41. CDSAGENDA V.5 INFM-ICTP Spring School On "Magnetic Properties Of Condensed Matte INFMICTP Spring School on Magnetic properties of Condensed Matter Investigatedby Neutron Scattering and Synchrotron Radiation . Start Time http://agenda.ictp.trieste.it/agenda/current/fullAgenda.php?ida=a0267

42. Clark University Home Active Learning Research Low Dimensional Magnets nitrogen, oxygenand hydrogen) that exhibited onedimensional magnetic properties. http://www2.clarku.edu/research/access/chemistry/turnbull/turnbullD.shtml

Low Dimensional Magnets: Discover! Low Dimensional Magnets: In Depth Meet the Researchers I Meet the Researchers II Learn More! Hitchhiker's Guide to Magnetism Magnetic materials Java tutorials about electricity ... Help Clark University 950 Main Street Worcester, MA 01610 Privacy Policy Home > Low Dimensional Magnets 40 percent of undergraduates volunteer in the community. Electrons and paramagnets. Click to enlarge. As temperature decreases, magnetic moments tend to align. Click to see animation. Three dimensional and low dimensional magnet structures. Click to enlarge. Discover! Having a magnetic moment Don't count on being able to retrieve data stored on old computer diskettes. They and other types of electronic storage media are not archival. That's because they rely on magnetism to help store data, and the magnetic properties of a material can change over time. Even dropping a diskette can cause it to lose its magnetic stability. Chemist Mark Turnbull is designing new chemical compounds that can be used to test theories of magnetism. He is interested in how the molecules in a compound can be arranged to exhibit different kinds of magnetic properties. How strong is the magnetic force? At what temperature does it lose its magnetism? How is the magnetic force affected by the distances and angles between atoms?

43. Magnetic Materials - The IEE Papers on the magnetic properties of permanent magnet materials are classifiedunder A7560G High coercivity materials. http://www.iee.org/Publish/Journals/MagsNews/OnMags/IM/subjspot/ss75.cfm

@import "/styles/dropdown.css"; Login or Register Shop Help A-Z ... Home Search: The IEE About the IEE Membership Business Partners ... Email Lists Subject Spotlight Magnetic Materials by Tony Moore, Group Head, Solid State Physics Group (from INSPEC Matters issue no.75 - September 1993) Magnetic materials are all around us. However, the crucial role that these materials play in modern life is not generally realised, perhaps because magnetism is a more difficult concept to grasp than electricity. Examples of the applications of magnetic materials include: magnetic cores for use in transformers; permanent magnets which drive electric motors; floppy disks for computer data; magnetic tapes for audio and video recording; and magnetic stripes on credit cards for personal data Advances in materials, along with improved integrated circuits, have resulted in modern portable products, such as camcorders and notebook computers. Many experts believe that for research in magnetic materials, 'the future lies in films'. An enormous worldwide industry, with sales estimated in 1992 at $20 billion per year, has grown from magnetic film research and applications. Most of the activity is in information storage, with emerging needs in optical communications, integrated microwave circuits and nonvolatile computer memory. For recording applications, magnetic thin films are preferred to bulk materials for two reasons. Firstly, they can be mass processed easily, and secondly, their composition and properties can be easily controlled and optimised for particular applications. A new field of artificially ordered magnetic thin film structures has been created. These magnetic multilayers or superlattices have interesting physical properties and the potential for producing technological advances in new magnet synthesis and information storage and retrieval.

44. Magnetic Properties And Metals Magnetic properties and Metals The precious metals are also not magnetic,but they are soft and could not be fashioned into a ring unless other metals http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/phy00/phy00556.htm

Ask A Scientist Physics Archive Magnetic Properties and Metals Thursday, August 22, 2002 Back to Physics Ask A Scientist Index NEWTON Homepage Ask A Question ... NEWTON is an electronic community for Science, Math, and Computer Science K-12 Educators. Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Educational Programs, Harold Myron, Ph.D., Division Director.

45. Magnetic Properties Of Steel information on the differing magnetic properties of various steel types? Do a web search on the term(s) steel(s) magnetic properties and you will http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/eng99/eng99136.htm

Ask A Scientist Environmental Earth Science Archive Magnetic Properties of Steel Back to Environmental Topics Ask A Scientist Index NEWTON Homepage Ask A Question ... NEWTON is an electronic community for Science, Math, and Computer Science K-12 Educators. Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Educational Programs, Harold Myron, Ph.D., Division Director.

46. School Of Physics & Materials Engineering - Magnetic Properties Of Materials (Mo Magnetic properties of Materials. Microstructure and magnetic properties ofSmCobased permanent magnets Supervisors Dr. XY Xiong and Associate Professor http://www.spme.monash.edu.au/research/magnetic.html

Skip to content Change text size Monash home About Monash ... Site map SEARCH SPME All of Monash enter search terms Monash University Physics Research Magnetic Properties of Materials Microstructure and magnetic properties of SmCo-based permanent magnets Supervisors: Dr. X.Y. Xiong and Associate Professor T.R. Finlayson Co -type magnets Neutron Spectroscopy of Crystal Field Levels in Quantum Critical Rare-earth Compounds Supervisor: Dr T.J. Hicks Neutron spectroscopy is a powerful tool for investigating the low lying atomic levels of rare-earth ions in which the degeneracy is raised by the atomic environment. The interaction is with the atomic magnetic dipole moment and therefore the spectroscopy involves only magnetic scattering of the neutron. The group's instrument at the HIFAR reactor in Sydney is the only neutron spectrometer in the world which has measured a spectrum in which the magnetic scattering is separated out [1]. We want to refine the operation of this instrument to improve its effective resolution and apply it to a sophisticated problem involving the formation of atomic magnetic moments on Ce ions in Ce(Cu,Au)6. The crystal field spectrum of CeCu6 has been measured previously [2] but is virtually uninterpretable because of the confusing presence of other than magnetic excitations. The scientific object of the project is to access the process of Ce moment formation via the broadening of the crystal field lines due to the fluctuation of the Ce moment. As Au is substituted for Cu we expect that the moment will be fully formed at a particular critical concentration and the energies of the crystal field transitions will sharpen.

47. Magnetic Properties Of Transition-metal Multilayers Studied With X-ray Magnetic IBM Journal of Research and Development 421 - GMR, oscillatory coupling, andrelated studies Magnetic properties of transition-metal multilayers studied http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/421/stohr.html

Home My account Select a country Journals Home ... Contact Us Volume 42, Number 1, 1998 GMR, oscillatory coupling, and related studies HTML ASCII This article: HTML ASCII Magnetic properties of transition-metal multilayers studied with X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy by J. and R. Nakajima 1. Introduction ] in multilayers achieved by alternating magnetic and "nonmagnetic" metals. Some of these discoveries are expected to have a major impact on information technology. Several potential applications are shown in Figure 1 Fe Figure 1 , the bits in magnetic recording media are typically magnetized "in-plane," while the magnetic flux experienced by the head is in the "out-of-plane" direction. A current flowing through the spin-valve structure experiences a resistance which depends on the relative orientation of the magnetization directions in the two ferromagnetic layers. This change in resistance, of the order of a few percent, is the origin of the sensor signal of a spin-valve magnetic recording head. Spin-valve-like structures also promise nonvolatile alternatives (the information is stored in magnetic bits which survive power failures) to semiconductor-based dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) [ ]. The magnetic random access memory (MRAM) cell shown in the figure has a spin-valve-like structure. The memory bits consist of parallel or antiparallel orientations of the magnetization directions in the two ferromagnetic layers. A bit is written by the magnetic field of a current flowing through a lithographically created adjacent "wire." The memory bit is read by a current flowing through the cell, as in the spin-valve read head. As indicated in the figure, many of the materials of technological interest are in the form of artificially layered structures, each layer consisting of a different metal, a few atomic layers thick. Because of the complexity of the materials and the small concentration of some components, state-of-the-art characterization techniques are needed to address scientific and technological issues.

48. CMU > Materials Science And Engineering fundamental magnetic properties of magnetic surfaces, interfaces and multilayers.He has a continuing interest in the magnetic properties of icosahedral http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/people/mchenry.htm

Professor Michael E. McHenry Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Editor, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology 248 Roberts Hall Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Email address: Phone: (412) 268-2703 FAX: (412) 268-1513 Professor McHenry's Web Site Research Interests Prof. McHenry has active research in bulk and thin film soft magnetic metallic nanocomposites. These have excellent soft magnetic properties as measured by the figures of merit of combined induction and magnetic permeability. The CMU alloy HITPERM has alpha-FeCo nanocrystalline grains all embedded in amorphous magnets. In HITPERM nanocomposites the a'(B2)-FeCo is formed with significantly improved high temperature magnetic properties. High temperature operation is advantageous for the application environment, to allow integration with other high temperature electronic components, or to increase efficiency by going to higher frequency. Biography Recent Awards and Activities 2003 Philbrook Award for Excellence in Teaching by CMU MSE Dept.

49. Wiley::Materials Science And Technology, A Comprehensive Treatment, Volume 3A, E Schoenes MagnetoOptical properties of Metals, Alloys and Compounds, Rossiter/BassElectronic Gignoux Magnetic properties of Metallic Systems. http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-3527268162,subjectCd-MS35.html

Location: United States change location Shopping Cart My Account Help ... Contact Us By Keyword By Title By Author By ISBN By ISSN Wiley Magnetic Materials Materials Science and Technology, A Comprehensive Treatment, Volume 3A, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Metals and Ceramics Related Subjects Superconductors Magnetism Materials Characterization Materials Science Special Topics Join a Related Titles More By This Author Materials Science and Technology, A Comprehensive Treatment, Volume 3B, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Metals and Ceramics Part II (Hardcover) Magnetic Materials Magnetism: Molecules to Materials: Models and Experiments (Hardcover) by Joel S. Miller (Editor), Marc Drillon (Editor) Magnetism, Molecules to Materials III, Volume II, Molecule-Based Materials (Hardcover) by Joel S. Miller (Editor), Marc Drillon (Editor) Magnetism, Molecules to Materials III, Nanosized Magnetic Materials (Hardcover) by Joel S. Miller (Editor), Marc Drillon (Editor) Magnetism: Molecules to Materials IV (Hardcover) by Joel S. Miller (Editor), Marc Drillon (Editor) Magnetism: Molecules to Materials V (Hardcover) by Joel S. Miller (Editor), Marc Drillon (Editor)

50. Wiley::Materials Science And Technology, A Comprehensive Treatment, Volume 3A, E MagnetoOptical properties of Metals, Alloys and Compounds Magnetic propertiesof Metal Systems Ultra Thin Films and Superlattices http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-3527268162,subjectCd-MS35,desc

Location: United States change location Shopping Cart My Account Help ... Contact Us By Keyword By Title By Author By ISBN By ISSN Wiley Magnetic Materials Materials Science and Technology, A Comprehensive Treatment, Volume 3A, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Metals and Ceramics Related Subjects Superconductors Magnetism Materials Characterization Materials Science Special Topics Join a Related Titles More By This Author Materials Science and Technology, A Comprehensive Treatment, Volume 3B, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Metals and Ceramics Part II (Hardcover) Magnetic Materials Magnetism: Molecules to Materials: Models and Experiments (Hardcover) by Joel S. Miller (Editor), Marc Drillon (Editor) Magnetism, Molecules to Materials III, Volume II, Molecule-Based Materials (Hardcover) by Joel S. Miller (Editor), Marc Drillon (Editor) Magnetism, Molecules to Materials III, Nanosized Magnetic Materials (Hardcover) by Joel S. Miller (Editor), Marc Drillon (Editor) Magnetism: Molecules to Materials IV (Hardcover) by Joel S. Miller (Editor), Marc Drillon (Editor) Magnetism: Molecules to Materials V (Hardcover) by Joel S. Miller (Editor), Marc Drillon (Editor)

51. Mineral Resources: Magnetic Properties iron in a mineral is responsible for the magnetic properties of minerals invirtually all cases. Magnetic properties of minerals are defined as follows http://www.minerals.net/resource/property/magnetic.htm

Properties MINERAL PROPERTIES and identification procedures MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Advertise on this page Several minerals react when placed within a magnetic field. Some minerals are strongly attracted to the magnet , others are weakly attracted, and one mineral is repelled. There are also several minerals that are attracted to magnetic fields only when heated. A magnetic field is an area encompassing a magnet or electrical current that has the ability to attract or repel certain objects placed in the field. The closer the object is to the magnet or electrical current, the more powerful the magnetic effect. The presence of iron in a mineral is responsible for the magnetic properties of minerals in virtually all cases. Magnetic properties of minerals are defined as follows: Ferromagnetism , or strong attraction to magnetic fields is exhibited in only few minerals, notably magnetite and pyrrhotite. Paramagnetism is weak attraction to magnetic fields. The attraction is usually discernible, but it may be so weak that it is undetectable. Most paramagnetic minerals become strongly magnetic when heated. A small number of paramagnetic minerals, such as platinum , are not essentially paramagnetic, but contain iron impurities which are responsible for the paramagnetism. However, some specimens lacking iron also exist, and these are not paramagnetic. Some examples of paramagnetic minerals are

52. Many-Electron Atoms - The Magnetic Properties Of The Electron Since the spin magnetic moment is an intrinsic property of the electron, The study of the magnetic properties of the ground and excited states of helium http://www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/esam/Chapter_4/section_2.html

An Introduction to the Electronic Structure of Atoms and Molecules Dr. Richard F.W. Bader Professor of Chemistry / McMaster University / Hamilton, Ontario Preface The Nature of the Problem The New Physics The Hydrogen Atom Many-Electron Atoms Introduction The Atomic Orbital Concept The Magnetic Properties of the Electron The Electronic Basis of the Periodic Table Further Reading Problems Electronic Basis for the Properties of the Elements ... Table of Contour Values The Magnetic Properties of the Electron So far, the only motion we have considered for the electron is a motion in three-dimensional space. Since this motion is ultimately described in terms of an orbital wave function, we term this the orbital motion of the electron. However, the electron may possess an internal motion of some kind, one which is independent of its motion through space. Since the electron bears a charge, such an internal motion, if it does exist, might be expected to generate a magnetic moment. We have previously pointed out that when an electron is in an atomic orbital for which l is not equal to zero, the resultant angular motion of the electron gives rise to a magnetic moment. We would anticipate then that an electron in an

53. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES - StormingMedia Pentagon reports and documents about MAGNETIC properties. http://www.stormingmedia.us/keywords/magnetic_properties.html

Home About Us Contact Us View Cart ... Forgot Password? Newsletter To be informed of important news about our site, enter your email here. You can always unsubscribe later. Your address will not be released to others. (Read our Reports by Keyword(s) MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Click on the titles below to find US government reports identified by the key word or phrase MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticle Probes for Deep-Tissue Imaging Date: 08 JUN 2005 Advances in Biomagnetic Interfacing Concepts Derived from Polymer- Magnetic Particle Date: JUN 2005 First Principles and Multiscale Modeling of Spallation and Erosion of Gun Tubes Date: MAY 2005 Optical Investigation of Transition Metal Implanted Wide Band Gap Semiconductors Date: MAR 2005 Metamaterial-Based Patch Antennas and Adaptive Rectifying Circuits for High Power Rec Date: 2005 Microscopic Analysis of Spin Coherences in Semiconductor Nanostructures Date: 16 DEC 2004 Magnetic and Optical Properties of MN-Doped GaN Thin Films and P-I-N devices Date: DEC 2004 Magnetic Studies of Substrate and Superconductive Materials for Development of Advanc Date: 19 NOV 2004 Magnetostrictive Particulate Composites for Damping Date: 11 OCT 2004 Accelerated Development of MRFM Date: 28 SEP 2004 Guidelines for Planning Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Detection Surveys Date: AUG 2004 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Manipulation and Control of Biological Processes Date: MAY 2004 Geometrically Frustrated Magnets as Model Systems Date: 12 JAN 2004 An MR Contrast Agent for Intra-Prostatic Imaging of Prostatic Cancer Date: JAN 2004

54. Solids - Magnetic Properties: New & Used Books Category Search Result For Solids Solids Magnetic properties New Used Books Category Search Result for Solids -Magnetic properties. Compare new and used books prices among 122 book http://www.fetchbook.info/fwd_topics/id_1574922.html

Bookmark Recommend Us Enhance Your Site Browse Books ... Forums New! Help Keyword Title Author ISBN Welcome Guest [Sign In] Searched in books for Solids - Magnetic Properties books matched your search. Search took seconds. All Categories Science Magnetism Solids - Magnetic Properties Add Review Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (Illustrated) By K. H. J. Buschow F. R. De Boer Hardcover / 182 Pages / Plenum Pub Corp / April 2003 / 0306474212 List Price $98.00 / Similar to Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic... Compare Prices Add To Wish List Details ... Add Review Magnetism and Magnetic Resonance in Solids (Illustrated) By Alberto Passos Guimaraes Hardcover / 297 Pages / Wiley-Interscience / August 1998 / 0471197742 List Price $125.00 / Similar to Magnetism and Magnetic Resonance in... Compare Prices Add To Wish List Details ... Add Review Magnetic Properties of Layered Transition Metal Compounds By L.J. De Jongh (Editor) Hardcover / Kluwer Academic Pub / July 1990 / 0792302389 List Price $353.00 / Similar to

55. Magnetic Nanostructures Structure and Magnetic properties of Chemically Ordered Magnetic Binary Alloys in Macroscopic Magnetic properties of Nanostructures and Nanocomposite http://www.aspbs.com/magnetic.html

Magnetic Nanostructures Edited by Hari Singh Nalwa, USA Formerly of Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., JAPAN June 2002 ca. 300 pages, Hardcover ISBN: 1-58883-000-4 US$395.00 Magnetic Nanostructures CONTENTS Magnetic Semiconductor Nanostructures, W. Heimbrodt and P. J. Klar, Germany Magnetic Nanostructures for Future Magnetic Data Storage, Axel Carl and Eberhard F. Wassermann, Germany Structure and Magnetic Properties of Chemically Ordered Magnetic Binary Alloys in Thin Film Form, Alfonso Cebollada, Spain; R. F. C. Farrow and M. F. Toney, USA Macroscopic Magnetic Properties of Nanostructures and Nanocomposite Systems, M. Solzi, M. Ghidini and G. Asti, Italy Theory of Brillouin Cross Section from Magnetic Nanostructured Multilayers, R. Zivieri, L. Giovannini, and P. Vavassori, Italy Dynamics of Nanostructured Magnets

56. PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway Search/Browse Results Educational material Electrical and Magnetic properties of Materials Part IBCourse E Educational material Magnetic properties Chapter 20 ENGR 45 http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/psisearch.pl?term1=magnetic properties&li

57. 'Quantum Magnets' Help Scientists Understand Physical Limits Of Matter: 3/02 working to understand the exotic magnetic properties of these materials, Electrons in atoms have electronic properties as a consequence of their http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/march6/quantum-36.html

Stanford Report, March 6, 2002 'Quantum magnets' help scientists understand physical limits of matter Physicists create unusual insulator that 'eludes physical description,' serves as model magnet for experiments BY DAWN LEVY In superconductors, electrons zip around with virtually no resistance or energy loss. In insulators, however, they barely move, lacking the energy to overcome high resistance. Strangely, scientists can turn certain unusual insulators into high-temperature superconductors by adding the right impurities. Conventional theories predict that these insulators should actually be ordinary conductors. Researchers are still working to understand the exotic magnetic properties of these materials, which are strongly influenced by their quantum nature. "These materials have extremely exotic properties that really have eluded physical description," says Martin Greven, an assistant professor in Stanford's Department of Applied Physics and at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. "We are interested in arriving at a quantitative understanding of their magnetic properties." With Stanford graduate students Owen Vajk and Patrick Mang and physicists Peter Gehring and Jeffrey Lynn at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Greven has been trying to understand the complex magnetic behavior of the insulators as magnetic atoms are randomly replaced with nonmagnetic impurity atoms. Instead of yielding a superconductor, the introduction of nonmagnetic impurities creates a novel model magnet.

58. UNL Department Of Physics And Astronomy KW Wierman and RD Kirby, Long Range Order and Magnetic properties of MnxPt1-xThin Films, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 154, 12-16 (1996). http://physics-new.unl.edu/directory/kirby/kirby.html

People (Directory) Support Services Business Office Main Office Electronic Shop Online Forms Other Programs CMRA CROP Project Fulcrum MRSEC ... History of the Department Roger D. Kirby e-mail: rkirby1@unl.edu Office: Behlen 158 Phone: (402) 472-2784 Fax: (402) 472-2879 Research Interests Recent Students and Postdocs Current Research Funding Some Recent Publications Research Interests My recent research has been directed towards the understanding of magnetism in thin films and superlattices, particularly in nanostructured materials such as rare-earth/transition metal multilayers, nanocrystalline compounds and alloys, and oxide thin films. My group has developed several optical systems for studying magneto-optical properties of thin film and bulk magnetic materials over a wide range of wavelengths and temperatures. We have also developed a Monte Carlo model of magnetization reversal in thin films which has been successfully used to help understand the reversal process in many different materials. My current research group includes graduate student Steven Michalski, undergraduate student Roger D. Stevenson, and I am currently searching for a postdoctoral research associate to replace Toshiyuki Matsui.

59. Magnetics Research - Structure And Magnetic Properties Or Organic/Inorganic Nano Structure and Magnetic properties of Organic/Inorganic Nanoscale Particles In virtually all cases, the magnetic properties of these particles play an http://www.magnetics.uwa.edu.au/biomagnetics/projects/structure_and_magnetic_pro

Magnetics Research Faculty Home School Home Magnetics Home Search UWA UWA Website This Sub-site People UWA Expertise Structure Intranet for Welcome NanoMagnetics and Spin Dynamics BioMagnetics Group ... Links Research Project Structure and Magnetic Properties of Organic/Inorganic Nanoscale Particles About the Project: In virtually all cases, the magnetic properties of these particles play an important role in the effectiveness of the application and affect the behavior of the particles and ferrofluids in applied fields. However, very few studies have examined the magnetic properties of these particles ­ particularly those produced by chemical synthesis techniques. As part of a study to produce gel-based ferrofluid standards for MRI analysis, we have synthesized nanoscale magnetite (Fe3O4) / maghemite (g-Fe2O3) particles in the presence of organic polymers. The resulting organic-inorganic composites form stable aqueous suspensions. We have developed methods of preparation and the detailed characterization of the structural and magnetic properties of these nanoscale magnetic particles. We show that the arrangement of the particles within clusters plays a major role in determining the observed magnetic properties [5]. In addition to synthesizing ferrimagnetic nanoparticles, we have been developing methods for synthesizing low-moment superparamagnetic rod-like particles with diameters of about 6nm and lengths of up to several hundred nanometres [6, 7]. These particles are analogous to ferritin in that they are precipitated on biopolymers (polysaccharides in this case). We are studying the ultrastructure of the particles with electron microscopy and neutron scattering techniques while the internal structure is probed with Mössbauer spectroscopy and x-ray absorption fine structure analysis using synchrotron radiation. One of the attractions of working with organic-inorganic nanocomposite particles is that they often have the property of self-organisation into superlattices when precipitated. One of the aims of the project is to create superlattices of single magnetic domain particles.

60. Exotic Properties Of 'quantum Magnets' Attract Physicists Exotic properties of quantum magnets attract physicists. In superconductors,electrons zip around with virtually no resistance or energy loss. http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/2002/C/20025228.html

March 2002 From Stanford University Exotic properties of 'quantum magnets' attract physicists In superconductors, electrons zip around with virtually no resistance or energy loss. In insulators, however, they barely move, lacking the energy to overcome high resistance. Strangely, scientists can turn certain unusual insulators into high-temperature superconductors by adding the right impurities. Conventional theories predict that these insulators should actually be ordinary conductors. Researchers are still working to understand the exotic magnetic properties of these materials, which are strongly influenced by their quantum nature. ``These materials have extremely exotic properties that really have eluded physical description,`` says Martin Greven, an assistant professor in Stanford`s Department of Applied Physics and at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. ``We are interested in arriving at a quantitative understanding of their magnetic properties.`` With Stanford graduate students Owen Vajk and Patrick Mang and physicists Peter Gehring and Jeffrey Lynn at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Greven has been trying to understand the complex magnetic behavior of the insulators as magnetic atoms are randomly replaced with nonmagnetic impurity atoms. Instead of yielding a superconductor, the introduction of nonmagnetic impurities creates a novel model magnet. The scientists used a powerful technique called neutron scattering to take ``snapshots`` of the magnetic behavior within crystals of the insulator. In the March 1 issue of the journal Science, they report that they have been able to reach the point at which the random impurities disrupt the long-range magnetic order of the crystals. While tomorrow`s quantum magnets may find applications in technology, today`s materials provide models with which scientists can test theoretical predictions, as well as the physical limits of matter.

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