81. Dictionary - Languages - Island note Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people . notein addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the . http://www.exxun.com/enpp/dy_languages_27.html

exxun.com america europe africa ... world Evolving xxlarge UNion - thousands of windows on the world - constantly updated Home Countries Flags Maps ... Notes and Definitions Languages Dictionary A B C D ... Z Translation word Country Languages island Guam English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, Philippine languages 22.2%, other Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, other languages 3.5% (2000 census) Island Nauru Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes island Northern Mariana Islands Philippine languages 24.4%, Chinese 23.4%, Chamorro 22.4%, English 10.8%, other Pacific island languages 9.5%, other 9.6% (2000 census) island Tuvalu Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui) island United States English 82.1%, Spanish 10.7%, other Indo-European 3.8%, Asian and Pacific island 2.7%, other 0.7% (2000 census) islander American Samoa Samoan 90.6% (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English 2.9%, Tongan 2.4%, other Pacific islander 2.1%, other 2%

82. WCS Wildlife Health Hotspots In a region like the Chaco, where the indigenous people survive largely The livelihoods of people in the Central African forests are dependent on the http://wcs-old.atlasworks.com/home/science/wildlifehealthscience/fvp/34387/34438

Wildlife Health Hotspots Wildlife Health Hotspots- a WCS perspective: The Wildlife Conservation Society’s portfolio of animal and human health-related projects spans the globe, and has clearly identified common problems that nevertheless merit context-specific solutions. Demand for a “one health” perspective continues to grow, as socioeconomic progress demands sustained improvements in health for humans, their domestic animals, and the environment. Where is the nexus of conservation, development, and health most obvious? While scenarios vary across the globe, themes emerge that guide our ‘diagnostic’ as well as ‘therapeutic’ approaches. The following landscape-based portraits illustrate the value of a truly multidisciplinary approach that includes the health sciences. Mongolia’s Eastern Steppe Roughly the size of the state of Oregon, the approximately 250,000 km2 Eastern Steppe landscape of Mongolia is perhaps the planet’s last and largest example of an essentially intact temperate grassland ecosystem. It is home to Asia’s largest remaining population of wild ungulate, with the Mongolian gazelle migrating almost unhindered in numbers approaching one million or more. The Eastern Steppe landscape provides breathtakingly vast wilderness scenes with equally amazing wildlife populations and numbers. Lack of surface water has kept human and livestock populations relatively low, with the result that one can travel for kilometer after kilometer through lush rangelands that have not been degraded, rangelands without fences, buildings, or herds of livestock except at long intervals.

83. Zambia Home By 1991, unhappiness with the situation led to uprisings from the people and indigenous beliefs also continue to figure prominently in Christian http://www.questconnect.org/africa_Zambia.htm

Welcome to Zambia Click on flag to see it in detail Eclipse Journal Photographs Geography and Climate Economy ... African Adventures ***Special Interest*** Zambia Open Community Schools Lesson Plans Southern Africa Links Check out the Route Maps ... Send us an Email Click on either map to see it in detail Encyclopedia Britannia and Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection Geography and Climate Oddly shaped and slightly larger than the state of Texas, Zambia covers 752,610 sq kms. Border countries include Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Zambia sits on a high plateau, sloping sharply in the north down to Lake Tanganyika which Zambia shares with Tanzania, Burundi and Congo (Zaire). There are three major rivers; the Zambezi which forms the border with Namibia and Zimbabwe, the Kafue which flows into the Zambezi south of Lusaka (the Capital) and the Luangwa which also flows into the Zambezi. Zambia's most impressive geographical aspect is Victoria Falls which is shared with Zimbabwe. On the Zambezi river at Livingstone, the falls are 2kms wide, 100m deep and 546 million cubic meters of water flow over them every minute.

84. Zambia (09/05) Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, economy, They came primarily from the Luba and lunda tribes of southern http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of African Affairs September 2005 Background Note: Zambia PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Zambia Geography Area: 752,614 sq. km. (290,585 sq. mi.); slightly larger than Texas. Cities: Capital Lusaka (pop. approx. 1 million). Other cities: Kitwe, Ndola, Livingstone, Kabwe. Terrain: Varies; mostly plateau savanna. Climate: Generally dry and temperate. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Zambian(s). Population: Approx. 10 million. Annual growth rate: 2%. Ethnic groups: More than 70 ethnic groups. Religions: Christian, indigenous beliefs, Muslim, Hindu. Languages: English (official), about 70 local languages and dialects, including Bemba, Lozi, Kaonde, Lunda, Luvale, Tonga, and Nyanja. Education: No compulsory education; 7 years free education. Net primary school enrollment: 67%. Literacy women: 60.6%; men: 81.6%. Health: Infant mortality rate Life expectancy 37 years. HIV prevalence (15-49) Work force: Agriculture mining and manufacturing services Government Type: Republic.

85. Zambia People - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Cur Ethnic groups African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%. Religions Christian50%75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous beliefs 1% http://www.photius.com/wfb1999/zambia/zambia_people.html

Geography People Government Economy Communicat's Transportation ... [TOP] Zambia People Population: 9,663,535 (July 1999 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 49% (male 2,381,937; female 2,355,807) 15-64 years: 49% (male 2,308,715; female 2,379,994) 65 years and over: 2% (male 107,427; female 129,655) (1999 est.) Population growth rate: 2.12% (1999 est.) Birth rate: 44.51 births/1,000 population (1999 est.) Death rate: 22.56 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.) Net migration rate: -0.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (1999 est.) Infant mortality rate: 91.85 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 36.96 years male: 36.72 years female: 37.21 years (1999 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.35 children born/woman (1999 est.) Nationality: noun: Zambian(s) adjective: Zambian Ethnic groups: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

86. Military.org -- CountryWatch.com Lingala has become the most prominent of the indigenous languages. It is thelanguage of the people from the region of the capital, Kinshasa. http://www.countrywatch.com/mi_topic.asp?vCOUNTRY=40&SECTION=SOCIAL&TOPIC=CLPEO&

87. Past People And Environments In The Luangwa Valley Zambia The Bisa and Kunda trace their roots to the formation of the Luba/lunda states The Luangwa valley is an extension of the east African rift valley system http://www.liv.ac.uk/sace/research/projects/luangwa/

School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology The Luangwa Valley has a long and rich heritage, exemplified by this contemporary Kunda potter Archaeology in the valley Luamfwa excavations Chopper/core Downstream from the cave is the Early Iron Age site of Chowo river. The river is eroding what appears to be the edge of a village sealed beneath ~2m of silt and sand. We excavated a concentration of large potsherds (some containing food remains including domesticated sorghum), charcoal, bone, iron fragments and other debris in what appears to have been a long-term refuse dump. Stylistically the pottery is Early Iron Age and radiocarbon dates show that the deposits accumulated over a period from Cal AD 400-700 and even slightly later. These are the first dates for the presence of farming communities in the valley, and fall well within the known age range of the spread of farming into southern Africa. The Chowo site is at severe risk from flooding with more than 2m of deposit lost during the rains in 2004/5, and plans are underway for further excavation this coming season to assess the extent of the occupation area. Past Peoples Environmental context Heritage centre contact me directly.

88. Language And Learning In Zambia THE STATUS OF THE indigenous LANGUAGES IN INTITUTIONS OF LEARNING IN ZAMBIA PAST, Missionaries did a great deal to study the languages of the people of http://www2.ncsu.edu/ncsu/aern/manpisi.html

The African Symposium Vol. 4 No. 1 March 2004 THE STATUS OF THE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES IN INTITUTIONS OF LEARNING IN ZAMBIA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Dr. P.C. Manchisi School of Education University of Zambia INTRODUCTION During the colonial period, missionaries came and settled in various parts of the country. They opened churches, hospitals and schools. What one can state without any fear of contradiction is that the drive for evangelisation proved extremely successful because the missionaries used local languages. The bible and other Christian literature were translated into the local languages. People chanted hymns in the language they understood best ie. Their own local languages, and even in the school s the medium of instruction was in their own local language at least up to the 4th grade. Because of this, there was a wealth of literature in the local languages. The status of a Zambian Language in the education system has been eroded by the low rating accorded to it by the public at large. Very few tertiary institutions accept Language as an entry qualification, except in very special circumstances. Educator are now putting forward a case to have children taught in their mother tongue or in the prevalent local language of the area for the first four grades. It is argued that children can only learn best in the language that they understand best and after that they can be in a better position to learn in another language. This obviously means that the training of teachers for lower primary schools the writing of curriculum materials for lower primary schools and the posting of teachers would have to take account the language map of the country.

89. Remnants Of Ritual - The David Gelbard Collection Of African Art And Culture From African masks to African figures, Remnants of Ritual features the DavidGelbard Collection SR I have always believed it was prelunda in origin. http://www.remnantsofritual.com/dialog.html

Understanding Narrative The Praise Song Cultural Borrowing Objects of Power ... In and Out of Context The second part of this introductory essay consists of conversations between the authors. Bourgeois and Rodolitz have team-taught a web-based course on this subject for more than five years utilizing a dialogue medium that lends itself to immediacy and informality. Essays in the usual sense speak TO the reader; dialogue, however, allows the reader to participate, if only in an imaginary sense. Additionally, in the medium of dialogue, the evolution of thought is more apparent than in an edited essay. Often, the journey to a conclusion is as important as the conclusion itself. The reader is encouraged to join in this ongoing exploration. AB: Why don't we begin by considering a group of related objects, not necessarily related by culture but by function?

90. History On-Line peoples, Homelands, and Wars? Ethnicity, the Military, and Battle among 1 West African, French, and international protests of the highhanded and http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Resources/Books/00104175.html

Browse material from: Cambridge University Press Comparative Studies in Society and History ISSN: 0010-4175 Comparative Studies in Society and History (CSSH) is an international forum for new research and interpretation concerning problems of recurrent patterning and change in human societies through time and in the contemporary world. CSSH sets up a working alliance among specialists in all branches of the social sciences and humanities as a way of bringing together multidisciplinary research, cultural studies, and theory, especially in anthropology, history, political science, and sociology. Articles are frequently placed in groups to stimulate comparison of diverse cases. Review articles and discussion bring readers in touch with current findings and issues. Quarterly: January, April, July and October Editorial Foreword Thomas R. Trautmann

91. Zambia People 2002 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources Ethnic groups African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%. Religions Christian50%75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous beliefs 1% http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb2002/zambia/zambia_people.html

2002 INDEX Country Ranks DEFINITIONS Introduction ... Maps People Government Gov. Leaders Flags Economy ... [TOP] Zambia People - 2002 http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb2002/zambia/zambia_people.html SOURCE: 2002 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Population note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.) Age structure 0-14 years: 47.1% (male 2,357,581; female 2,335,644) 15-64 years: 50.4% (male 2,497,360; female 2,519,227) 65 years and over: 2.5% (male 106,160; female 143,065) (2002 est.) Population growth rate 1.9% (2002 est.) Birth rate 41.01 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) Death rate 21.89 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) Net migration rate -0.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) Sex ratio at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

92. Zaire - Rulers And Ruled During the seventeenth century, the lunda expanded toward the west and The Chokwe were originally a seminomadic, Bantuspeaking people living near the http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-14977.html

Country Listing Zaire Table of Contents Zaire Rulers and Ruled Unlike the societies of the rain-forest zone, where power was diffused among a group of elders or else centered upon a clan head or a village chief, the kingdoms of the southern savanna developed elaborate political structures, buttressed by the symbolic force of monarchy as well as by military force. Despite significant variations in the extent to which kings could be said to exercise an effective monopoly of power, relations between rulers and ruled were structured along hierarchical lines. Typically, power emanated from the central seat of authority to the outer provinces through the intermediation of appointed chiefs or local clan heads. Relations between center and periphery, however, were by no means free of ambiguity. Ensuring the loyalty of subordinate chiefs was the critical problem faced by African rulers throughout the southern savanna zone. The absence among the Luba of anything like positional succession or perpetual kinship proved a major handicap. The rise and fall of at least three different Luba dynasties in the seventeenth century testifies to the relative weakness of the Luba monarchy. Competition for control of the throne led to incessant civil wars, and by the late nineteenth century, the kingdom had become easy prey for the Chokwe (often spelled Cokwe) people. The Chokwe were originally a seminomadic, Bantu-speaking people living near the headwaters of the Kwango and Kasai rivers. They were primarily hunters, although their movements permitted them to trade successfully in such commodities as wax. By the start of the nineteenth century, the Chokwe were still largely unknown. They expanded dramatically in the second half of the century, however, largely at the expense of the Lunda, whose territories they invaded and occupied. Chokwe warriors, armed with rifles, wreaked havoc among the Lunda, looting and burning villages and either absorbing the local population or selling captives into slavery. After about 1885, the Chokwe began to attack the Luba as well, but by the end of the century, the Lunda had managed to defeat the Chokwe and to drive them back southward.

93. Frequently Asked Questions About Adventure Travel To Africa african Horizons FAQ page provides a wealth of information on travel to africa Permanent camps accommodate a smaller size group (2030 people) than http://www.africanhorizons.com/faq.asp

Select your destination countries... Botswana Kenya Namibia South Africa Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Price range search prices... $1,500 or less $4,001 and up Back To Top Back To Top Back To Top Back To Top ... Back To Top Frequently Asked Questions Africa is a long haul destination as well as being a huge continent with endless travel options, so it's worth planning ahead to get the best out of your journey. Presented below are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions we have received. Can you arrange a trip for person located outside the United States? When is the best time to go on a safari? What are the special attractions of the countries you operate in? Is Africa a good family destination? ... How did the "big five" get their name? Can you arrange a trip for persons located outside the United States? Yes, we have an international clientele. We can make all arrangements in Africa including transportation, accommodation and activities. However, we can only arrange international flights originating in the United States and Europe. When is the best time to go on a safari?

94. Mercenary Armies And Mineral Wealth Many of these recruits are veterans of South africa s Battalion and Civil People lived in these strange expatriate camps, and everyone was connected http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/New_World_Order/Mercenaries_Minerals.html

Mercenary Armies and Mineral Wealth by Pratap Chatterjee Covert Action Quarterly magazine Fall 1997 The two British men might have been mistaken for businessmen as they walked through the Peninsula hotel just outside Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (PNG) this past February. Few in that South Pacific country noticed them and no one would have guessed that the heavy suitcases they carried were filled not with business papers but with cash. Nor could one blame bystanders, halfway across the world at the small airport in Yopal in the Andean foothills of eastern Colombia, for overlooking two black boxes carried by another pair of Brits. Like their colleagues in PNG, these men were not your average businessmen or tourists. All were former members of the Special Air Services (SAS), an elite British fighting force. Several had participated in covert assassination operations against the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the 1980s. These men are part of a growing number of slick new corporate security operations around the world linking former intelligence officers, standing armies, and death squad veterans. In unholy alliance, they go into battle for new bosses: the mineral industries, which range from multinational corporations to small oil and mining entrepreneurs. Elizabeth Rubin, a contributing editor of Harper's magazine, recently summed up this new phenomenon of armies for hire: "It's not just a military machine. Behind it is the old colonial structure, only now it's dressed up in a sort of multinational corporation, with suits and Sat phones instead of Jeeps and parasols."

95. African Tribes african tribe list. The lack of overall centralization among the Igbospeakingpeoples has been conducive to the development of a great variety of art http://users.pandora.be/african-shop/tribe_info.htm

Collection Tribes Masks museums ... fairs related articles: Home Site map African tribes Auctions Fairs masks statues bookmarks 10 buying tips ... African Antiques e-Newsletter Your email address will only be used to notify you about the African Antiques free e-newsletter. You should join if you want to read the last news and learn everything about the new exhibitions African art fairs auctions , buying tips, tribes stolen pieces , interesting opinions, museums , etc.. It will not be used for any other purpose. Discover a new World ! visit our other site and Discover a new World ! visit our other site and BuyAfricanAntiques David Norden Sint-katelijnevest 27 ANTWERPEN-Belgium Tel +32 3 227 35 40 Join our discussion group: Discussions AntiquesAfricaines en Français (100 membres) var site="sm5african" African tribes in African art. Central Africa South Africa East Africa West Africa ... Yoruba-Ife ADVERTISEMENT: Organized Travels. Discover new Worlds!

96. Conciliation Resources: African Media And Conflict The first involved John Njapau, a former opposition African National Congress (ANC)Member Over a 100 people, among them Kaunda and his bodyguard Moyce http://www.c-r.org/pubs/occ_papers/af_media/machona.shtml

About CR Programmes Accord Caucasus ... Search African Media and Conflict By Abiodun Onadipe and David Lord Part Four - In Their Own Words A Harvest of Treason Trials - By Goodson Machona To a large extent, the primary source of conflict in Zambia has been and continues to be its leadership. However, to understand this claim an examination of Zambia's political history is necessary. For a start, the administration of colonial rule through the British mineral explorer, Cecil Rhodes of the British South Africa (BSA) Company, at the turn of the century, created deep resentment among indigenous Zambians. The passion for freedom propelled the "natives" to wage an underground campaign to gain independence and chart their own political, economic, social and cultural destiny. However, the colonialists were determined to hold down the "natives" through the use of oppressive legal instruments. A myriad of laws were fashioned for the purpose, such as the Preservation of Public Security Act, the Public Order Act and the Emergency Act, and were administered brutally and indiscriminately. This state of affairs forced the "natives" to start what became known as the Cha Cha Cha campaign, a civil disobedience/armed resistance struggle similar to Jomo Kenyatta's Mau Mau campaign in pre-independence Kenya. Many nationalists, among them Zambia's first president, Kenneth Kaunda, were detained for allegedly "conspiring to overthrow an elected government". However, with independence attained in 1964 after many years of struggle, Kaunda conveniently "forgot" to repeal the oppressive laws that had impeded him and other nationalists during the fight for political independence. Kaunda justified the continued existence of these laws on the grounds that the young Zambia needed them to ensure stability. This was predicated on curbing the outbreak of sectional violence which characterised the first nine years of post-independence Zambia and attributed to the divisive nature of plural politics.

97. Encyclopedia: Mythology Myths justify the current occupation of a territory by a people, for instance . Bambuti mythology is referring to the mythology of the African Bambuti http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Mythology

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Mythology" also viewed: Mythology List of mythical objects Psychopomp Solar deity ... First man or woman What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates ZGMF_X56S Impulse Gundam Yorkshire pudding Yehudi Menuhin Yattendon ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Mythology Updated 24 days 25 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Mythology It has been suggested that Myth be merged into this article or section. ( Discuss For the book by Edith Hamilton, see Mythology (book) The word " mythology ", from the Greek words muthos , meaning a narrative, and logos , meaning a word or argument, literally means the study of myths : stories of a particular culture that it believes to be true and that feature a specific religious or belief system. Mythology is also commonly used to refer to a collection of myths from a particular culture or religion. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mythology. ...

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