61. Historical Scientific Instrument Gallery This is used to measure magnetic fields by the change in resistance of a loop of DB Brace used this in his research on the effect of magnetic fields on http://physics.unl.edu/outreach/histinstr/magnetism.html

Select an item to view from the list below or browse through the entire collection. To view an enlargement click on the photo. Flip Coil #10112 Fluxmeter #10158 Bismuth Spiral #10658 Tangent Galvanometer #10192 ... Dipping Needle #10564 Flip Coil #10112 Edelmann, Munich Reference: Max Kohl Catalogue No. 100 (c.1927) p.973. Fluxmeter #10158 Grassot This is a moving-coil ballistic galvanometer with a very small restoring torque used for measuring magnetic flux. It is calibrated in maxwells, an early unit of magnetic flux. It is used with an exploring coil in a closed circuit. The meter is set by mechanical means to zero while the coil is in the field to be measured. The coil is then removed from the field, causing a deflection on the meter, which yields the change of magnetic flux in the coil. Reference: Frank A. Laws, Electrical Measurements, New York, 1938, p.112-15.

62. Everyone's Magnetism One need just open a textbook on magnetism to realise that such fields canlift nonmagnetic materials. Indeed, the magnetic force acting on a material of http://www.hfml.science.ru.nl/phystod.html

This document uses the Windows or Mac Symbol font. On other operating systems (like UNIX) the special characters may not show corectly. Everyone's Magnetism from Physics Today, September 1998 Though it seems counterintuitive, today’s research magnets can easily levitate seemingly nonmagnetic objects, thereby opening an Earthbound door to microgravity conditions. Andrey Geim If you were to tell to a child playing with a horseshoe magnet and pieces of iron that his uncle has a much bigger magnet that can lift everything and everybody, the child would probably believe you and might even ask for a ride on the magnet. If a physicist were present at such a conversation, he or she - armed with knowledge and experience - would probably smile condescendingly. The physicist would know well that only a very few materials – such as iron or nickel – are strongly magnetic, while the rest of the world’s materials are not; or to be precise, the rest of the world is a billion (10 ) times less magnetic. This number seems obviously too large to allow common substances (water, for example) to be lifted even by the most powerful magnets; a billionfold increase in magnetic fields can be found only on neutron stars. In this case, however, knowledge and experience would mislead the physicist: In fact, all materials can be lifted by using magnetic fields that are rather standard these days. In principle, even a child can be levitated by a magnet, as we shall see below. FIGURE 1: LEVITATING NUTS - EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

63. Blocking Magnetism Blocking magnetism. name angel status student age 18 Question can anything Yes, you can shield against magnetic fields using any magnetic material. http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/phy99/phy99x89.htm

Ask A Scientist Physics Archive Blocking Magnetism Back to Physics Ask A Scientist Index NEWTON Homepage Ask A Question ... NEWTON is an electronic community for Science, Math, and Computer Science K-12 Educators. Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Educational Programs, Harold Myron, Ph.D., Division Director.

64. Understanding And Using Permanent Magnets, Chapter 1 magnetism is the study of phenomena involving magnetic fields and effects onother materials exposed to a magnetic field. Through the work of Coulomb and http://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/mtc/pm_manual_chap_1.htm

Magnetics Technology Center Applications Consultants Design Software ... APPLICATIONS GUIDES : CHAPTER 1 Chapter 1, Introduction Purpose History of Magnetism What is Magnetism What is a Permanent Magnet PURPOSE Magnetic materials are vital components of most electromechanical machines. An understanding of magnetism and magnetic materials is therefore essential to the design of modern day devices. The magnetic components are usually concealed in subassemblies and are not directly apparent to the end user. Unlike other material characteristics, magnetic properties cannot be felt, tasted, seen, or heard. This makes the concepts associated with magnetism difficult to comprehend. It is the purpose of this manual to be a practical guide to: Understanding magnetism Magnetic materials and their manufacturing methods Design of systems utilizing permanent magnets Provide an appreciation for the wide variety of applications which use magnets Permanent magnets have been used in electrical machinery for over one hundred years. Developments in materials and manufacturing methods from the early 1940's to the present have improved the properties of permanent magnets and made the use of magnetic devices common. A list of some devices/applications using permanent magnets include: Advertising and signs Communication applications in telephones, microwave tubes and filters

65. Detecting Planetary Magnetism Many spacecraft carry magnetometers to measure the magnetic fields around might detect magnetism caused by the solar wind or the Sun s magnetic field. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/physical_science/magnetism/detect_planet_

Detecting Planetary Magnetism This diagram shows the magnetosphere of Jupiter. Click on image for full size ( 92K GIF Windows to the Universe original artwork A magnetometer is an instrument for measuring magnetic fields . Many spacecraft carry magnetometers to measure the magnetic fields around planets . When a spacecraft makes those measurements, what do the measurements tell us? The planet might have a global magnetic field surrounding it. Earth does, which is why compasses work. So do Mercury, Jupiter Saturn Uranus , and Neptune . Electrical currents in Earth's core generate its magnetic field. The core consists of iron and nickel, which are good conductors of electricity. Similarly, Mercury has an iron core which produces its field. Areas surrounding the cores of Jupiter and Saturn are filled with liquid metal hydrogen. This strange substance exists only at the high pressures and temperatures found deep inside massive gas giant planets. Flow of electricity in the liquid metal hydrogen produces the strong magnetic fields Jupiter and Saturn. The magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune are generated by current flow in slushy, salty water inside those frozen gas giants.

66. Planetary Magnetism Venus is special case of a rocky planet with no magnetic field. More on magnetism How We Detect Magnetic fields with Spacecraft http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/physical_science/magnetism/planetary_magn

Planetary Magnets This is a drawing of Earth with its magnetic field. Click on image for full size version ( 40K GIF Image from: NASA The Earth is a good example of a planetary dipole, where the lines of force point in a direction out of the South (magnetic) Pole and into the North (magnetic) Pole. Planets can also show evidence of quadrupoles (4 poles) and octupoles (8-poles). Not every planet has a magnetic field. It takes special conditions to make a magnetic field within a planet. Other planets known to have a magnetosphere include Mercury, Mars (perhaps), Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Venus is special case of a rocky planet with no magnetic field. More on Magnetism How We Detect Magnetic Fields with Spacecraft Last modified June 3, 2003 by the Windows Team The source of this material is Windows to the Universe , at http://www.windows.ucar.edu/

67. Harvard Gazette: Quirk May Explain Odd Magnetism Of Neptune, Uranus The abnormal magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune whose magnetic poles lie near Some have suggested that the unorthodox magnetism could result from http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/03.11/06-planets.html

Current Issue: March 11, 2004 News News, events, features Science/Research Latest scientific findings Profiles The people behind the university Community Harvard and neighbor communities Sports Scores, highlights, upcoming games On Campus Newsmakers, notes, students, police log ... Arts Museums, concerts, theater Calendar Two-week listing of upcoming events Subscribe Gazette headlines delivered to your desktop HARVARD GAZETTE ARCHIVES Quirk may explain odd magnetism of Neptune, Uranus Atypical magnetic fields may result from stable planetary cores that hinder convection By Steve Bradt FAS Communications The abnormal magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune - whose magnetic poles lie near their equators - may be a side effect of stable planetary cores that hinder This figure shows the component of the magnetic fields perpendicular to the planetary surfaces of Earth (a), Uranus (b), Neptune (c) and the researchers' numerical model (d). Blue regions are where field lines are entering the planet and orange regions are where field lines are leaving the planet. Notice how Earth's field is similar to that produced by a bar magnet where all the field lines leave one hemisphere and enter in the other. Uranus' and Neptune's fields show more complexity as does the numerical model. convection. Harvard University scientists report in the March 11 issue of the journal Nature that they've used a computer model, similar to those used in weather forecasting, to establish a possible link between the two planets' strange magnetic fields and their internal composition.

68. Vaste-stoffysica En Magnetisme Main building The Laboratory of SolidState Physics and magnetism of the Many of these techniques are routinely available in magnetic fields up to 60 T. http://fys.kuleuven.be/vsm/

Home Research Personnel Publications ... Library Welcome to the VSM homepage A Short Introduction to the Laboratory The Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism of the K.U. Leuven is a leading centre for research into magnetic, semiconducting and superconducting systems of reduced dimensionality. Seven members of academic staff lead an integrated community of more than fifty doctoral research students, post-doctoral reseach fellows and visiting professors. The research is supported by a dedicated team of technicians and secretarial staff. We have outstanding MBE facilities with a range of in-situ characterisation techniques, magnetic and superconducting thin film preparation expertise, nanolithographic patterning techniques and atomic cluster production and spectroscopy capabilities, including 'soft-landing' deposition on a substrate. Sample characterisation and measurement is undertaken using state-of-the-art equipment, much of which is developed within the laboratory. Our facilities include a range of advanced scanning-probe microscopes, low-temperature systems for transport and magnetisation measurements, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies. Many of these techniques are routinely available in magnetic fields up to 60 T.

69. Magnetism - Succeed In Physical Science That force is what we call magnetism. When a magnetic field is applied Electric charges and magnetism different. The magnetic field is a dipole field. http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/magnetism.htm

The School for Champions is an educational website that helps you become a champion and encourages you to help others. School for Champions Physical Science Experiments Senses ... List Your School Explanation of magnetism to succeed in Physical Science. Also refer to physics, force, distance, magnetic field, electric charge, electron, magnet, ferromagnetism, iron, cobalt, nickel, Lorentz, attraction, repulsion, Ron Kurtus, School for Champions. Magnetism by Ron Kurtus (revised 24 November 2004) Magnetism is a force that acts at a distance and is caused by a magnetic field. This force strongly attracts ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel and cobalt. In magnets, the magnetic force strongly attracts an opposite pole of another magnet and repels a like pole. The magnetic field is both similar and different than an electric field. Questions you may have include: What is a magnetic field? What is a magnetic force? How do magnetic and electric fields compare? This lesson will answer those questions. There is a

70. Test On Magnetism For An Online Physical Science Course The pattern of a magnetic force field b. That paper blocks out magnetism c . Neither, since the Earth doesn t have a magnetic field http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/tests/testmagnet.htm

School for Champions Physical Science Experiments Homework ... Advance in Your Career Test on Magnetism for an online Physical Science course. Also refer to physics, static electricity, AC, DC, forces, compass, poles, iron, generator, electric motors, education, School for Champions, Kurtus Technologies, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Magnetism - Test by Ron Kurtus (revised 3 March 2002) Instructions : Print copy of this test. Take the test to verify your knowledge, without using any reference material. Then, send the test to your instructor for grading. 1. What sort of harm can magnetism do to you? a. It can make your hair stand on end b. There are no known harmful effects c. You can get a magnetic shock 2. What does a magnet attract? a. Anything made of metal b. Aluminum foil c. Iron, steel, nickel and other magnets 3. What is the force that repels two magnets called? a. Repulsive force b. Electromagnetic force. c. Magnetic force 4. What are the opposite ends of a magnet called? a. Its terminals b. Its north and south poles

71. Magnetism - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Thus, magnetism is seen whenever electrically charged particles are in motion . When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism

Magnetism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For magnetism as a neurological sign, see Magnetism (neurological sign) In physics magnetism is one of the phenomena by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. Some well known materials that exhibit easily detectable magnetic properties are iron , some steels , and the mineral lodestone ; however, all materials are influenced to one degree or another by the presence of a magnetic field , although in most cases the influence is too small to detect without special equipment. Magnetic forces are fundamental forces that arise due to the movement of electrical charge. Maxwell's equations describe the origin and behavior of the fields that govern these forces (see also the Biot-Savart law ). Thus, magnetism is seen whenever electrically charged particles are in motion . This can arise either from movement of electrons in an electric current , resulting in "electromagnetism", or from the quantum-mechanical orbital motion (there is no orbital motion of electrons around the nucleus like planets around the sun, but there is an "effective electron velocity") and

72. Magnetic Field The magnetic field B is defined in terms of force on moving charge in the Lorentzforce law. HyperPhysics***** Electricity and magnetism, R Nave http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfie.html

Magnetic Field Magnetic fields are produced by electric currents , which can be macroscopic currents in wires, or microscopic currents associated with electrons in atomic orbits. The magnetic field B is defined in terms of force on moving charge in the Lorentz force law . The interaction of magnetic field with charge leads to many practical applications . Magnetic field sources are essentially dipolar in nature, having a north and south magnetic pole. The SI unit for magnetic field is the Tesla, which can be seen from the magnetic part of the Lorentz force law F magnetic = qvB to be composed of (Newton x second)/(Coulomb x meter). A smaller magnetic field unit is the Gauss (1 Tesla = 10,000 Gauss). Index Electromagnetic force Magnetic field concepts HyperPhysics ... Electricity and Magnetism R Nave Go Back Lorentz Force Law Both the electric field and magnetic field can be defined from the Lorentz force law: The electric force is straigtforward, being in the direction of the electric field if the charge q is positive, but the direction of the magnetic part of the force is given by the right hand rule Index Electromagnetic force Magnetic force ... Electricity and Magnetism R Nave Go Back

73. Magnets And Electromagnets The lines of magnetic field from a bar magnet form closed lines. By convention,the field direction HyperPhysics***** Electricity and magnetism, R Nave http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/elemag.html

Bar Magnet The lines of magnetic field from a bar magnet form closed lines. By convention, the field direction is taken to be outward from the North pole and in to the South pole of the magnet. Permanent magnets can be made from ferromagnetic materials. Comparison of magnetic and electric fields Compare to solenoid magnetic field Index Magnetic field concepts ... Electricity and Magnetism R Nave Go Back Electric and Magnetic Sources The electric field of a point charge is radially outward from a positive charge The magnetic field of a bar magnet Electric sources are inherently "monopole" or point charge sources. Magnetic sources are inherently dipole sources - you can't isolate North or South "monopoles". Index Magnetic force Magnetic field concepts HyperPhysics ... Electricity and Magnetism R Nave Go Back Bar Magnet and Solenoid The magnetic field produced by electric current in a solenoid coil is similar to that of a bar magnet Add iron core to solenoid Index Magnetic field concepts ... Electricity and Magnetism R Nave Go Back Iron Core Solenoid An iron core has the effect of multiplying greatly the magnetic field of a solenoid compared to the air core solenoid on the left.

74. The Magnetic Sun Elementary review of sunspots and solar magnetism; part of an educational Earth s magnetic field (rather than some strange sort of permanent magnetism). http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sun3mag.htm

Site Map Lesson plan (S-3) The Magnetic Sun Sunspots Around 1610, soon after the telescope first became available, three independent observers Galileo, Galilei, Johann Fabricius and Christopher Scheiner used it to observe dark spots on the face of the Sun. From their motion they deduced that the Sun rotated The sunspots, Galileo guessed guessed, were clouds floating above the surface, blocking some of the sunlight from reaching us. We now know that sunspots are darker than their surroundings because they are moderately cooler, since their intense magnetic fields somehow slow down the local flow of heat from the Sun's interior. The process which causes this is still unclear. What is a "magnetic field," anyway? What follows below is a brief summary of magnetism; more details can be found on the files linked below, all of them parts of the web site The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere . You may look them upbut be prepared to spend extra time! Magnetism electric currents. here force between two electric currents in parallel wires; they

75. A Review Of Magnets And Magnetism If a piece of iron is placed within a strong magnetic field, the domains in line magnetism; electromagnetism; magnetic field; dipole; Helmholtz coil http://my.execpc.com/~rhoadley/magencyc.htm

Magnet basics What is magnetism? What is a magnet? A magnet is an object made of certain materials which create a magnetic field . Every magnet has at least one north pole and one south pole. By convention, we say that the magnetic field lines leave the North end of a magnet and enter the South end of a magnet. This is an example of a magnetic dipole ("di" means two, thus two poles). If you take a bar magnet and break it into two pieces, each piece will again have a North pole and a South pole. If you take one of those pieces and break it into two, each of the smaller pieces will have a North pole and a South pole. No matter how small the pieces of the magnet become, each piece will have a North pole and a South pole. It has not been shown to be possible to end up with a single North pole or a single South pole which is a monopole ("mono" means one or single, thus one pole). http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?ti=004AD000 History The ancient Greeks and Chinese discovered that certain rare stones, called lodestones, were naturally magnetized. These stones could attract small pieces of iron in a magical way, and were found to always point in the same direction when allowed to swing freely suspended by a piece of string. The name comes from Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece. For more history, check http://www.newi.ac.uk/BUCKLEYC/magnet.htm

76. Electricity And Magnetism Figure 2 Electric field lines of a positive charge. magnetism and Magnetic FieldsA phenomenon apparently unrelated to electricity is magnetism. http://www.electricityforum.com/electricity-and-magnetism.html

Search our 3,000+ pages for information about electricity, electrical equipment, solar power, wind power, nuclear power, energy jobs, transformers, national electric code, and more!! Site Map What Is Electricity? Static Electricity Electricity History Basic Electricity Solar Electricity Electricity Prices Electricity And Magnetism Electricity Generation ABOUT US CONTACT US CLASSIFIEDS Our Latest Book LATEST ISSUE ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM Electrical charges One aspect of electricity that we are familiar with in our everyday lives is that of static cling - when two objects, such as a piece of Saran wrap and a wool sweater, are rubbed together, they cling. One feature of this that we don't encounter too often is static ``repulsion'' - if each piece of Saran wrap is rubbed on the wool sweater, then the pieces of Saran wrap will repel when brought near each other. These phenomena are interpreted in terms of the objects acquiring an electric charge , which has the following features: There are two types of charge, which by convention are labelled positive and negative Like charges repel, and unlike charges attract.

77. Molecular Expressions: Electricity And Magnetism - Interactive Java Tutorials: M This interactive Java tutorial explores the patterns of magnetic field lines . BACK TO ELECTRICITY magnetism TUTORIALS http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/magneticlines/

Galleria License Info Image Use Custom Photos ... Visit Science, The Galleries: Photo Gallery Silicon Zoo Pharmaceuticals Chip Shots ... Movie Gallery Magnetic Field Lines Magnets are surrounded by magnetic fields. A magnetic field can be thought of as consisting of lines of force. The forces of magnetic attraction and repulsion move along the lines of force. The magnet below is being placed on a surface containing iron filings. Interactive Java Tutorial ATTENTION Our servers have detected that your web browser does not have the Java Virtual Machine installed or it is not functioning properly. Please install this software in order to view our interactive Java tutorials. You may download the necessary software by clicking on the "Get It Now" button below. Click ON to simulate the placing of a magnet on a surface covered with iron filings. The iron filings line up along the magnetic field lines of the magnet. Note the circular pattern of the field lines. By convention, we say that the field lines emanate from the north pole of the magnet and re-enter the magnet through the south pole. Note also that the field lines are closer together at the poles than at the center of the magnet. More iron filings are attracted to the poles because the strength of the magnetic field is greater at the poles. Discover the affect on magnetic field lines when two magnets are placed close to each other at our Interactive Magnets Java Tutorial.

78. Magnetism - Magnetic Matter - Helixes In The Ether ? could magnetism be akin to the weather in our planet s atmosphere ? On theSun, coronal mass ejections occur when solar magnetic field lines snake http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/new/magnetic.htm

Magnetism " Magnetic Tubes ? " ("Magnetic Lines of Force" may actually be Spinning Tubes.) WHY ? If a dynamic ether could be shown, ... could magnetism be akin to the weather in our planet's atmosphere ? Imagine that this is a Spinning Electron. This is only part of the picture. See below and imagine a mirror over the pool. "A Macrocosm view of the Microcosm" R.M. Kiehn Kiehn's web site Pool photo by David Radabaugh. Imagine that the swimming pool water is the "Zero Point Energy" in which all of our universe is "swimming". The topological defects are positions in the ZPE where electrons can form and reside. The helix connecting the counter-rotating dimples, represents the helixes of the magnetic lines of force This Paradigm is in line with James Clerk Maxwell's concept that the universe is existing in a dynamic medium that has many properties very much like those found in fluids such as water or the Earth's atmosphere, with respect to the energy movements found there. This is how our High Technology Industry understands the concept of magnetism. What works, works, and we have to consider the magnetic effects that engineers have observed, measured and used to created products.

79. Magnetic Fields - History Of Magnets And Electromagnetism Magnetic fields History of Electromagnetism Until 1820, the only magnetismknown was that of iron magnets and of lodestones , natural magnets of http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blelectric3.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Business Inventors Business ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Inventors newsletter! See Online Courses Search Inventors Magnetic Fields : History of Electromagnetism Edmond Halley Related History Electromagnets Electricity Magnets Mary Bellis Until 1820, the only magnetism known was that of iron magnets and of "lodestones", natural magnets of iron-rich ore. It was believed that the inside of the Earth was magnetized in the same fashion, and scientists were greatly puzzled when they found that the direction of the compass needle at any place slowly shifted, decade by decade, suggesting a slow variation of the Earth's magnetic field. How can an iron magnet produce such changes? Edmond Halley (of comet fame) ingeniously proposed that the Earth contained a number of spherical shells, one inside the other, each magnetized differently, each slowly rotating in relation to the others. Hans Christian Oersted was a professor of science at Copenhagen University. In 1820 he arranged in his home a science demonstration to friends and students. He planned to demonstrate the heating of a wire by an electric current, and also to carry out demonstrations of magnetism, for which he provided a compass needle mounted on a wooden stand.

80. Rare-Earth Magnets - Magnetism magnetism is a phenomenon by which materials assert an attractive or When placed in a magnetic field, a magnetic dipole will tend to align itself with http://www.rareearth.org/magnets_magnetism.htm

Up Electromagnetism Permanent Magnets Magnetic Units of Measurements ... Mutual Inductance Magnetism Magnetism is a phenomenon by which materials assert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. Some well known materials that exhibit magnetic properties are iron, some steels, and the naturally occurring mineral lodestone. In reality all materials are influenced to one degree or another by the presence of a magnetic field, although in some cases the influence is too small to detect without special equipment. Magnetic forces are fundamental forces that arise due to the movement of electrically charged particles. The origin and behavior of these forces are described by Maxwell's equations. For the case of electric current moving through a wire, the resulting force is directed according to the "right hand rule". If the thumb of the right hand points along the wire from positive towards the negative side, the magnetic forces will wrap around the wire in the direction indicated by the fingers of the right hand. If a loop is formed, such that the charged particles are traveling in a circle then all of the forces in the center of the loop are directed in the same direction.

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