41. Lichens lichens also take nitrogen from the air and put it into the soil so plants can Fruticose lichens on a twig lichens are very sensitive to air pollution, http://www.backyardnature.net/lichens.htm

LICHEN STRUCTURE: S tructurally, lichens are among the most bizarre of all forms of life. That's because every lichen species is actually composed of two other distinct species of organisms. One species is a kind of fungus, and one is a species of alga. The drawing at the right gives an idea of what that might look like at a microscopic level. Here fungus hyphae envelope several algal cells. Since fungi are not even considered to be plants, and algae usually look nothing like lichens, what lichens do is almost like merging a shrub with a dog to produce something that looks and lives unlike either shrub or dog! In this amazing association the fungus benefits from the algae because fungi, having no chlorophyll, can't photosynthesize their own food. A lichen's fungal part is thus "fed" by its photosynthesizing algal part. The algae benefit from the association because the fungus is better able to find, soak up, and retain water and nutrients than the algae. Also, the fungus gives the resulting lichen shape, and provides the reproductive structures. The main body of a lichen is called a thallus At the left you see the British Soldier Lichen Cladonia cristatella . It's only about ¼-inch high (6 mm). In this common lichen the red spore-producing reproductive structures are clearly visible. The lichen's name

42. M Y C O T A X O N Online and in print journal devoted to all phases of the taxonomy and nomenclature of fungi including lichens. Contains author instructions, general information, abstracts (2000 to present), and preview of next issue. http://www.mycotaxon.com/

@import "_styles/mycomain.css"; Home About the Journal Publications Indices ... Online Resources Welcome to the website for Mycotaxon, the journal of fungal systematics LATEST NEWS AND ADVICE FROM OUR STAFF BROWSE current and upcoming issues search tips ALL AUTHORS TAKE NOTE: The Instructions to Authors button below the masthead leads you to important information on manuscript preparation, formatting requirements, checklists, peer reviews, and submission protocols. Be certain to download and read the recently revised Instructions to Authors PDF before preparing your manuscript. Mycotaxon's Editor-in-Chief announces the appointment of Dr. Shaun Pennycook as its newest Editorial team member. He becomes our first Nomenclature Editor. Regrettably we announce that Volume 93, the July-September issue, will be delayed and will not be mailed until late October. The charge for excess halftones will raise from the current $18 per plate to $40 per plate, effective with all MSS published in volume 94-ff. The charge for excess pages remains $18 per page. Mycotaxon happily announces that cost-free access to articles in back volumes has begun. Thus far only 6 complete volumes are online [vols. 1, 4, 22 (out of print!), 23, 25, and 26]. Go the the

43. Lichen - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia lichens are symbiotic organisms made up by the association of microscopic green algae or Some lichen taxonomists place lichens in their own division, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen

Lichen From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other things named "lichen", see: Lichen (disambiguation) Crustose and foliose lichens on a wall Lichens are symbiotic organisms made up by the association of microscopic green algae or cyanobacteria and filamentous fungi . Lichens take the external shape of the fungal partner and hence are named based on the fungus. The fungus most commonly forms the majority of the lichen's bulk, though in filamentous and gelatinous lichens this may not always be the case. The lichen fungus is typically a member of the Ascomycota —rarely a member of the Basidiomycota . Some lichen taxonomists place lichens in their own division, the Mycophycophyta , but this practice ignores the fact that the components belong to separate lineages The algal cells contain chlorophyll , permitting them to live in a purely mineral environment by producing their own organic compounds (see photosynthesis ). The fungus protects the alga against drying out and, in some cases, provides it with minerals obtained from the substratum . If a cyanobacterium , such as in Terricolous Lichens , is present this can fix atmospheric nitrogen , complementing the activities of the green alga.

44. North American Lichen Checklist lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens) + = saprophytic fungi related to lichens or lichenicolous fungi = various related fungi of uncertain http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm

A Cumulative Checklist for the Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada This list consists of cumulative updates to the most recently published North American checklist by Esslinger and Egan (1995). The style and conventions for listings used there are also generally followed here. As in the published checklist, under each genus the accepted names are given first and are in boldface . Names considered to be synonyms are given in normal font only. Significant changes made since the previous online version are given in blue font . As before, the following symbols are used to indicate the lichenicolous fungi and other allied fungi: * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens) + = saprophytic fungi related to lichens or lichenicolous fungi # = various related fungi of uncertain status: i.e., those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature. My intent is to update this list at regular intervals, usually about once each year, as changes accumulate in the literature. The purpose for putting this checklist on-line is twofold. First to provide users of the checklist with the most current updates and changes, and second to provide the opportunity for (indeed, to

45. Forest Lichens Of New Zealand Photographs, general information, identification and related links. http://hiddenforest.co.nz/lichens

Forest Lichens Welcome to forest lichen web site. It looks like your Browser does not support frames. No matter go to the site map and navigate from there or use the arrow to browse the site. The Hidden Forest Site Map

46. Towards A Checklist Of Mediterranean Lichens The OPTIMA Commission For lichens is supporting an international project for a compilation of a general checklist of lichens of the Mediterranean region. http://www.uni-graz.at/~grubem/bocconea.htm

Pier Luigi Nimis Towards a checklist of Mediterranean lichens Introduction Activity between 1989-1993 Activity after 1993 Delimitation of the "Mediterranean" region ... References Abstract Nimis, P.L.: Towards a checklist of Mediterranean lichens. - Bocconea 6: 5 - 17. 1996 - ISSN 1120-4060. The OPTIMA Commission For Lichens is supporting an international project for a compilation of a general checklist of lichens of the Mediterranean region. This paper describes the history of the project and the present State of the Art, with some critical considerations about the delimitation of the Mediterranean area for a lichen checklist, and a short outline of the main phytogeographic features of southern Europe, as far as lichens are concerned. It is suggested that the national checklist produced in the framework of the project should become available on the Internet, with a possibility of continuous updating by the international lichenological community. Introduction In the last years, mainly as a consequence of the UNESCO Conference of Rio and of the associated increase in research funding, biodiversity has become

47. An Introduction To Lichens Foliose lichens are leaflike in both appearance and structure. lichens have been used to monitor the amount of pollutants in an environment. http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/lichen.html

An Introduction to Lichens by Salvatore De Santis Herbarium Intern A lichen looks like a single organism, but it is actually a symbiotic relationship between different organisms. It is composed of a fungal partner (mycobiont) and one or more photosynthetic partners (photobiont). The photosynthetic partner is generally green algae or cyanobacteria. There are about 13,500 species of lichen on the Earth. It is debated whether the relationship in a lichen is mutualistic or part of a controlled parasitism . On one hand, the fungus and the photobiont seem to be in a mutualistic relationship because when they are combined, they have the ability to deal with ecological conditions that neither part would be able to handle on its own. It also seems that neither partner is damaged by the other. Upon taking a closer look at a lichen, some might say that the photobiont is a captive of the mycobiont, not a partner. The fungal partner "enslaves" the photobiont to feed from the photobiont’s photosynthesis. In a lichen, the mycobiont produces a

48. Lichens Of The Ozarks lichens are critical components of many terrestrial ecosystems yet they In North America, the only comprehensive regional treatments of lichens are http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/ozarks/

F loristics and I mplications for B iodiversity C onservation A joint project of The New York Botanical Garden and The Nature Conservancy by Richard C. Harris and Douglas M. Ladd Lichens are critical components of many terrestrial ecosystems yet they remain largely understudied. There are immense gaps in our knowledge regarding lichen taxonomy, ecology, and biogeography, and these gaps impede efforts to devise and implement unified strategies for sustainable biodiversity conservation. In North America, the only comprehensive regional treatments of lichens are outdated and cover areas in the glaciated regions of the northern United States and Canada. It has been estimated that 10-20% of the North American lichen biota is currently undescribed. Building on initial work completed during the past 15 years, we will produce a comprehensive account of the taxonomy, descriptive ecology, floristics, and distribution of the region's lichen biota. This will result in several products, including 1) the first large scale set of lichen specimens from the region, 2) publications of numerous new lichen species, 3) a book that will make accessible for the first time information on midcontinental lichens, 4) a multifaceted web site providing keys and illustrations 5) a searchable, GIS-linked database of the major holdings of Ozark lichen collections housed at NY UMO MIN and MOR along with other linked information, 6) an educational workshop, and 7) updated proposals for rare and endangered lichens within Missouri and Arkansas for use by conservation agencies, both private and governmental, within the region.

49. Lichens - Silent Witnesses Of Air Quality Information on monitoring air quality, bibliography, and photos. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/botany/lichen/air/index.html

50. PathFinder Science | Lichens And SO2 | Creating The Context | Index Research has indicated that lichens and some very small organisms living on them can be lichens are unique organisms composed of either an algae or a http://pathfinderscience.net/so2/

Home Teachers Mentors Discussions ... Find Lichens, Tardigrades, and SO2 Creating the Context Index Creating the Context Home Research Focus Background Info Research Methods ... Further Research Guided Research Research Question Background Info Research Methods Data Submission ... Research Values Student Research Doing Research Publish View Tools Discussions Email List Lichen Links Lichen Map ... Project Awards Page (BETA): Print Spanish French German Italian Portuguese Assorted lichens above. R esearch has indicated that lichens and some very small organisms living on them can be used to assess atmospheric levels of sulfur dioxide, SO . Lichens are unique organisms composed of either an algae or a cyanobacteria living in a symbiotic relationship with a fungus. When they are exposed to some kinds of air pollutants, especially to SO , lichens are injured and die. Tardigrades (water bears) live on the lichen and are an interesting organism for study all on their own! How much of a tree that lichens cover may make a good indicator of air pollution in the area. The effect of these pollutants may also be observed on the distribution and diversity of a simple community living on the lichens, the tardigrades. Determining the percent lichen coverage on the tree and tardigrade density and diversity in your area may lead you to discover some interesting patterns on where and how these organisms lead. The may also lead you to ask research questions about why things are the way they are. Let's begin by asking some questions that will help focus this interesting work . You can begin this project by clicking on the Research Focus in Creating the Context.

51. "inQuiry Almanack" - Quite Amazing! - December 1996 lichens any of various complex lower plants made up of an alga and a fungus I will do this using samples of crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens. http://www.fi.edu/qa96/amy12/amy12.html

Note: In December, 1996, Amy outlined her experiment. Amy Begins Her Investigation (3800k) Quicktime Amy Introduces Her Investigation (93k) RealAudio lichens: any of various complex lower plants made up of an alga and a fungus growing together as a new organism Purpose I am investigating the effect of acid rain pollution on different samples of lichens, and as a result, seeing if these lichens can be used as bioindicators. I will do this using samples of crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens. crustose - crustlike, flaky foliose - leaflike, papery thin fruticose-pendant - a variety of fruticose fruticose - stalked, branchlike Predictions I feel that out of the three types of lichens, the fruticose sample will be most susceptible to the acidic solution. This "beard lichen" is described as bushy and shrubby. Most commonly grown from trees, these lichens are known to grow where the air is clean and less polluted. I feel the foliose lichen sample will be the next most susceptible to the acidic solution. These lichens can be green, yellow, black, or orange and cling to rocks and trees. Foliose lichens are known to be able to survive in slightly polluted areas. The crustose lichen sample will be the least susceptible to the acidic solution. This type of lichen forms hard crusts on barks and rocks. They can survive in polluted areas and are the least developed lichen form. Procedure I will order two samples of lichen sets that include portions of crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens priced at $10.25 per set.

52. UMFK's Lichen Research Program Information about Steve Selva's research program in lichenology. Includes a photo gallery of stubble lichens under the microscope. http://csdept.umfk.maine.edu/LichensWebsite/home.asp

HOME HERBARIUM RESOURCES LINKS ... CONTACTS Welcome to the University of Maine at Fort Kent (UMFK) Lichen Research Program . This site aims to assist fellow lichenologists and people of all professions, countries, and philosophies together to learn more about the program, its resources and the exciting world of lichens. Click on the above links to explore what we have to offer. To learn more about the research program itself please read on. Since coming to Maine in 1976, Steve Selva , Professor of Biology and Environmental Studies at the University of Maine at Fort Kent, has established an active research program in lichenology that has focused on Using Lichens to Assess Ecological Continuity in Northeastern Forests and the taxonomy and ecology of Calicioid Lichens and Fungi in Northern New England and Maritime Canada . Steve's contributions to the field of lichenology have been documented in a series of research reports and publications , and have been cited by others in a number of related studies . He has also prepared a photo gallery of Stubble Lichens Under the Microscope and bibliographies of The Lichen Literature of Maine and The Lichen Literature of New Hampshire The University of Maine at Fort Kent's Lichen Herbarium (UMFK) houses the largest collection of lichens in Maine. It includes the largest collection of calicioid lichens and fungi in northeastern North America as well as the world's largest assemblage of lichens from the old-growth forests of northeastern North America's Acadian Forest Ecoregion. Field data for the entire collection is currently being downloaded into a comprehensive

53. ITALIC - The Information System On Italian Lichens ITALIC is an information system on Italian lichens searchable on line, which organizes information from four main databases a) general checklist of Italian http://dbiodbs.univ.trieste.it/

'); htp.p(' '); htp.p(' ITALIC The Information System on Italian Lichens Enter ITALIC is an information system on Italian lichens searchable on line, which organizes information from four main databases: a) general checklist of Italian lichens, b) morpho-anatomical database, c) herbaria, d) regional checklists, and from two archives: a) iconographic archive, b) archive of predictive distributional maps. Visitors since 15 April 2005: var sc_project=655105; var sc_partition=5; var sc_security="b22ce4ad"; Stefano Martellos Pier Luigi Nimis Dept. of Biology , University of Trieste

54. Lichens - Natural History Museum Publishing lichens book details. lichens cover This book is currently out of print. Specifications. ISBN 0 565 09153 0 Price £9.95 Format Paperback http://www.nhm.ac.uk/business-centre/publishing/pubrpli.html

Skip to page content Research and curation Business centre About us Search Home Visit us Nature online Kids only ... Buy online Back to: Business Centre You are here: Home Business Centre Publishing Publishing Publishing New Books Forthcoming Journals ... About us Lichens William Purvis From rocky coasts and urban churchyards to rainforests and mountain summits, lichens are a familiar part of the landscape. Each lichen is a miniature ecosystem, consisting of a fungus and one or more photosynthetic partners. This delicate balance between partners is easily upset by environmental disturbance, providing us with practical tools to assess the effects of air pollution, radioactive fall-out and climate change. Lichenologist William Purvis explores their unusual biology, amazing diversity and ecological importance. He explains how understanding lichen biodiversity may lead to technological developments in medicine, metal prospecting and pollution control. This unique book includes new information on economic uses and outlines practical project ideas. Packed with stunning photographs

55. Lichens Information on monograph. http://biotop.umcs.lublin.pl/users/zglobek/lichens.htm

Home Page of "Lichens" by Józef Motyka Jozef Motyka: Lichenes. Monograph of European species of the Lecanoraceae family volume I: ASPICILIA, HYMENELIA, LACANORELLA, MANZONIA, PROTOPLACODIUM; p. 384; published in 1995 volume II: PINACISCA, LECIDORINA, URCEOLARIA, SEMILECANORA, PARAPLACODIUM, KOERBERIELLA, PSEUDOPLACODIUM, TEPHROMELA; p.650; published in 1996 volume III: LECANORA; p. 590; published in 1996 volume IV: SQUAMARINA, PLACODIUM, HARPIDIUM, TRAPELINA, MOSIGIA; published in 1996 Each volume consists of: keys for identification of species (in English and Polish) and descriptions of taxa (in Polish and Latin). Volume I contains also prefaces and comprehensive part (in French and Polish). Professor Józef Motyka - my father - who died in 1984, left typescripts which included the results of his research on the Polish and European lichen species of the Lecanoraeae family. It was my father`s wish that I see to it that after his death, his work would be published . Maria Motyka-Zglobicka prof. Jerzy Fabiszewski (Preface. Vol. I) Volume V Volume V - Atlas of nomenclatorical types of Lecanoraceae family. M. Motyka-Zglobicka, W. Zglobicki. UMCS 2002 (A5, hard cover 75 picutres)

56. Lichens - Natural History Museum Explore the amazing diversity of lichens and find out why they are the canaries of the plant/fungal world. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/environmental-change/lichens/lichens-env.html

Skip to page content Skip to page content Research and curation Business centre ... About us Search Home Visit us Nature online Kids only ... Buy online You are here: Home Nature online Environmental change Lichens Primary navigation The science of natural history Collections at the Museum Biodiversity Environmental change ... Space Lichens Golden Shields, Xanthoria parietinar. Very common on rocks, walls and trees, often growing beneath bird perches. One of the most common lichens today in our towns and cities, including London! Lichens are such a familiar part of our landscape that often we don't even notice them. But lichens deserve attention. These mysterious organisms are biologically fascinating and come in a dazzling array of colours and sizes. Lichens also provide vital information about the health of our environment. Introduction to lichens The lichen guide What is a lichen? Leafy form of lichen Unlike trees, grasses and flowers, a lichen is not a single plant. Instead, it consists of two partners that live together symbiotically - with both of them benefiting from the alliance. One partner is a fungus. The other is a green alga or cyanobacterium, often called a blue-green alga. Shrubby form of lichen The fungus and alga function as one organism. The alga is a green plant with chlorophyll that is able to use sunlight to produce essential nutrients by photosynthesis that feed both partners. The fungus creates a body, called a thallus, in which they both live. The fungus produces chemical compounds that may act as sunscreen to protect the alga.

57. Lichenology In The Netherlands Red list including lichenicolous fungi, and additional information about projects and publications. http://www.biodiv.nl/lichens/

Welkom op deze website over korstmossenonderzoek in Nederland. Op deze website vind u onder andere de rode lijst korstmossen, een standaardlijst en informatie over lopende projecten. Natuurlijk is er ook informatie over korstmossen zelf, zoals hot spots, waarbij per provincie de belangrijkste korstmosgebieden worden beschreven. Voor studenten en scholieren is een speciale rubriek. Deze website is een initiatief van een groep Nederlandse lichenologen. Nieuw: Nieuwe Veldgids Korstmossen. De Nederlandse Cladonia's Provinciaal meetnet korstmossen en ammoniak In opdracht van acht provinciale overheden worden op grote schaal karteringen uitgevoerd om het ammoniakprobleem in Nederland nauwkeurig in kaart te brengen. Landelijk Meetnet Korstmossen In opdracht van EC-LNV en het CBS wordt door lichenologen van de BLWG een langlopend meetnet opgezet voor het monitoren van bedreigde korstmossen o.a. in heides en stuifzanden en op zeedijken en hunebedden. Monitoring vindt plaats met behulp van permanente proefvlakken die elke vijf jaar opnieuw worden opgenomen. Dit project maakt deel uit van het Netwerk Ecologische Monitoring, waarbij diverse soortgroepen worden gemonitord, om zo veranderingen in de flora en fauna in Nederland op verantwoorde wijze te kunnen meten. Korstmosflora van Nederland In samenwerking met de KNNV-Uitgeverij wordt gewerkt aan de publicatie van een flora van de Nederlandse korstmossen, als aanvulling op de reeds bestaande veldgids. Van een groot aantal soorten korstmossen wordt ook een verspreidingskaart gemaakt. Een reusachtig karwei; naar verwachting zal de flora eind 2003 verschijnen. Overige projecten in Nederland Korstmossen op oude kerken in Nederland; Epifytenmonitoring in het Noord-Hollands Duinreservaat voor duinwaterleidingbedrijf NV PWN; beschrijven van nieuwe soorten korstmossen uit Nederland en kleine taxonomische revisies o.a. in de genera

58. Flecheng.htm Mapping of lichens 1994/95 location of the grid squares red = crusty lichens / green = leaf-shaped lichens / blue = shrublike lichens http://www.uni-koblenz.de/~odsgroe/flecheng.htm

MAPPING OF LICHENS in Koblenz carried out by a biology set, class 13 of the Map: red = only one lichen yellow = zone of leaf-shaped lichens (crusty and leaf-shaped lichens) green = zone of shrublike lichens (crusty, leaf-shaped and shrublike lichens) map of trees: withe = only Pleurococcus sp. red = crusty lichens yellow = leaf-shaped lichens green = shrublike lichens Each student was in charge of one square kilometre of the examined area. First, he/she choose ten isolated, regularly spread deciduous trees with acid bark, such as birch trees, oak trees, black alders, pears, beeches, apple trees, lime trees, elms or maple trees, especially taking into account the different living spaces (differences in ground and micro-climate) in his/her grid square. Then he/she photographed the lichens on the bark at a height of 1.80 m, classified them and estimated their frequency. In case of finding lichens on neighbour trees too, those lichens were also recorded. Mapping of lichens 1994/95 - location of the grid squares red = crusty lichens / green = leaf-shaped lichens / blue = shrublike lichens Abundance: 1= individual finding, 3= little, 4=strong, 5=very large quantities

59. The Lichens Of British Columbia - Illustrated Keys Approximately 1100 species of lichens have been reported to occur in British A major impediment to the study of lichens in British Columbia is the lack http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs08.htm

B.C. Ministry of Forests Forest Science Program Abstract for SRS08 The Lichens of British Columbia — Illustrated Keys Part 1 – Foliose and Squamulose Species Authors or Ministry Contacts: T. Goward, B. McCune, and D. Meidinger Branch: Research Subject: Botany Series: Special Report Series Other details: Published 1994, 181 pages. Funding for Internet version was provided by Forest Renewal BC Abstract Approximately 1100 species of lichens have been reported to occur in British Columbia (B.C.). Although this figure may appear impressive, lichens are among the most poorly documented elements of the province's macroscopic flora. Judging from the rate at which new species are being added to the lichen flora, it seems likely that hundreds of additional lichens await discovery in this province. Moreover, our understanding of the frequency status of the vast majority of species remains dolefully incomplete. To date, comprehensive lichen studies have been conducted in only two regions of the province: the Queen Charlotte Islands and southeast Vancouver Island. The macrolichen flora of Wells Gray Park is also reasonably well documented. Most of the remainder of the province has received scant attention. Important collections have been made in the regions indicated in Figure 1 ( In PDF file ), but most of these studies are unpublished and the specimens are now scattered in various herbaria.

60. The Lichens Of British Columbia - Illustrated Keys Part 2 - Fruticose Species The lichens of British Columbia Illustrated Keys Part 2 – Fruticose Species. Author or Ministry Contact T. Goward. Branch Research. Subject Botany http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs09.htm

B.C. Ministry of Forests Forest Science Program Abstract for SRS09 The Lichens of British Columbia - Illustrated Keys Part 2 – Fruticose Species Author or Ministry Contact: T. Goward Branch: Research Subject: Botany Series: Special Report Series Other details: Published 1999, 319 pages. Funding for Internet version was provided by Forest Renewal BC Abstract This manual adopts a broad interpretation of the fruticose life form. Included here are all lichen genera—both macrolichens and microlichens—in which a majority of species bear stalks or branches that are roughly circular in cross-section. Although fruticose microlichens are traditionally regarded as crustose, they are included here owing to their dominant stalked sexual or asexual reproductive structures. Examples of fruticose microlichens include Calicium, Chaenotheca, Gyalideopsis, and Microlychnus. Two primary objectives have guided the preparation of this manual: to briefly summarize the ecology, distribution, and frequency status of all fruticose lichens known to occur in British Columbia. to stimulate lichenological research by making these lichens accessible to a broad audience.

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