61. Bibliography On African Traditional Religion Human rights in African indigenous religion, Bulletin of Ecumenical Scriptures of African peoples The Sacred utterances of the Anlo, New York, 1973. http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/atr_bibliography.htm

Updated: 16 March, 2005 Abbink J., "Ritual and Environment: The Mósit ceremony of the Ethiopian Me'en people," Journal of Religion in Africa , "Reading the entrails: analysis of an African divination discourse", Man Abimbola W., "The Place of African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Africa: The Yoruba Example" in Olupona, ed. Kingship, Religion and Rituals in a Nigerian community: a phenomenological study of Ondo Yoruba festivals . Stockholm,1991, 51-58. Abrahamsson H., The Origin of Death, Studies in African Mythology, Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia III, Uppsala, 1951. Acheampong S.O., "Reconstructing the structure of Akan traditional religion," Mission Ackah C. A., Akan Ethics. A Study of the Moral Ideasand the Moral Behaviour of the Akan Tribes of Ghana, Accra, 1988. Achebe Chinua, "Chi in Igbo Cosmology", in In Morning Yet on creation day, N.Y., 1975. Achebe Chinwe, The World of the Ogbanje, Enugu, 1986. Adagala K., "Mother Nature, Patriarchal Cosmology & Gender" in Gilbert E.M., ed. Nairobi: Masaki Publishers.1992, 47-65.

62. History And Information On Tanzania And Mount Kilimanjaro Germany finally lost control of German East africa in 1917 to the British The majority of Tanzania s people are made up of two general indigenous groups http://www.kilimanjaroworld.com/tanzania.htm

HOME Click Below For More Information History History Links People Flora and Fauna ... Geology and Glaciology General Info Links to Tanzania: Tanzania Encyclopedia Tanzanian Tourist Board Tanzania High Commission. Parliament of Tanzania ... Maps Tanzania - History Back to Top When you consider that mankind's birthplace may have been centered somewhere in northern Tanzania it's evident that there is a long human history there. Archaeologists have discovered the fossils of several types of manlike creatures called Australopithecine's in the Olduvai Gorge just North West of Mount Kilimanjaro. Scientists believe these creatures lived as long as 4 million years ago. Tanzania's first mainland inhabitants had established themselves as early as 3000 to 5000 years ago. It's safe to assume that the inhabitants were there prior to the above dates, since knowledge of the inhabitants comes mainly from remnants of ancient Stone Age sites that have been researched. What researchers do know is that these early settlers were hunters and gatherers who spoke Khoisan. Around 1000 B.C. people speaking the Cushitic language began to settle from Ethiopia and Somalia. These people brought cattle and knowledge of stone tools and settled in the Northern Regions. Bantu speaking people began migrating into Tanzania around 500 AD, possibly from West Africa. These people were farmers of vegetables, millet and sorghum and brought with them iron implements. New arrivals such as the Maasai possibly took place around the 12th and 18th centuries.

63. African Wildlife Foundation: Traveling Within The Kilimanjaro Heartland makonde carvings and other souvenirs are available in the numerous craft shops at the center although many people still retain their indigenous beliefs. http://www.awf.org/safari/travelkilimanjaro.php

ABOUT AWF Our Mission Over 40 Years of History AWF Publications A Message from Our ... Contact Us SIGN UP FOR OUR ENEWS! Donate Adopt an African Animal Members Contact Us TRAVEL TO AWF'S EAST AFRICAN HEARTLANDS Experience the best of Kenya! Click here to learn more The information in this section is reproduced from Mark W. Nolting's book, Africa's Top Wildlife Countries, Revised 6th Edition. This content cannot be reproduced without authorization of the author. To purchase Mark's book, please visit: www.africa-adventure.com/dsp_products.html TANZANIA Introduction Wildlife and Wildlife Area Arusha Accommodation ... Accommodation Near Marangu KENYA Introduction Wildlife and Wildlife Area Amboseli National Park Accommodation TANZANIA Volcanic highlands dominate the north, giving way southward to a plateau, then semidesert in the center of the country and highlands in the south. The coastal lowlands are hot and humid with lush vegetation. One branch of the Great Rift Valley passes through Lakes Manyara and Natron in northern Tanzania to Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) in the south, while the other branch passes through Lakes Rukwa and Tanganyika in the west. Some scientists debate that East Africa was the cradle of mankind. Some of the earliest known humanoid footprints, estimated to be 3.5 million years old, were discovered at Laetoli by Dr. Mary Leakey in 1979. Dr. Leakey also found the estimated 1.7-million-year-old skull Zinjanthropus boisei at Oldupai (formerly Olduvai) Gorge in 1957.

64. Tanzania Development Gateway:Tanzania Indigenous Knowledge Database Indilinga African Journal of indigenous Knowledge Systems makonde are Bantu speaking people who live in both northeastern Mozambique and southeastern http://www.tanzaniagateway.org/ik/display.asp?Cat=Culture

65. Bee Project To Create 100 000 Jobs SATURDAY, 05 JUNE 2004 An The history of makonde village in the former Venda homeland is legendary and the indigenous people of this country against the invading colonial armies. http://www.environment.gov.za/NewsMedia/MedStat/2004Jun5/bee_project_to_create_1

Bee Project to create 100 000 jobs SATURDAY, 05 JUNE 2004: An estimated 100 000 jobs are to be created by the Bee Foundation to be launched by the Deputy Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Ms Rejoice Mabudafhasi, on Saturday, June 5, at Makonde Village near Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province. The programme has been initiated by the Bee Foundation, a company concerned with job creation in rural areas and the conservation of the Bee population as well as the welfare of the natural resources. After the launch the Bee Project, which is NEPAD-driven, will spread to other provinces in the country. In Limpopo alone the initiative will create 25 000 jobs. Lebohang Ntsinyi, Minister of Environmental Affairs, Tourism and Culture from Lesotho will accompany the deputy minister. Sello Moloto, the newly elected Premier of Limpopo and Thaba Mufamadi, the MEC for Finance and Economic Development in the province will attend the launch. The province of Limpopo has been chosen for the launch of this project because of its rich vegetation, which is suitable for the survival of the bee population. The production of honey depends largely in areas where bees can get the necessary nectar, water and the manpower to protect their hives.

66. Tanzania Travel Information | Lonely Planet Destination Guide People 99% native African (over 100 tribes), 1% Asian, European and Arabic Languages Swahili, English, indigenous. Religion 40% Christian, 35% Muslim, http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/tanzania/printable.htm

@import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_structure.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_theme.css"; worldguide shop thorn tree forum travel services ... travel links Explore Tanzania Tanzania Take a walk on the wild side in this quintessential African landscape. More Places Check out our other destinations: Within Tanzania Zanzibar View Map Click here Feature Attraction Selous Game Reserve This reserve is one of the earth's last great wild places: 55,000 sq km (21,235 sq mi) of untamed... more > WORLDGUIDE Introduction See Image Gallery Events Transport Money Essential Info RELATED Thorn Tree Forum Postcards Travel Links At a Glance Fast Facts Step out into the vast open plains of Tanzania and you suddenly feel very, very small. And so you should. You've just joined one of the largest, wildest animal populations in the world. Wildebeest, monkey, antelope, lion, cheetah, crocodile, gazelle, flamingo - they're all out there. An economically poor country troubled by rowdy neighbours and opportunistic colonial powers, Tanzania offers some of the best wildlife spotting opportunities on the continent. Its famous parks make the often rather pedestrian towns here well worth the stopover. Factoid MZUNGU! MZUNGU!

67. Mozambique Travel Information | Lonely Planet Destination Guide Today Mozambique produces some of the finest art in africa. The sculpture of the makonde people from the north is recognised as one of africa s most http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/mozambique/printable.htm

@import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_structure.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_theme.css"; worldguide shop thorn tree forum travel services ... travel links Explore Mozambique Mozambique An inspiring recovery from a devastating past. View Map Click here Feature Attraction Penha Longa Mountains The Penha Longa mountains, which straddle Mozambique's border with Zimbabwe, comprise a cool and... more > WORLDGUIDE Introduction See Image Gallery Transport Money Essential Info RELATED Thorn Tree Forum Postcards Travel Links At a Glance Fast Facts Mozambicans are putting their shattering past behind them and are rebuilding their country at a remarkable pace. And there's a fair number of things to see, including stunning beaches, World Heritage sites, funky colonial architecture and colourful local culture. Unexploded Land Mines Mozambique has many unexploded mines. Stay on roads and seek local advice before wandering off track no matter where you are. Armed robbery and drive-by theft at gunpoint are not uncommon in Maputo. Women are advised not to walk alone along any beach in Mozambique, and travel by convoy is recommended throughout the country, owing to the risk of banditry.

68. International Mission Board - Praying - Compassion Net Select the people group for which you want to view prayer items. indigenous of the Guyanas, indigenous peoples of Central America, indigenous peoples of http://www.imb.org/CompassionNet/PeopleGroups.asp

Subscribe About us Contact us Questions ... Praying Prayer Search by People Group Select the people group for which you want to view prayer items. Also, you may select the maximum age of prayer items to be displayed. Please note that if a particular people group does not appear in the choice list, it means there are no active prayer items for that people group. People Group: **Select a People Group** Western Cham of Cambodia Acehnese of Indonesia Afar of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti Algerian Arabs of Algeria and France amaXhosa of South Africa Amhara of Ethiopia Ancash Quechua of Peru Anii of Benin and Togo Arabs in Latin America Asheninka of Peru Asian Indians of East Africa Aukan of Suriname and French Guiana Ayizo of Benin Aymara of Bolivia Aymara of Peru Baganda of Uganda Bahasa-Speaking Tribals of Southeast Asia Bambara of Mali Banyankore of Uganda Banyoro of Uganda Banyumasan of South-Central Java, Indonesia Basoga of Uganda Basotho of Lesotho and South Africa Batonga of Zambia and Zimbabwe Bedouin of Northern Africa Beja of Egypt, Sudan and Eritrea

69. MEMORY LINES: ART IN THE PAN-AFRICAN WORLD James Africanus Beale Horton, West African Countries and peoples and A My exposure to the makonde sculpture caused different forms and ideas to take http://www.ijele.com/vol1.2/nzegwu2.html

Ijele: Art eJournal of the African World (2000) ISSN: 1525-447X MEMORY LINES: ART IN THE PAN-AFRICAN WORLD Nkiru Nzegwu INTRODUCTION Africa, in ages past, was the nursery of science and literature; from thence they ere taught in Greece and Rome, so that it was said that the ancient Greeks represented their favourite goddess of Wisdom Minerva as an African princess. Pilgrimages were made to Africa in search of knowledge by such eminent men as Solon, Plato, Pythagoras; and several came to listen to the instruction of the African Euclid, who was at the head of the most celebrated mathematical school in the world, and who flourished 300 years before the birth of Christ. James Africanus Beale Horton, West African Countries and Peoples and A Vindication of the African Race , London: W. J. Johnson, 1868, 59. MEMORY AND PAN-AFRICANITY In the critically acclaimed Black Athena vol. 1 , Martin Bernal, following the lead of James Africanus Beale Horton (1868), and George James' Stolen Legacy , addresses the ways in which, from the seventeenth century onward, the white intellectual structure of knowledge and its racist model of interpretation distorted global history. In Race in North America , Audrey Smedley makes a similar argument, tracing the origin and evolution of the racist Eurocentric world-view through "popular (folk) beliefs about human differences" from the sixteenth century to the twentieth century (1993, 13-35). While she acknowledges the force of biological arguments that race is not a legitimate scientific category, she is very much aware of the preeminent status of race in organizing social reality in the United States along lines of racial hierarchy. This institutionalized ideology of racism causes her to conclude that the prescribed epistemologies and conceptual structures maintains an enervating position of inequality for those, whom peoples of European descent in the United States, perceive as alien.

70. Highlights And Attractions In Africa Highlights and attractions in southern and east africa. Other groups include the makonde, Sena and Shangaan. Europeans like native Portuguese and Asian http://www.thesafaricompany.co.za/Highlights_and_Attractions.htm

Highlights and Attractions in Africa BOTSWANA KENYA MALAWI MOZAMBIQUE ... Scenery THE SAFARI COMPANY About Us Contact Us Currency Converter FAQ's ... Highlights and Attractions HIGHLIGHTS AND ATTRACTIONS IN AFRICA Contact Us Office Hours Africa offers a diversity of attractions and highlights. Each country in southern and east Africa is unique in its own right. You will find that Africa offers something for everyone - unspoiled beaches (Mozambique's Bazaruto Islands), spectacular scenery (Namibia's Sossusvlei and Namib Desert), rich cultural heritage (the Masai tribe of Kenya), bustling cities (the mother city, Cape Town), natural wonders (the Victoria Falls) and remote wilderness areas (Botswana's Okavango Delta and Kalahari), Africa has it all! Use the below map of Africa and choose the country or destination you plan to visit and see the highlights, attractions and activities on offer. The different countries can be combined easily as the region is serviced by regular flights on the major airlines. ACTIVITIES: Game viewing Bird watching Golf Vacation Packages Walking/hiking ... Health Spas and Hydro ATTRACTIONS: Cape Town Kruger National Park Serengeti Victoria Falls ... Okavango Delta SAFARI STYLES:

71. Indigenous Multipurpose Trees Of Tanzania: Uses And Economic Benefits For People Carvings from African ebony made by the makonde tribe are wellknown outside Tanzania. The heartwood is very suitable for traditional carvings and musical http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5327e/x5327e0x.htm

DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON* DISTRIBUTION Is widely distributed, and tolerates a wide range of sites, especially on gravelly soils. A deciduous savannah tree or shrub, it will intertwine with other trees, and has a heavily branched, many stemmed growth habit. It is found in tropical lowlands and on various sites in subhumid and semiarid areas. In Tanzania it is found in low altitude savannah or woodlands around Morogoro and Itigi, down to the coast. Often it grows in areas where productive agriculture is impossible due to shallow, rocky soils. This is an indication of the tree's hardiness but may also indicate that it can not effectively compete when conditions are better (Forest Division 1984). Status: D. melanoxylon is a national emblem protected by law (UNEP 1988). Minimum Altitude (m): Maximum Altitude (m): Minimum Rainfall (mm): Maximum Rainfall (mm): Minimum Temperature (C): Maximum Temperature (C): REQUIREMENTS Soil Requirements: Needs sufficiently moist soils, preferably near water (don Maydell 1986). Light Requirements: Light demanding.

72. The British Museum: Newsroom Voices of Southern africa therefore testifies both to despair and to hope. Her portraits are carved from indigenous wood and combine elements of Western http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/newsroom/archive2000/voices.html

Voices of Southern Africa 14 November 2000 - 28 January 2001 Room 35 Admission Free This November, the British Museum will host a showcase of contemporary art from Southern Africa. The exhibition has been conceived in collaboration with the Gasworks Studio and the Triangle Arts Trust and brings together the work of nine artists: six from South Africa, two from Zimbabwe and one from Mozambique. The works on display have been produced since the mid-80s to the present, marking a period of intense socio-political struggle, transition and transformation in the region. Mozambique gained independence from Portuguese colonialism in 1975 and played an important role in the fall of (then)Rhodesia's white minority government in 1980. South Africa held its first democratic elections in 1994, following decades of resistance to the apartheid regime. However, all three countries have since experienced internal strife and the path to independence has been far from smooth. The artwork crosses the boundaries between rural and urban, local and global, defying attempts to easily categorise the continent into cohesive styles and traditions. If they cohere, they do so in momentary flashes, in the overlap of competing histories, politics and market places and in the everyday contact between individuals. Each work may be approached as a glimpse into the biography of individuals, communities and even nations.

73. African Renaissance: Thabo Mbeki and the intricate sculptures of the makonde of Tanzania and Mozambique. It is this same vision which has inspired the African peoples so that, http://emeagwali.com/speeches/Thabo-Mbeki/African-Renaissance.html

The African Renaissance, South Africa and the World WEBSITE EMEAGWALI.com We must assume that the Roman, Pliny the Elder, was familiar with the Latin saying, "Ex Africa semper aliquid novi!" (Something new always comes out of Africa). Writing during the first century of the present millennium, Pliny gave his fellow Romans some startlingly interesting and supposedly new information about Africans. He wrote: "Of the Ethiopians there are diverse forms and kinds of men. Some there are toward the east that have neither nose nor nostrils, but the face all full. Others that have no upper lip, they are without tongues, and they speak by signs, and they have but a little hole to take their breath at, by the which they drink with an oaten straw ... In a part of Afrikke be people called Pteomphane, for their King they have a dog, at whose fancy they are governed ... And the people called Anthropomphagi which we call cannibals, live with human flesh. The Cinamolgi, their heads are almost like to heads of dogs... Blemmyis a people so called, they have no heads, but hide their mouth and their eyes in their breasts." (Cited in: "Africa: A Biography of the Continent": John Reader, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1997.)

74. African Folklore -- A-Z Entries Northeastern africa ( The Horn ) Overview Nsibidi An indigenous Writing System Rastafari A Marginalized People Rattray, RS Religion african http://www.routledge-ny.com/folklore/african/azentries.html

Please note: List of entries is preliminary and may change prior to publication A B C D ... Z A Algeria Ancestors Angola Animals in African Folklore Arabic Folk Literature of North Africa Architecture Archives of Traditional Music Ashanti Astronomy back to top B Bamana Banjo: African Roots Bao Bascom, William Basketry, Africa Basketry, African American Beadwork Benin Birth and Death Rituals among the Gikuyu Blacksmiths: Dar Zaghawa of the Sudan Blacksmiths: Mande of Western Africa Body Arts: African American Arts of the Body Body Arts: Body Decoration in Africa Body Arts: Hair Sculpture Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi back to top C Callaway, Bishop Henry

75. African Art - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia makonde carving c.1974. African art is any form of art or material culture Finally, the arts of the people of the African diaspora, prevalent in Brazil, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_art

African art From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Makonde carving c.1974 African art is any form of art or material culture that originates from the continent of Africa . This article discusses primarily visual art; for information on African music, see Music of Africa The arts and material culture of the African continent constitute one of the most diverse and innovative artistic legacies on the planet. Though many casual observers tend to generalize "traditional" African art, the continent is actually full of a multitude of peoples, societies, and civilizations, each with a unique visual culture. Despite this incredible diversity, there do seem to be some unifying artistic themes when considering the totality of visual culture from the continent of Africa. Formal Innovation - Unlike "Western" socities, where artworks tended to be produced according to strict canons of representation, many African societies encouraged innovation and creativity of both style and form among their artists. This innovation and diversity can be seen not only across long expanses of time and geography, but also even from village to village. Visual Abstraction - African artworks tend to favor visual abstraction over naturalistic representation. This is because many African artworks, regardless of medium, tend to

76. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents PEOPLE. Mozambique s major ethnic groups encompass numerous subgroups Religions Christian 30%, Muslim 17%, indigenous African and other beliefs 45%. http://www.traveldocs.com/mz/people.htm

Mozambique Africa PEOPLE Mozambique's major ethnic groups encompass numerous subgroups with diverse languages, dialects, cultures, and histories. Many are linked to similar ethnic groups living in neighboring countries. The north-central provinces of Zambezia and Nampula are the most populous, with about 45% of the population. The estimated 4 million Makua are the dominant group in the northern part of the countrythe Sena and Ndau are prominent in the Zambezi valley, and the Tsonga and Shangaan dominate in southern Mozambique. Despite the influence of Islamic coastal traders and European colonizers, the people of Mozambique have largely retained an indigenous culture based on small-scale agriculture. Mozambique's most highly developed art forms have been wood sculpture, for which the Makonde in northern Mozambique are particularly renowned, and dance. The middle and upper classes continue to be heavily influenced by the Portuguese colonial and linguistic heritage. During the colonial era, Christian missionaries were active in Mozambique, and many foreign clergy remain in the country. According to the national census, about 20%-30% of the population is Christian, 15%-20% is Muslim, and the remainder adheres to traditional beliefs.

77. Makonde --  Encyclopædia Britannica makonde Bantuspeaking people living in northeastern Mozambique and Many makonde have migrated to other parts of the East African coast in search of http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9050242&query=polygyny&ct=

78. Mozambique (09/05) Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, Religions Christian 30%, Muslim 17%, indigenous African and other beliefs 45%. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/7035.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of African Affairs September 2005 Background Note: Mozambique PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Mozambique Geography Area: 799,380 sq. km.; about twice the size of California. Major cities: Capital Maputo (pop. 1,100,000 est.) Beira, Matola, Nampula, Quelimane, Tete, Nacala. Terrain: Varies from lowlands to high plateau. Climate: Tropical to subtropical. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Mozambican(s). Population (2005 est.): 19.4 million; 48.2% male and 51.8% female. Annual population growth rate (2002): 1.9%. Ethnic groups: Makua, Tsonga, Makonde, Shangaan, Shona, Sena, Ndau, and other indigenous groups, and approximately 10,000 Europeans, 35,000 Euro-Africans, and 15,000 South Asians. Religions: Christian 30%, Muslim 17%, indigenous African and other beliefs 45%. Languages: Portuguese (official), various indigenous languages. Education: Mean years of schooling (adults over 25): men 2.1, women 1.2. Primary school attendance Adult literacy Health: Infant mortality rate Life expectancy (2002)41.1 years.

79. Plep Archive Carter was famous in South africa for his fearless coverage of deadly Fortunately, a group of Norman people saw far more than a parking lot in the http://www.nutcote.demon.co.uk/nl03may0104.html

plep plep Archive 3rd May Art of Mesoamerica and Central America. Via the Met's Timeline of Art History. Kongo Crossroads. Honouring the ancestors in Central Africa. 'The image of a circle pierced by a cross represents the physical boundary across which the living and the ancestors meet. In the Kongo world view, other boundaries present the same possibility: the horizon where the sky meets the water or crossing roads where random encounters can determine fate. ' Spiders. The Australian Museum's guide to both the natural and cultural history of these creatures. 'Wherever you live, you're always close to a spider. ' A spider's life. Spiders in art and history. Dangerous spiders. The Spider's Parlour from Museum Victoria. 'Wherever you are, at any time, there is usually a spider about a metre away. It may be inside the room or outside on a wall, in a web stretched high between trees or a hole in the ground. Spiders are at home almost everywhere. ' 'Whether you think them fascinating or scary, a nuisance or a useful insect pest control, we invite you to enter Spider's Parlour and find out more. ' Meet Some Spooky Spiders , courtesy of the Queensland Museum Explorer.

80. Tanzania Travel Products And Chagga, English (UK), Hadzapi (Hatsa), Hehe, Makond Location Eastern africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and note Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of Bantu people living in http://www.worldlanguage.com/Countries/Tanzania.htm

view this site in Microsoft Authorized Education Reseller, call for quotes Home Help Contact Us Privacy ... Checkout Super Bargains Computers / Notebooks Dictionary ESL-English as Second Language Games Gift Items! Handheld Dictionary Karaoke Keyboard Stickers Keyboards Kids Learn Microsoft Office Microsoft Windows Movies/Videos Software - Mac Software - Windows Spell Checking Translation More... Tanzania Send this page to a friend! Products One product specific to Tanzania is available in one category. Travel Languages 11 languages are spoken in Tanzania. We have 188 products available for 8 of those languages. Chagga English (UK) Hadzapi (Hatsa) Hehe ... Yao (African) Capital: Dar es Salaam Population: Play the National Anthem Geography Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique Geographic coordinates: 6 00 S, 35 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total : 945,090 sq km land: 886,040 sq km water: 59,050 sq km note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar Area - comparative: slightly larger than twice the size of California Land boundaries: total : 3,402 km

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