61. The Madagascar Plan The Nazi plan to move Europe s Jews to the African island of madagascar. Your Guide to 20th Century history. FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now! http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/aa071299.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help 20th Century History Homework Help ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the 20th Century History newsletter! See Online Courses Search 20th Century History The Madagascar Plan Before the Nazis decided to murder European Jewry in gas chambers, they considered the Madagascar Plan - a plan to move 4 million Jews from Europe to the island of Madagascar Who's idea was it? Like almost all Nazi ideas, someone else came up with the idea first. As early as 1885, Paul de Lagarde suggested deporting Eastern European Jews to Madagascar. In 1926 and 1927, Poland and Japan each investigated the possibility of using Madagascar for solving their over-population problems. It wasn't until 1931 that a German publicist wrote: "the entire Jewish nation sooner or later must be confined to an island. This would afford the possibility of control and minimize the danger of infection." Yet the idea of sending Jews to Madagascar was still not a Nazi plan.

62. Madagascar | Catholic Relief Services history CRS came to madagascar, the fourth largest island in the world, in 1962to provide humanitarian aid in regions with high levels of poverty and http://www.catholicrelief.org/our_work/where_we_work/overseas/africa/madagascar/

new COOLjsMenu("menu1", MENU_ITEMS_POSITIONING1) PRINT PAGE E-MAIL PAGE Home Our Work Where We Work Overseas ... Madagascar Madagascar suffers from high levels of poverty and malnutrition. Over the past several decades, factors such as political instability and periodic natural disasters (drought, cyclones, and locust infestations) have contributed to a decline in the country's economy and standard of living, and today, most people living in Madagascar are unable to afford education or health care. Madagascar's serious environmental problems have further aggravated an already difficult situation. Catholic Relief Services responds to this poverty and malnutrition with a variety of projects that reach more than one million people. Our program's main goal is to increase the food security of the poorest populations. The principles of Catholic social teaching also guide our focus on the poor and our goal of upholding the dignity and equality of each individual. Our Work at a Glance In Madagascar, CRS supports projects in the following program areas: Health - For Madagascar, this program area includes projects to ensure food security, improve overall health and nutrition, increase agricultural output, and generate or accumulate resources. In the health sector, a Child Survival program feeds malnourished children and mothers, plus supports village-level health and nutrition education. In the area of food security, CRS/Madagascar assists the poorest of the poor by providing food to orphanages and institutions serving the disabled, the elderly, and the chronically ill.

63. Madagascar On The Internet Internet Society madagascar By-laws, news, history of the Society. madagascar. Assemblee Nationale In Malagasy and English. history, the Malagasy http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/madag.html

Countries Topics Search the Africa Pages Suggest a Site ... Countries: Madagascar See also: Madagascar News In French. Huge database of Madagascar web sites; has annotations . Receive e-mail notices of new sites. Based in Paris, France and Antananarivo, Madagascar. [KF] http://www.123madagascar.com/ African Studies Quarterly - Special issue on Madagascar August, 1999, Vol. 3, No. 2 of the University of Florida, African Studies Center e-journal is a special issue on " The Politics of Conservation in Madagascar ." http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v3/v3i2.htm In French. "Le Bureau Océan Indien de l'Agence universitaire de la Francophonie a ouvert ses portes en septembre 1991 à Madagascar avec son Centre Syfed-Refer (ancienne dénomination des centres d'accès à l'information)." "Le Bureau Océan indien couvre 6 pays : Comores, Madagascar, Maurice, Réunion (France), Seychelles et Djibouti."Has a directory of universities and research institutes in Madagascar internet service providers in Madagascar, the Bureau's newsletter

64. Madagascar Recipes Culinary History And Information Recipes4us offer a collection of over 2500 free recipes from around the world,even catering for those with special diets. Find free Madagascan recipes http://www.recipes4us.co.uk/Cooking by Country/Madagascar.htm

Your online resource for all things culinary Home Search this Site Online Shop Feedback RECIPES BY CATEGORY Starters/Hors d'ourvre Soups Main Courses Accompaniments ... Specials/Holidays RESOURCE PAGES Conversion Charts (All) Culinary Terms Growing Herbs and Vegetables Ingredient Analysis ... World Cuisine History/Recipes SITE INFORMATION About Us Advertise/Sponsor Printing Recipes Private Privacy ... Media Resources Madagascar Cooking by Country May Scroll down for Recipes Often referred to as the Great Red Island, Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world (excluding Australia), and is located in the Indian Ocean about 250 miles off the southwest coast of Africa. It has a 4,828 km coastline with a narrow coastal plain with rivers and a high plateau and mountains in centre and a tropical climate The mixture of mainly African, Arab and Indonesian peoples is reflected in the culture and cuisine and add to this a touch of European (mainly French) and you have a unique culinary phenomenon. Ancient Times and Influences Although the earliest history of inhabitants of Madagascar is a little vague, it is believed that Polynesians started to populate the island in earnest around 2000 years ago followed by Africans. These expert sea-farers probably arrived there using outrigger canoes – no mean feat for those times.

65. Raffia Wrapper [Madagascar; Malagasy] | Object Page | Timeline Of Art History | Timeline of Art history Timeline Search Met Home Met Home Met Home Met Home madagascar; Malagasy Raffia palm fiber; L. 76 1/2 in. (194.31 cm) http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/madg_1/ho_1999.47.114.htm

Related Timeline Content Kingdoms of Madagascar: Maroserana and Merina Kingdoms of Madagascar: Malagasy Textile Arts Enlarge Description Raffia Wrapper , 20th century Madagascar; Malagasy Raffia palm fiber; L. 76 1/2 in. (194.31 cm) Bequest of John B. Elliot, 1997 (1999.47.114) See more objects from the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas Timeline Site Map Index About the Timeline ... Terms and Conditions

66. Kingdoms Of Madacascar: Meroserana And Merina | Special Topics Page | Timeline O The island of madagascar has long served as a point of social and economic The sudden appearance of the Maroserana in Malagasy history remains largely http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/madg_1/hd_madg_1.htm

Related Timeline Content Timelines Southern Africa, 1600-1800 A.D. Southern Africa, 1800-1900 A.D. Southern Africa, 1900 A.D.-present Special Topics Kingdoms of Madagascar: Malagasy Funerary Arts Kingdoms of Madagascar: Malagasy Textile Arts Trade and the Spread of Islam Trade Relations Among European and African Nations Ways of Recording African History Maps World Map, 1600-1800 A.D. Africa Map, 1600-1800 A.D. Malagasy Funerary Arts Malagasy Textile Arts The island of Madagascar has long served as a point of social and economic contact among the peoples of Africa and the Indian Ocean region. The wealth of its natural resources and its position at the axis of transoceanic and coastal trade routes attracted disparate populations whose contributions to local cultures were multiple. Arab and Swahili traders introduced Islam through trade relations and colonization, while Portuguese, French, Dutch, and English merchants were a regular presence on the island from the sixteenth century onward. Echoes of Malagasy culture are found in African societies across the Mozambique Channel in the present-day southeast African nations of Tanzania, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe. Formation of the Maroserana and Merina Kingdoms Madagascar's disparate populations were traditionally organized into small, ethnically based communities that subsisted on trade, agriculture, and cattle herding. Sometime in the early seventeenth century, however, a dynastic class of rulers emerged that created a series of large-scale kingdoms in the southern and western regions of the island. Known as the Maroserana, these monarchs subdued local peoples and reorganized social structures to take greater advantage of the region's fertile plains and marshlands. The sudden appearance of the Maroserana in Malagasy history remains largely unexplained. Linguistic and ethnographic evidence suggests that they may have been immigrants from the mainland kingdom of Mwene Mutapa, a regional power that controlled trading routes in southeast Africa. Regardless of their origins, this elite group introduced structures of statecraft that significantly altered the ethnic and political face of western and southern Madagascar.

67. An Economic History Of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895 - Cambridge University Pr The first comprehensive economic history of precolonial madagascar, this studyexamines the island’s role from 1750 to 1895 in the context of a burgeoning http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521839351

68. WHKMLA : History Of Madagascar, 1883-1918 A history of madagascar, Review of a book by Stephen Ellis from Univ. Leiden Links on madagascar s history, from Looksmart http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/madagascar18831918.html

Madagascar, 1896-1918 French colonization of Madagascar began in 1883. In 1885, they established the colony of DIEGO SUAREZ on the island's northern end. In 1885, the French declared a PROTECTORATE over the entire island, at that time a mere claim. In 1840 France acquired NOSSI-BE, in 1894 at STE MARIE DE MADAGASCAR, both islands off Madagascar. In 1896, the central region of the Merina kingdom, with the capital Antananarivo (TANANARIVE) was conquered; the Merina Kingdom was declared dissolved. and the French PROTECTORATE over all of Madagascar declared. Diego Suarez was integrated into the protectorate, the seat of administration moved to Tananarive. Queen Ranavalona III., and her prime minister were deported, first to Reunion, then to Algeria. Nossi-be and Ste Marie de Madagascar were annexed in 1898. The French developed the capital region; French settlers came into the country. A railroad was built to connect Tananarive (altitude 1,400 m) with the east coast port of TAMATAVE (modern Toamasina), which subsequently replaced Diego Suarez/Antsirabe as Madagascar's main port. In 1911, the COMORO ISLANDS (Anjouan, Grand Comore, Mayotte and Moheli), French since the 1880es, were annexed to Madagascar as dependencies. Resistance against French rule until 1904. In 1913, VVS, a Malagasy secret society aiming to overthrow French colonial rule, was founded, inspired by Japan's economic and technical progress; it was uncovered and suppressed in 1916.

69. WHKMLA : History Of Madagascar, 1939-1960 madagascar, from Library of Congress, Country Studies A history of madagascar,Review of a book by Stephen Ellis from Univ. Leiden http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/madagascar193960.html

Independence 1960-1980 Late Colony, 1939-1960 On June 25th 1940, France surrendered to Germany. Madagascar remained loyal to the new French administration at VICHY. German officials now seriously considered the MADAGASCAR PLAN as an option for the ill-described Final Solution of the Jewish Question envisaged in Hitler's Mein Kampf. In 1942, British and South African troops occupied Madagascar; in 1943 they handed the island's administration over to the Free French. After World War II, both Madagascar's French and Malagasy population, were finally granted representation in the constituent assembly to the French Fourth Republic. In 1946, Madagascar was declared an OVERSEAS TERRITORY (thus ending the status of colony); the COMORO ISLANDS were again separated from Madagascar. The MDRM (Democratic Movement of Malgache Reform) emerged as the dominant political organization. France offered full citizenship to the Malagasy; yet the measures aimed at the assimilation of the Malagasy. The MDRM objected to this policy, and in 1947 an anti-French revolt broke out, which was suppressed. The French assimilation policy had failed. In 1956, UNIVERSAL ADULT SUFFRAGE was introduced, as well as parliamentary government. In 1960, Madagascar declared full indepndence. Population of Madagascar, 1950-1960

70. Entrez PubMed African Swine Fever (ASF) was diagnosed for the first time in madagascar in 1998.ASF has apparently http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1

71. A Historical Timeline For Madagascar December 1894 France invades madagascar and takes the captial Tana on October 1, 1896 - France annexes madagascar as a colony and later unifies the http://www.wildmadagascar.org/history/

Home About Madagascar Maps People ... Contact A Historical Timeline for Madagascar Library of Congress, Country Studies publication 1994 Overview Precolonial Era, Prior to 1894 Colonial Era, 1894-1960 Independence, the First Republic, and the Military Transition, 1960-75 ... The Third Republic, 1993- Timeline 160 million years ago - Madgascar is born as it seperates from the African mainland 80 million years ago - Madgascar breaks away from India Around 2000 years ago - Madagascar settled by Indonesians or people of mixed Indonesian/African descent 800-900 AD - Arab merchants begin trading along the northern coast 1200 AD - central highlands of the island are settled. August 10, 1500 - Portuguese sea captain Diogo Dias becomes first European to land on Madagascar after he is blown off course on the way to India. He named the island St. Lawrence. 1500s - Portuguese, French, Dutch, and English attempt to establish trading settlements which fail due to hostile conditions and fierce local Malagasy late 1600s through the early 1700s - pirates ruled the eastern coast of the island 1700s - the Sakalava of the western coast establish the first kingdom which extended from Tulear in the south to Diego Suarez in the north.

72. Madagascar’s Charms - History - History.gadling.com _ Im from madagascar! I miss those cute lil makis and sifaka ) history is partof the Weblogs, Inc. Network — a network of more than 80 blogs. http://history.gadling.com/entry/1234000767050482/

Engadget has an exclusive first look at the Palm Treo 700w! Posted Jul 14, 2005, 10:49 AM ET by Erik Olsen Related entries: Activism Cultures Hiking History ... Learning Well the only place you can do this, that is the only place these cute semi-primates live is the island of Madagascar off Africa. And that is where the author of this article Read Permalink Email this ... Comments Recent Entries Flanders International Film Festival Armenia Dispatch: 6 Genocide Museum Armenia Dispatch: 4 A Bit of a Primer Top 25 of Cape Town ... Add your comments Reader Comments Posted Jul 14, 2005, 2:26 PM ET by Mirana Im from madagascar! I miss those cute lil makis and sifaka :) Posted Jul 15, 2005, 11:59 PM ET by L. Emur Erik ... we must catch up have a beer ! I haven't seen you for, gosh, 25 million years now? Where have you been "hanging" ? Add your comments Your name (required): Your email address (required, will not be shown to the public): Do you want us to remember your personal information for next time? Yes No Add your comments: Advertisement Advertisement CONTINENTS North America (1573 posts) Europe Asia Antarctica South America ... Gadling Home ACTIVITIES Activism Biking Climbing Cultures ... Surfing TOPICS Business Events Food Gear ... Stories COUNTRIES China (67 posts) Australia India France Canada ... Paraguay RESOURCES About this Weblog Send us tips Contact Us Advertise ... Corrections?

73. BBC - History - The Nazi Racial State As part of the socalled madagascar Plan , all Jews under German rule were to be Whether in Poland, madagascar or the Soviet Union, these plans show http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/genocide/racial_state_04.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index FRIDAY 23rd September 2005 Text only BBC Homepage History Homepage Topics Ancient Norman Conquest English Civil War World War One ... Other Conflicts Resources Interactive Content Reading Room Timelines Historic Figures ... History for Kids Practical History Archaeology Family History History Trails Community Messageboard Newsletter About This Site About the BBC ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! The Nazi Racial State By Peter Longerich Page 4 of 7 1. A racist Utopia 2. Legalised persecution 3. Pogroms and 'euthanasia' 4. The Madagascar Plan ... Print entire article The Madagascar Plan With the defeat of Poland, around 1.7 million Jews came under German rule. The Nazi leadership now planned to establish a 'Jewish reservation' for all Jews from Poland and other parts of the German 'Reich'. It was to be located in the Lublin district of Poland, in the newly established 'General Government'. This plan formed a part of an extensive resettlement project that Adolf Hitler had appointed Himmler, also chief of the SS, to lead. 'The Nazi leadership planned the death by starvation of 30 million people' Hundreds of thousands were expelled from Poland in order to make room for 'ethnically German' settlers. Yet all these plans for an 'ethnic new order' in Poland were to fail, made impossible by the scale of their megalomania. Thus the 'Jewish Reservation' remained a phantom, despite the fact that by the spring of 1941 several thousand Jews had already been deported to the 'General Government'. After the conquest of France in June 1940 these plans were largely replaced by another project designed to provide a 'territorial solution' to the 'Jewish question'.

74. A Short History Of Madagascar During the first millenium madagascar is colonized by black Africans and Malayans . Philibert Tsiranana of the Parti Social Démocratique du madagascar http://www.electionworld.org/history/madagascar.htm

During the first millenium Madagascar is colonized by black Africans and Malayans. The island is in the eighteenth century the islands is divided in diverse kingdoms. Between 1767 and 1810 the Howa people manages to unite Madascar in one state. Finally in 1817 King Radama I of Imerina , having conquered practically the whole island of Madagascar, enters into a treaty of friendship and peace with the United Kingdom in which he is recognized as king of Madagascar The Kingdom of Imerina becomes a French protectorate in 1885 (formally in 1895) and in 1896 France annexes the island as the colony of Madagascar, whereby it abolishes the kingdom. Madagascar becomes in 1946 a overseas territory. In 1947 a nationalist uprising is suppressed after several months of bitter fighting. France reforms institutions in 1956 and in 1958 the Malagasy Republic is proclaimed as an autonomous state within the French Community. Philibert Tsiranana of the Parti Social Démocratique du Madagascar (Social Democratic Party of Madagascar, PSD) becomes the first prime minister. In 1960 Malagasy becomes independent as a presidential democracy under president Tsiranana, but in 1972 the army seizes power shortly after the unopposed reelection of Tsiranana: Gabriel Ramanantsoa becomes president. Ramanantsoa resigns in 1975, but his successor Richard Ratsimandrava is assassinated 6 days later. Didier Ratsiraka becomes president and military dictator. He renames the country Democratic Republic of Madagascar

75. Project: A General History Of Madagascar (www.onderzoekinformatie.nl) Abstract, This project aims to produce a general history of madagascar in English,the first (with the exception of a small, privately published book by http://www.onderzoekinformatie.nl/en/oi/nod/onderzoek/OND1273968/toon

Login English KNAW Research Information NOD - Dutch Research Database ... Research entire www.onderzoekinformatie.nl site fuzzy match Project: A general history of Madagascar Print View Titel A general history of Madagascar Abstract Period URL http://asc.leidenuniv.nl/research/project110.htm Related organisations Secretariat: African Studies Centre Related persons Project leader: Dr. S.D.K. Ellis Related research activities (higher level) Culture, Politics and Inequality Classification arts and culture development studies history Data supplier: Website ASC Back NOD page Last modified: 07-10-2003 00:00

76. Reef And Rainforest Tours - Wildlife Holidays & Tour Itineraries To Madagascar S Natural history Tours. We are madagascar providers of unique holiday experiences.Destinations and tours across the globe with meticulously madagascar http://www.reefandrainforest.co.uk/default.htm

Reef and Rainforest Tours Ltd Selected Groups and Tailor Made Itineraries to Fifteen Superb Natural History Destinations Natural History Tours We are Madagascar providers of unique holiday experiences. Destinations and tours across the globe with meticulously Madagascar planned itineraries to suit all. Tropical islands, Madagascar, nature photography, Scuba Diving, rafting, walking..... Tours for open minded people who are tired of run-of-the-mill holidays, who Madagascar want to return home richer in body and mind Madagascar,Reef,Seychelles,Reef and RainForest,Reef and Rainforset.com,Reef and Rainforset.co.uk,Rwanda,Lemurs,Peru,Flora and Fauna,Venezuela,Wildlife,Brazil,Natural History,Borneo, Madagascar, Ornithology,Belize,Honduras,Eco -Tourism,Ecuador - Galapagos,Papua New Guinea,Scuba Diving,Costa Rica,Rainforest, Madagascar,Indian Ocean,Bird watching,Central America,tour, tours, Rafting,South East Asia,Beach Holidays bird watching South America,Turtles,Whale watching,Snorkelling,Maya Reef and Rainforest Tours - Madagascar Seychelles Rwanda Belize Costa Rica Honduras Equador Galapagos Peru Venezuela Brazil Borneo Papua New Guinea We are Madagascar providers of unique holiday experiences. Destinations across the globe with meticulously Madagascar planned itineraries to suit all. Tropical islands, Madagascar, nature photography

77. Madagascar Bibliography madagascar A Natural history. New York Facts on File, 1991. Main QH195 .M2 P741991. Sibree, James. A Naturalist in madagascar A Record of Observation, http://www.calacademy.org/research/library/biodiv/biblio/mad2000.htm

MADAGASCAR BIBLIOGRAPHY California Academy of Sciences Library World Wide Web Overview/Guides Birds Botany ... Video WORLD WIDE WEB Africa News Online – Madagascar http://allafrica.com/madagascar/ From the Africa News Service, this site offers current news information about Madagascar. Headlines and summary information are included on a page with links to full articles. Animal Diversity Web http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.html Type Madagascar in the "Quick Search" box and you’ll have access to links to information about the animals of Madagascar. The animal’s pages include information on geographic range, physical characteristics, and natural history. References are provided and some media files are also available. CIA World Factbook – Madagascar http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ma.html The CIA World Factbook’s information about Madagascar. It includes economic and political information as well as maps and demographics. Conspectus of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Madagasc/welcome.html

78. Madagascar A personal, comprehensive guide to madagascar, its history, culture and natural The Natural history of madagascar • Steven Goodman • NATURAL history • A http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/d/353/pc/Indian Ocean/mcms.html

Choose a Region Polar Regions North America Middle America South America Northern Europe Southern Europe Mediterranean Middle East Africa South Asia Southeast Asia Advanced Search Have An Item Number? ... Visiting INDIAN OCEAN Madagascar READING AND TRAVEL GUIDE Click on Essential Reading for the featured set of Madagascar books and a map. We offer free shipping on anything else you order with the travel books package. These items are available for , including U.S. shipping, a discount (Item no. EXMAD11) E-mail this reading guide Printer-friendly version Select Item Bradt Guide Madagascar FAVORITE A personal, comprehensive guide to Madagascar, its history, culture and natural history and our model for how to write a good guidebook. The first and still the best guide to Madagascar for culturally and environmentally aware travelers, this eighth edition was once again revised, updated and reviewed by Hilary Bradt herself along with sundry specialists and experts. With photographs, 47 sketch maps and wonderfully wise and detailed travel information. Madagascar Wildlife: A Visitors Guide Written for the curious traveler, this handy guide describes and illustrates with color photographs 250 species of mammals, birds, reptiles and invertebrates of Madagascar. With introductory chapters on vegetation zones, ecology and a good map.

79. BUBL LINK: Madagascar Resource type document; history of madagascar Short article on the origins ofmadagascar, its time as a French colony until gaining independence in 1960, http://bubl.ac.uk/link/m/madagascar.htm

BUBL LINK Catalogue of Internet Resources Home Search Subject Menus Countries ... Z Madagascar Titles Descriptions CIA World Factbook 2003: Madagascar Ethnologue Language Database: Madagascar History of Madagascar Index on Africa: Madagascar ... World Travel Guide: Madagascar Comments: bubl@bubl.ac.uk CIA World Factbook 2003: Madagascar Basic reference information about Madagascar, including details of geography, people, economy, government, communications, transportation, military and transnational issues. Geographical information includes area, population, flag, maps, high and low points, co-ordinates, boundary length, border countries, climate, land use and natural resources. Author: CIA Subjects: madagascar DeweyClass: Resource type: document Ethnologue Language Database: Madagascar A catalogue of all the languages and dialects spoken in Madagascar, with details of the numbers of speakers of each language. Also some demographic data such as rates of literacy, blindness and deafness. Author: Summer Institute of Linguistics Subjects: madagascar DeweyClass: Resource type: document History of Madagascar Short article on the origins of Madagascar, its time as a French colony until gaining independence in 1960, and the present day.

80. Madagascar - Facts About Madagascar Including Map And Flag Images madagascar history,Geography and Economic information Formerly an independentkingdom, madagascar became a French colony in 1886, but regained its http://www.world-atlas.net/Madagascar

Maps,Flags,History,Geography,Economics World-Atlas [http://www.world-atlas.net] Country List: A B C D ... Madagascar Madagascar - History,Geography and Economic information Madagascar Introduction Madagascar Background: Formerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a French colony in 1886, but regained its independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held, ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, was returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In April 2002 the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner. Geography Madagascar Location: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Mozambique Geographic coordinates: 20 00 S, 47 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 587,040 sq km

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