The student will develop map skills by a) locating Greece, Rome, and West Africa b) describing the physical and human characteristics of Greece, Rome, and West Africa c) explaining how the people of Greece, Rome, and West Africa adapted to and/or changed their environment to meet their needs The student will recognize the concepts of specialization (being an expert in one job, product, or service) and interdependence (depending on others) in the production of goods and services (in ancient Greece, Rome, the West African empire of Mali, and in the present). United States History to 1877 USI.4 the student will demonstrate knowledge of European exploration in North America and West Africa by c) identifying the location and describing the characteristics of West African societies (Ghana, Mali, and Songhai) and their interactions with traders. World History and Geography to 1500 WHI.1

11. WorldNet Virginia: Mali - History Since independence from France in 1960, mali has struggled against both natural living especially in Bamako, the capital and other regional capitals. http://mali.pwnet.org/history/history_mmali.htm

Home Standards of Learning History Geography ... Gallery Modern Mali Since independence from France in 1960, Mali has struggled against both natural and human problems. Natural disasters include severe periodic droughts and years of uneven rainfall. Human problems center on unsatisfactory government policies, ethnic and social unrest, and economic downturns. First, Mali followed Marxist policies, under President Modibo Keita, until he was overthrown in a coup d'état in 1968. Government control of the economy provided few incentives for development. In addition, oppressive military governments, attempted coups and corruption dominated the country until 1992, when a democratically elected government came to power. However, political, ethnic and social tensions remain. Tensions, exacerbated in January 1994 by the 50 percent devaluation of the currency (the CFA franc), erupted into rioting in parts of the country. Ethnic tensions between the Tuaregs and the government turned to violence in 1990 as the government imposed a state of emergency and repressive measures in the Gao and Timbuktu regions in response to its claim that the Tuareg rebels were attempting to establish a secessionist state. Unrest continued until 1995, after which significant numbers of refugees began returning to the country. However, clashes have continued in the northern part of the country and have also broken out in the Kayes region in the west between Soninke farmers and Fulani herders over access to water and pasture.

12. Western And Central Sudan, 1600Ð1800 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metro Encompasses presentday Gambia, Guinea, mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, The region suffers an overall decline in regional trade and political stability. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/09/sfw/ht09sfw.htm

Encompasses present-day Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Niger, and eastern Chad See also Central Africa Eastern Africa Guinea Coast , and Southern Africa The Moroccan invasion at the end of the sixteenth century destroys the Songhai empire and creates a period of social and political instability that provides an opportunity for the formation of other states such as . Increased contact with European merchants along the Atlantic coast draws trade away from traditional routes in the interior, and increased slave trading causes hardship among the local populations. The continuing spread of Islam throughout the region results in two waves of militant Muslim reform leading to the creation of several theocratic states. The Moroccan army occupies the former Songhai empire, including the great trading centers of Jenne , Timbuktu, and Gao . The sultanate installs a class of foreign rulers called the arma , who assert a tenuous control over the region. Their power is challenged from within by the increasingly dominant military, while Tuareg and non-Muslim Bamana aggressors exert steady military pressure from without. The region suffers an overall decline in regional trade and political stability. The first large-scale Bamana state The English build Fort St. James on the mouth of the River Gambia, giving it access to the Sudanic trade routes of the interior.

13. Western And Central Sudan, 1000-1400 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metrop Timeline of Art history World Map regional Map But the greater part of Songhai remains beyond mali s taxcollecting orbit. With the decline of mali http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/sfw/ht07sfw.htm

Encompasses present-day Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Niger, and eastern Chad See also Guinea Coast and Eastern and Southern Africa The influence of Islam and the deepening networks of trade spur the growth of several great savanna states, including the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires. Further development of metallurgy contributes to both material wealth and artistic production, and Arab reports depict the Ghana empire as the "Land of Gold." As well as stimulating trade, Islam Abu Bakr, military leader of the Almoravids , an Islamic Berber sect, recaptures Audaghost from the Ghana empire. Repeated Almoravid incursions, aimed at seizing control of the trans-Saharan gold trade , disrupt Ghana's dominance of the trade routes. Kumbi Saleh, an important mercantile and political center of the Ghana empire, is besieged by Almoravids. Abu c The Book of Routes and Kingdoms The ruler of Kanem state in central Sudan converts to Islam. Songhai peoples in Gao, capital of Songhai state, become Muslims. The Sefawa dynasty establishes a capital at Njimi and controls the trade in ivory, ostrich feathers, and slaves.

14. African History On The Internet - Kingdoms And Ancient Civilizations Smithsonian National Museum of African Art mali Empire and Djenne Figures history Includes under regional Dynasties, a section on West Africa. http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/history/hisking.html

Countries Topics Search the Africa Pages Suggest a Site ... History: Kingdoms / Ancient Civilizations African Indigenous Knowledge Systems Dr. Gloria Emeagwali, Professor of History, Central Connecticut State University, provides citations to books and links to web sites relating to the, "Background History of Africa, African Food Processing Techniques, African Textile Techniques, African Metallurgy, Colonialism and Africa's Technology, and Mathematics in pre-colonial Hausaland, West Africa. http://www.africahistory.net African Mathematical Union. Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa Includes issues of their newsletter, articles on " The Ancients ", pages on mathematics in Ghana, Namibia, Nigeria Zambia, Zimbabwe, profiles of African mathematicians. The newsletter has bibliographies and web sites. Maintained by Scott W. Williams, Professor, Mathematics Dept., State Univ. of New York at Buffalo. [KF] http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amuchma_online.html African Timelines http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimelinetoc.htm

15. Encyclopedia Of African History Outlines of regional history PanAfrican/Comparative Topics and Debates Mane Migrations, Sixteenth Century, history of Mansa Musa, mali Empire and http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/africanhist/thematic.html

(List is not final and is subject to change prior to publication. Early Pre-History Later Pre-History and Ancient History Iron Age to End of 18th Century: North Africa Iron Age to End of 18th Century: Western Africa ... Pan-African/Comparative Topics and Debates Early Pre-History Climate and Vegetational Change Humankind: Hominids, Early: Origins of Olduwan and Acheulian: Early Stone Age Permanent Settlement, Early Rock Art: Eastern Africa Rock Art, Saharan Rock Art: Southern Africa Rock Art: Western and Central Africa Stone Age (Later): Central and Southern Africa Stone Age (Later): Eastern Africa Stone Age (Later): Nile Valley Stone Age (Later): Sahara and North Africa Stone Age (Later): Western Africa Stone Age, Middle: Cultures back to top Later Pre-History and Ancient History Akhenaten Aksum, Kingdom of

16. Encyclopedia Of African History The most important commodity in local and regional trade has been salt, which has been Trade was the driving force of the mali and Songhay kingdoms. http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/africanhist/tuareg.html

(Note: Sample material is taken from uncorrected proofs. Changes may be made prior to publication.) Tuareg: Takedda and trans-Saharan trade The most important commodity in local and regional trade has been salt, which has been exchanged for millet or other foodstuffs in the south. Notable deposits are found n the deserts of Mauritania and Mali, the Saharan Tenere of eastern Niger, near Fachi and Bilma in the Kawar region. The earliest-known rock salt mine was in Idjil (present-day Mauritania), where laborers exploited the deposits from the tenth to the fifteenth centuries. Taghaza (in present-day Mali) was also in full production in the fifteenth century. After the destruction of Taghaza in the sixteenth century, Taodeni (Taghaza al Ghizlan) took its place and in the mid-twentieth century was still producing several thousand tons of salt a year. Susan Rasmussen See Also: Sahara.

17. Lesson & Title Analyze the importance of family, labor specialization, and regional commerce in This site includes a short history of mali, information on its African http://ctap295.ctaponline.org/~jboston/Student/teach.html

7th grade social studies Medieval African Kingdoms Teacher's Corner Jamie Boston Introduction Standards Objectives Activities ... Resources Introduction In this problem-based lesson students will become familiar with the cultures of ancient Ghana, Mali and Songhay. They will create promotional tourist materials to encourage travel to these former empires. Subject: Social Studies Topic: Medieval Africa Grade Level: 7th Student Lesson name and URL: Medieval African Kingdoms http://ctap295.ctaponline.org/~jboston/student/s_index.html Standards Addressed California Social Studies Standards: 7.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the sub-Saharan civilizations of Ghana and Mali in Medieval Africa. 1.Study the Niger River and the relationship of vegetation zones of forest, savannah, and desert to trade in gold, salt, food, and slaves; and the growth of the Ghana and Mali empires. 2.Analyze the importance of family, labor specialization, and regional commerce in the development of states and cities in West Africa. 3.Describe the role of the trans-Saharan caravan trade in the changing religious and cultural characteristics of West Africa and the influence of Islamic beliefs, ethics, and law.

18. Lesson & Title became a major regional power near the end of the millenium. This site includes a short history of mali, information on its African neighbors, http://ctap295.ctaponline.org/~jboston/Student/materials.html

7th Grade Social Studies Medieval African Kingdoms Home Room Activities Materials Your Grade Teacher's Corner Materials WEB Resources: Map of African kingdoms: Africa Overview: Africana.com Scroll through the subject listings to find your assigned culture. African Voices This Smithsonian site is wonderfully rich graphically and has a huge, well organized compiliation of resources on the history of Africa from ancient times to now. Ancient African Civilizations This article describes the civilizations that flourished in Africa before the arrival of European colonial powers. West African Gallery West Africa has long been the home of hundreds of kingdoms over the years. Of these, four gained enough power over time to be called Empires. Multi-media Africa Archives Here are pictures and maps of modern and historical Africa. Timeline of African History to 1500 This is a timeline of West African History with links to supporting information. Islam and Indigenous African Culture Discusses howiIn West Africa, much of the conversion to Islam prior to the 18th century occurred through interaction with Islamicized Berber traders, who controlled the trans-Saharan trade routes. Ghana: Ghana Empire The Ghana Empire lay in what is now southeastern Mauritania and western Mali. Ghana empire was an important black trading state

19. DeuD regional history / ETHNOhistory / HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY in historically Manding (mali/Guinea) Historical and Social Geography in the Core of the mali http://bremer-stiftung.de/Themenvorschlaege.htm

B R E M E R S T I F T U N G F Ü R K U L T U R - U N D S O Z I A L A N T H R O P O L O G I E HOME S UGGESTIONS FOR R ESEARCH: T OPICS WEST AFRICA The West African regions of Senegambia (Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau) and the Western Sudan (Mali, eastern Guinea, etc.) feature a wide variety of 'traditional' social systems and cultures. We find various systems of kinship (patrilineal, matrilineal and mixed forms), of political centralisation (from 'acephalous' to 'state'), different artistic expressions, ecological habitats, agricultural and economic specialisation, etc. Both regions are also endowed with comparatively abundant historical sources (medieval Arab geographers, Portuguese navigators of the fifteenth century, European and Cape-Verdian traders, etc.). These afford us with a considerable time-depth of textual documentation. All of these features render the region an ideal location for social/cultural-anthropological studies, both synchronic and diachronic, as well as for historical studies. An even greater time-depth is attained by archaeology, for which the region also offers great prospects. Quite some research has already been carried out in and near the flood plains of the rivers

20. Mali (09/05) history malians express great pride in their ancestry. mali is the cultural heir to mali is a leading regional partner in the Global War on Terrorism. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of African Affairs September 2005 Background Note: Mali PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Mali Geography Area: 1,240,278 sq. km. (474,764 sq. mi.); about the size of Texas and California combined. Cities: Capital Bamako (pop. 1 million). Other cities Segou (200,000), Sikasso (120,000), Mopti (90,000), Gao (65,000), Kayes (65,000), Timbuktu (38,000). Terrain: Savannah and desert. Climate: Semitropical in the south; arid in the north. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Malian(s). Population (2002 est.): 10.5 million. Annual growth rate: 2.2%. Ethnic groups: Manding (Bambara or Bamana, Malinke) 52%, Fulani 11%, Saracolé 7%, Mianka 4%, Songhai 7%, Tuareg and Maur 5%, other 14%. Religions: Islam 90%, indigenous 6%, Christian 4%. Languages: French (official) and Bambara (spoken by about 80% of the population). Education: Attendance 64.3% (primary). Literacy Health: Infant mortality rate Life expectancy 47 yrs. Work force (4 million): Agriculture services industry and commerce Government Type: Republic.

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