101. Vanilla Beans,Madagascar, Tahitian, Mexican, History,facts,recipes The history and Facts about Vanilla beans, recipes, and where to buy it. http://www.kitchenproject.com/vanilla/Vanilla_Bean_Page.html

by Vanilla Enchantment Vanilla Enchantment order vanilla beans vanilla history Kitchen Projects If you haven't ever smelled a fresh vanilla bean, you should It is a wonderfully, enchanting experience! Vanilla Bean History Where does vanilla come from? Make your own Vanilla Extract Vanilla Recipes ... Using Vanilla to make Seductive Foods Vanilla Bean History Early recordings have shown that Spanish conquistadors encountered vanilla in Mexico, where it was being used to flavor chocolate. They called it Vainilla ...which means "little sheath" . It became popular quickly. But the popularity skyrocketed with the onset of Ice Cream. The French took the spices down to the country of Madagascar and avoiding the Dutch, tried to develop a nice source of vanilla amongst other spices for themselves. They could not get the orchid to produce pods though? They were successful later by developing a hand pollination method. For more history of the vanilla bean go here Where Do Vanilla Beans Come From Vanilla pods are actually from an Orchid called vanilla planifolla. believe it or not that bears edible fruit. It is a rather small plain yellow orchid that produces these long 7 to 8 inch pods. The pods look like green beans and are picked green and need to dry and then ferment to develop that rich flavor. It is a complicated process involving many months , that is why the price is very high.

102. Deforestation, Erosion, And Fire: Degradation Myths In The Environmental History Abstract of article in Environment and history vol.6, 2000. common wisdomand conservation rhetoric about the environmental history of madagascar with http://www.erica.demon.co.uk/EH/EH617.html

The White Horse Press Environment and History Contents of Volume 6 Environment and History Deforestation, Erosion, and Fire: Degradation Myths in the Environmental History of Madagascar Christian A. Kull Environment and History 6(2000): 421-450 This article is available online (PDF format) from Ingenta Journals . Access is free if your institution subscribes to Environment and History Reprints of this article can be ordered from the British Library Document Supply Service or ingenta Contact the publishers for subscriptions and back numbers of Environment and History. Other papers in this volume THE WHITE HORSE PRESS 1 Strond ISLE OF HARRIS HS5 3UD, UK Tel: +44 1859520204

103. Cyberbotanica: Periwinkle and Natural history of the Periwinkle. Picture of Wild PurplePeriwinkles Catharanthus roseus is known as the common or madagascar periwinkle,...... http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/botany/perihist.html

Description and Natural History of the Periwinkle C atharanthus roseus is known as the common or Madagascar periwinkle, though its name and classification may be contradictory in some literature because this plant was formerly classified as the species Vinca rosea Lochnera rosea and Ammocallis rosea . Furthermore, lesser periwinkle ( Vinca minor ) may also be called common periwinkle. Both species are also known as myrtle. In any case, this periwinkle is a perennial , evergreen herb in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae) that was originally native to the island of Madagascar. It has been widely cultivated for hundreds of years and can now be found growing wild in most warm regions of the world, including the Southern U.S. The plants grow one or two feet high, have glossy, dark green leaves (1-2 inches long) and flowers all summer long. The blooms of the natural wild plants are a pale pink with a purple "eye" in their centers, but horticulturists have developed varieties with colors ranging from white to hot pink to purple. The plant has historically been used to treat a wide assortment of diseases. It was used as a folk remedy for

104. Juan Cole * Informed Comment * history and Genetics in madagascar Genetics and history have joined forces toexplain the origins of the people of madagascar (the world s fourth largest http://www.juancole.com/2005/06/history-and-genetics-in-madagascar.html

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=3463907"); Informed Comment Thoughts on the Middle East, History, and Religion Juan Cole is Professor of History at the University of Michigan Wednesday, June 22, 2005 History and Genetics in Madagascar Genetics and history have joined forces to explain the origins of the people of Madagascar (the world's fourth largest island, off the coast of East Africa). Early Muslim chronicles speak of the peopling of Madagascar from the islands to its far east, i.e., Indonesia. Geneticists have found that about half of the island's people have Y chromosomes or mitochondrial DNA that most resemble that of the people of Borneo. Note that all the people in Madagascar by now have Indonesian ancestors and lots of genes from there. The other half of the markers go to East Africa. There must, however, also be an Arab heritage. Some 7 percent of the inhabitants of Madagascar are Muslim, and Muslim chronicles speak of several waves of immigration from places like Yemen. Historical linguists have long been convinced that Malagasy is an Austronesian language (other members of the family include Malay and Bahasa Indonesia, but also Hawaiian). Since historical linguistics is by now a firmly grounded science, there really was no doubt about this. Malagasy also has some Bantu words and phrases, and the people of Madagascar use East African material culture. Africa is so much closer than Borneo (20 times) that it is incredible that this big group of people emigrated across the Indian Ocean beginning around AD 400-700, and that relatively few Africans ever ventured over in comparison.

105. ASECNA Missions, historique et activit©s de cet organisme. Liste de publications et consultation des archives de son magazine. http://www.asecna.com/

106. BBC NEWS | World | Africa | Country Profiles | Country Profile: Madagascar Provides overview, key facts and events, timelines and leader profiles along with current news. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1063208.stm

Home TV Radio Talk ... Newswatch LANGUAGES Arabic Somali French More Last Updated: Friday, 12 August 2005, 11:15 GMT 12:15 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version Country profile: Madagascar Madagascar is the world's fourth biggest island after Greenland, New Guinea and Borneo. Because of its isolation most of its mammals, half its birds, and most of its plants exist nowhere else on earth. The island is heavily exposed to tropical cyclones which bring torrential rains and destructive floods, such as the ones in 2000 and 2004, which left thousands homeless. OVERVIEW FACTS LEADERS MEDIA The Malagasy are thought to be descendents of Africans and Indonesians who settled the island more than 2,000 years ago. Malagasy pay a lot of attention to their dead and spend much effort on ancestral tombs, which are opened from time to time so the remains can be carried in procession, before being rewrapped in fresh shrouds. After sometimes harsh French colonial rule, which included the bloody suppression of an uprising in 1947, Madagascar gained independence in 1960. The military seized power in the early 1970s with the aim of achieving a socialist paradise, which however did not materialise. The economy went into decline and by 1982 the authorities were forced to adopt a structural adjustment programme imposed by the International Monetary Fund.

107. Madagascar On Bike Rents motorbikes and organizes guided motorbike tours. http://madagascar-on-bike.com/

Madagascar on Bike if(screen.width > 800) document.write("") else document.write("") 10. Apr 2005 Bienvenue! Madagascar on Bike Sarl Location de motos Antananarivo Madagascar Nous louons de motos (Honda Transalp) pour des circuits independents sur les grands axes de Madagascar. Welcome! Madagascar on Bike Sarl Bike rental Antananarivo Madagascar We rent motorbikes (Honda Transalps) for individual bike adventure tours on main roads in Madagascar. Willkommen! Madagascar on Bike Sarl Motorradvermietung Antananarivo Madagascar

108. OMS | Madagascar Estad­sticas sobre la salud en el pa­s. Indicadores b¡sicos, leyes, recursos, emergencias e incidencias de enfermedades. http://www.who.int/country/mdg/es

Acceso La OMS Pa­ses Temas de salud ... Pa­ses Madagascar Representaci³n aproximada de las fronteras reales del pa­s. PUNTOS DE CONTACTO regafro@afro.who.int http://www.afro.who.int/ CONTEXTO Indicadores b¡sicos Brotes epid©micos - en ingl©s GASTO EN SALUD Indicadores clave del gasto en salud National health accounts PROVISION/COBERTURA Obertura de inmunizaci³n - en ingl©s Partos asistidos - en ingl©s Home-based long-term care ORGANIZACIONI Y REGLAMENTACION DE LOS SISTEMAS DE SALUD Legislaci³n sanitaria - en ingl©s INDICADORES SINTETICOS Tablas de mortalidad Esperanza de vida sana (HALE) MEDIDAS ESPECIFICAS DE CONDICIONES DE LA SALUD Incidencia/prevalencia de la poliomielitis - en ingl©s Incidencia/prevalencia de la tuberculosis - en ingl©s Salud bucodental - en ingl©s Diabetes prevalence by WHO region RECURSOS HUMANOS M©dicos, enfermeras y otros profesionales de la salud - en ingl©s Datos estad­sticos: Poblaci³n total: PIB por habitante (Intl $, 2002): Esperanza de vida al nacer h/m (a±os): Esperanza de vida sana al nacer h/m (a±os, 2002):

109. Decouvrir Madagascar Photographies, approche historique de l'®le. http://membres.lycos.fr/bomba/

110. Www.madagascar.it Travel information and sample itineraries from an Italian travel agency. English, Italian http://www.madagascar.it/

italiano english update september 2005 (09.15.2005) aggiornamento settembre 2005 (15.09.2005) offerte speciali b envenuti nel sito www.madagascar.it ci proponiamo di farvi conoscere questa straordinaria isola attraverso immagini, testi e itinerari di viaggio dall'esperienza Madagascar sono nati gli altri nostri siti www.myanmar.it viaggi nella terra dorata www.ayurveda-india.it viaggi nel sud dell'India per rigenerarsi con l'aiuto dell'antica medicina ayurvedica www.myanmar.it/kolanta relax sulle spiagge di Ko Lanta, arcipelago di Krabi, Tailandia

111. Madagascar :Eclipse Solaire 2001 à Madagascar, Photos, Carte, Images Eclipse solaire totale de Juin 2001   madagascar, site du Comit© national. Informations diverses et pratiques. http://www.madagascar-eclipse.com

La première éclipse du troisième millénaire à Madagascar, Phénomène grandiose dans un décor naturel fabuleux ! Le 21 Juin 2001 , vous serez quelque part à RANOHIRA, à FARAFANGANA ou à MOROMBE peu importe vous vivrez ce spectacle magnifique dans un site exceptionnel car la nature y a préservé sa beauté naturelle Il est un peu plus de 16 heures, le soleil est déjà assez bas à l'horizon, le ciel sans nuage se pare d'une couleur jaune orangée qui reflète une atmosphère irréelle. Vous êtes assis à même le sable, fixant l'horizon... partagé entre le bonheur et l'angoisse on n'entend plus un bruit chacun retient son souffle la température se rafraîchit les couleurs changent et deviennent pâles et soudain l'ombre de la lune mord le soleil petit à petit et tout d'un coup ! il fait très froid, il fait sombre, une couronne de diamant entoure le disque noir de la lune des flammèches roses dansent autour de ce joli "soleil noir" ! Est-ce là la fin du monde ? Mais non ! tranquillement l'ombre de la lune se retire et fait place à un éblouissant soleil ! OH ! Au même moment ce cri jaillit de toute part, la joie éclate, on prie, on pleure, on s'embrasse, on fait sauter les bouteilles de champagne... C'est déjà fini ! Cet impressionnant spectacle n'a duré que quelques deux minutes et treize secondes...

112. Madagascar - Precolonial Era, Prior To 1894 madagascar became a source of slaves, not only for the neighboring islands of madagascar s social and political structure facilitated the slave trade. http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/2.htm

Precolonial Era, Prior to 1894 Madagascar Table of Contents This early checking of French imperial designs coincided with the spread of piracy into the Indian Ocean. In the absence of a significant naval power in waters remote from Europe, privateer vessels attacked ships of many nations for nearly forty years. The favorite hunting grounds were in the north in the Arabian Sea and Red Sea areas, but Madagascar was a popular hiding place where crews could recuperate and replenish supplies for another attack. By this time, the institution of slavery also had been implanted on the island. Madagascar became a source of slaves, not only for the neighboring islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues, but also for more distant points, including the Western Hemisphere. Madagascar's social and political structure facilitated the slave trade. Within several small coastal kingdoms, stratified societies of nobles, commoners, and slaves gave allegiance to a single king or queen. For example, the Sakalava ethnic group dominated the western and northern portions of Madagascar in two separate kingdoms. Menabe, on the barren western grasslands, had its first capital at Toliara; Boina, in the northwest, included the port of Mahajanga. The towns became centers of trade where cattle and slaves, taken in war, were exchanged with European merchants for guns and other manufactured goods. These political domains were complemented by the Betsimisaraka kingdom along the east coast, and the southern coastal kingdoms dominated by the Mahafaly and the Antandroy ethnic groups.

113. CIA - The World Factbook -- Madagascar Features map and brief descriptions of the geography, people, government, economy, communications, transportation, military and transnational issues. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ma.html

Select a Country or Location World Afghanistan Akrotiri Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Arctic Ocean Argentina Armenia Aruba Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Baker Island Bangladesh Barbados Bassas da India Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dhekelia Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europa Island Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon Gambia, The

114. MADAGASCAR 3D Madagascar Le Portail Business To Business Des Industries Malgache Business portal and directory. http://www.3dmadagascar.com/

3D Madagascar.com est un portail 100 % dynamique en permanente évolution. Le nombre des sites web conçus et hébergés dans ce portail (sociétés, industries, associations ) augmente régulièrement. - ENTREE - Venez nous rejoindre ! Visitez notre Portail Temps réel on-line. Sites : Pages : Proverbe Malgache Ady amin'ny adala, ka ny hendry no miala Dans une dispute avec un imbécile, c'est le sage qui s'en va

115. Afrol News - Redirigiendo A La Nueva Dirección Agencia de prensa africana. Art­culos de an¡lisis y noticias. http://www.afrol.com/es/Paises/Madagascar/

Está siendo redirigido a la nueva dirección de esta página en afrol News. Un momento, por favor. Si no ocurre en unos segundos, por favor, pulse este link para acceder a esta página. © afrol News. Puede contactarnos en mail@afrol.com

116. Découvrir Madagascar Photographies et conseils aux voyageurs. http://madagascar-photos.monsite.wanadoo.fr/page8.html

Découvrir Madagascar Harris chauffeur Les Hauts-plateaux Caméléons Lémuriens ... Sud et Baobabs Découvrir Madagascar Général : N’oubliez pas que Madagascar est un pays pauvre économiquement parlant. Donc si vous n’avez pas l’habitude, préparez-vous psychologiquement. Le choc économique peut-être parfois difficile pour certains Là-bas, réfléchissez également à votre impact sur la population locale. Le salaire mensuel moyen est de 35 euros approximativement. Ne donnez pas de l’argent à tout va (évitez que le touriste apparaisse comme une tirelire ambulante) mais ne vous battez pas non plus comme un lion pour réduire le prix de votre souvenir de quelques centimes d’euros. Là bas, ces quelques centimes nourrissent des familles plusieurs jours D’après l’Onu, le pourcentage de la population vivant au seuil inférieur de pauvreté est d’un peu moins de 75% et l’IDH place ce pays au 147e rang mondial sur 173 pays Bref, optez pour un tourisme intelligent n’oubliez pas par exemple que vos médicaments avant votre retour peuvent servir à des dispensaires lorsque vous prenez en photo des enfants, ne choisissez pas les plus « photogéniques » ! Ne faîtes pas un tri, les enfants ne sont pas des marchandises ! Surtout, n’oubliez pas de sourire, c’est le début de la communication ! Enfin, inutile de vous énerver là-bas ! La culture malgache est différente et tout arrive toujours enfin, dans la majorité des cas ! ;)

117. Mada.moreorless.au.com - Experiences Of Madagascar Experiences and impressions from a trip to madagascar in May 2004. Includes information on people, places, nature and problems. http://mada.moreorless.au.com/

@import URL(css/mada-main.css); mada moreorless au com Experiences of Madagascar Surf People Places Nature ... Home Experiences of Madagascar I first experienced Madagascar in May 2004. As a life-long surfer I thought it was about time I embarked on an adventure over the seas. I soon decided that I wanted to travel to somewhere a bit off the conventional map. I wanted to go somewhere with good potential but little or no prospect of crowds. Initial research pointed me towards the Indian Ocean's west side. More study isolated Madagascar as a suitable destination. The island was positioned to pick up the same swells that feed the breaks of South Africa, and later Indonesia; the weather and water were mild to tropical year-round; and the people were friendly, to all accounts. What clinched it was a satellite photo of the southwest Indian Ocean at night. Madagascar was completely dark. There were no visible lights from the cities, towns or villages. This lack of illumination appealed. I found out all the usual facts about geography, history, environment, culture, and so on, but still didn't really know what to expect. And I hadn't been away from Australia for over 20 years, so my traveller's compass was also well out of tilt. Apprehensions were present but unfocused. Madagascar was to be their lens.

118. ::Official Web Site Of The Malagasy Government/site Officiel Du Gouvernement Mal Pr©sentation des diff©rents minist¨res, communiqu©s officiel. http://www.madagascar.gov.mg/

Tonga soa Informations express Ce site est en cours de maintenance. Veuillez nous excuser pour ce désagrément. Des suggestions de votre part seront les bienvenues :: Official Web site of the Malagasy Government / Site officiel du Gouvernement Malgache Connexion Identifiant Mot de passe Mémoriser Mot de passe oublié Pas encore enregistré? S'enregistrer Convivialité Forum Téléchargement Galerie Photo Ecrire au gouvernement ... Autres Sites Les Institutions L'assemblée Nationale Le Sénat Le GUIDE Le Gouvernement ... Le Fonds d'intervention pour le dévelopement Qui est connecté Nous avons 5 invités connecté Utilisateurs Connectés Aucun utilisateur connecté Madagascar Présentation Contexte socioculturel Culturel Geographie ... Infrastructures Discussion au Forum LA NOUVELLE AGE... (VOYAGES MALAGASY) informations (massimoF) Jacques chirac ... (Tsiris) Dossier LE DSRP Les 22 régions Lutte contre la corruption Lutte contre le Sida ... Madagascar terre dopportunités Préférences Navigateur Ajouter aux favoris Transformer en page d'accueil Dernières informations Réalisations du 04 au 09 avril 2005 Groupements d'opérateurs économiques Données générales ECHOS DU CONSEIL DE GOUVERNEMENT 22/02/05 ... Carrefour entre Asie et Afrique Informations les plus consultées Les Ministres GUIDE :: Guichet Unique des Investissements et de Développement des Entreprises Carrefour entre Asie et Afrique ECHOS DU CONSEIL DE GOUVERNEMENT 22/02/05 ... Procédures administratives simplifiées Visites depuis 30 Avril 2005 85133 Visiteurs Tonga soa Echo des ministères Publication Dossiers ... webmasters Hosting by

119. Mad'Online: The First On Line Magazine Specialized On Madagascar Selection of news reports from various sources. English, French, Italian http://www.madonline.com/

Français English Italiano Press review Politics Economics ... Tourism news flash Madonline had to discontinue english translation due to a lack in manpower. We are currently looking for people wanting to help us translating the most interesting 2004 articles. Please contact us if you are interested. redac@madonline.com Walk on Tana's heights The current season is the best for a walk on the historical heights of the malagasy capital, Antananarivo. [See] Press review Fraudes in the mining area Foryears, it is of public notoriety that the tax repercussions of the mining activities are far from corresponding to reality. [See] Where is 'regionalization' heading ? [See] Malagasy rice will not be subsidized! ... Malagasy GUIDE techniciens will be trained in Switzerland Partnership between Madagascar and Switzerland seems to reinforce as a training for the one stop business counter (GUIDE) should soon take place in Switzerland. [1 Euro] [1 Euro] Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan - cutting poverty in half within ten years [1 Euro] ... Urban tourism and culture Most Tananarivians ignore, or sometimes, look down on the beauty and cultural value of their City. "Antananarivo unveiled - 2002", dedicated to these jaded inhabitants, is designed to revitalize urban tourism. [1 Euro] "Roadblocks" - Arrangements in black and white

120. Madagascar Fauna Group: Saving The Lemurs And Other Wildife And Wild Places Of M Overview of the conservation efforts of the madagascar Fauna Group including their work with lemurs. Also provides ways for site visitors to get involved in conservation. http://www.savethelemur.org/

WHAT'S NEW New online store Shop Online New Lemur Wallpapers! ... Members Only Monthly Updates (PDF) Main Page July 05 May/June 05 April 05 ... Feb. 05 DAILY NEWS from Mad Start Here The Madagascar Fauna Group (MFG) is an international consortium of zoos and related institutions working together to conserve lemurs and the other spectacular wildlife and wild places of Madagascar. Support the MFG with as little as $10 and receive special gifts! Computer Wallpaper Keep Madagascar and the lemurs in front of you all day with new MFG backgrounds New Lemur Gear Designs! Buy MFG and Madagascar t-shirts, buttons, mugs, and more on our new online store Sport One of Our New MFG T-Shirts (Lemur Not Included) Wild Births! Female from Third Release Group Has Given Birth to two infants.

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