21. The Friendly World Of Lichens Front page to the Friendly World of lichens. http://www.earthlife.net/lichens/

By g.ramel@earthlife.net

22. Recent Literature On Lichens Recent Literature on lichens is a series published in The Bryologist W.L., Egan, R.S. Esslinger, T.L. 2005. Recent literature on lichens. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

23. Natural Perspective: Lichens (Phylum: Mycophycophyta) If the other fungi are nature s recyclers, lichens are nature s pioneers. lichens find their homes in some of the most barren and inhospitable parts of the http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/lichens.html

Page 16 of 38 Natural Perspective The Fungus Kingdom : Lichens (Last modified: 15 July 1997) If the other fungi are nature's recyclers, lichens are nature's pioneers. Lichens find their homes in some of the most barren and inhospitable parts of the world. From there they slowly begin the process of creating a foundation for habitation by others. Lichens are among the most fascinating organisms on this planet. Their very structure is unique: a symbioses of two organisms a fungus and algae so complete that they behave and look like an entirely new being. A lichen can literally eat stones, survive severe cold, and remain dormant for long periods without harm. Lichens rank among the least well known forms of life. Common names, when available, typically apply to the entire genus rather than to indvidual species. Classification of lichens is undergoing change as well. In fact, Mycologists now suggest eliminating the Lichens as a Phylum and, instead, reclassifying each invidual lichen according to its fungal component mostly Sac Fungi ( Ascomycota . Never-the-less, lichens look so different from other fungi that they deserve separate treatment here.

24. Invasion Of Pollution-tolerant Lichens Research on the distribution of four pollutiontolerant non-native lichens in the Pacific Northwest. http://lichens.science.oregonstate.edu/invasion.htm

Invasion of Pollution-tolerant Lichens in the Pacific Northwest and Other Contributors Last updated: September 1998 Introduction The species Methods Sampling design and site selection Field procedures Recognizing the target species Data sheet Data management Results You can contribute

25. Laboratory Of Plant Taxonomy Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy WWW Server Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Kochi University Since July 11, 1997 Japanese Page http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

26. Lichen Collections And Research At The Smithsonian Institution Search for lichens in the Type Specimen Register of the U.S. National lichens are the symbiotic association of a fungus and an alga. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

27. Lichens Menu What are lichens ? How are they build ? Microscopical study. What do they mean ? A WORD 6document to allow pupils to determinate lichens on the field. http://bionet.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de/aerodata/lichenes/emenu.htm

Make your choice Information about lichens What are lichens ? How are they build ? Microscopical study. What do they mean ? Online decisiontabel Labosuggestions concerning acid rain Download a fieldworkpaper A WORD 6-document to allow pupils to determinate lichens on the field. You can use this document freely for classical use. Every commercial distribution is strictly prohibited ! Lichens as bioindicator for SO -pollution Download the decisiontabel to use with an off-lineviewer You can use this tabel freely for classical use. Every commercial distribution is strictly prohibited ! Write a message to Pierre Volpe

28. Lichens There are many examples of symbiosis in nature, but lichens are unique because they look Yet other lichens grow on or in the perennial leaves of some http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/lichen.htm

The Microbial World: Lichens Produced by Jim Deacon Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh Lichens have been described as "dual organisms" because they are symbiotic associations between two (or sometimes more) entirely different types of microorganism - a fungus (termed the mycobiont a green alga or a cyanobacterium (termed the photobiont There are many examples of symbiosis in nature, but lichens are unique because they look and behave quite differently from their component organisms. So, lichens are regarded as organisms in their own right and are given generic and species names. However, for taxonomic purposes the names are actually fungal names: lichens are regarded as a special group of fungi - the lichenised fungi There are an estimated 13,500 to 17,000 species of lichens, extending from the tropics to the polar regions. Some of them grow on the bark of temperate trees or as epiphytes on the leaves of trees in tropical rain forests. Others occupy some of the most inhospitable environments on earth, growing on cooled lava flows and bare rock surfaces, where they help in the process of soil formation, and on desert sands where they help to stabilise the surface and enrich it with nutrients (see Cyanobacteria ). Some other types of lichen grow abundantly on tundra soils, providing a vital winter food source for animals (including reindeer and caribou) in arctic and sub-arctic regions.Yet other lichens grow on or in the perennial leaves of some economically important tropical crop plants such as coffee, cacao and rubber, where they are regarded as parasites.

29. Cyanobacteria play a vital role in colonisation of the bare sand (See lichens). In this case the lichens contain cyanobacteria (bottom centre and bottom left) which http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/cyano.htm

The Microbial World: Cyanobacteria Produced by Jim Deacon Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh Cyanobacteria and the "cryptobiotic crust" On the right is a sign in the Arches National Park, Utah, USA. Probably one of the few signs in the world that says: Please don't walk on our microbes! The image below shows a desert community in the canyonlands area of Utah, USA. This dryland community (top left; comprising saltbush, Pinyon pine, Utah juniper, Indian ricegrass) and all the animals it supports depend on the pioneer role of a microbial community termed the cryptobiotic crust (also known as microbiotic or cryptogamic crust). These microbial communities initially form an inconspicuous grey-brown covering of the sand surface (top right), consisting of fungi, cyanobacteria and lichens, but in later stages of development (after 50 years or more; centre right) the crusts form small "humps" on which mosses grow. The growth of all these pioneer organisms contributes organic matter which aids water retention and paves the way for growth of higher plants.

30. Recent Literature On Lichens Recent Literature on lichens is a series published in The Bryologist, a journal of The American Bryological and Lichenological Society. http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/bot-mus/lav/sok_rll.htm

Recent Literature on Lichens is a series published in The Bryologist , a journal of The American Bryological and Lichenological Society . The series aims at listing all recently published papers in lichenology, with a complete bibliographic reference, keywords, and abstract - including mention of all new scientific names and combinations. The authors are William L. Culberson (No 1 - 100, 1951 - 1978), Robert S. Egan (No 101 - 143, 1979 - 1991), and Theodore L. Esslinger (from No 144, 1991). Lists No 1 - 143 have been computerized by Robert S. Egan and lists starting from No 144 by Theodore L. Esslinger. The database is put on the World-Wide Web by Einar Timdal Lichenologists are encouraged to send a copy of their publications to Theodore L. Esslinger, Department of Botany, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, U.S.A., for entry in a coming list. Search result for non-commercial purposes, any commercial use must be by prior written agreement. The current database contains lists No 1 - 199 (27147 records). Suggested Citation: Go to the Search Form

31. Recent Literature On Lichens And Mattick's Literature Index Go to Recent Literature on lichens front page Go to Mattick s Literature Index front page About the RLL Mattick Supplement Add records to the RLL http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/RLL/RLL.HTM

Search Form Text string in author field: Period Text string in journal (or booktitle , if chapter) field: Text string(s) in title, keyword , or abstract fields: and and and and Cascading family/genus search: Acarosporaceae Agyriaceae Anamylopsoraceae Arctomiaceae Bacidiaceae Biatorellaceae Brigantiaeaceae Caliciaceae Candelariaceae Catillariaceae Cladoniaceae Coccocarpiaceae Collemataceae Crocyniaceae Dactylosporaceae Ectolechiaceae Elixiaceae Fuscideaceae Gloeoheppiaceae Gyalectaceae Gypsoplaceae Haematommataceae Heppiaceae Heterodeaceae Hymeneliaceae Lecanoraceae Lecideaceae Letrouitiaceae Lichinaceae Lobariaceae Loxosporaceae Megalariaceae Megalosporaceae Megasporaceae Micareaceae Miltideaceae Mycoblastaceae Nephromataceae Ophioparmaceae Pannariaceae Parmeliaceae Peltigeraceae Peltulaceae Pertusariaceae Phlyctidaceae Physciaceae Pilocarpaceae Placynthiaceae Porpidiaceae Psoraceae Ramalinaceae Rhizocarpaceae Schaereriaceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphinctrinaceae Stereocaulaceae Teloschistaceae Umbilicariaceae Vezdaeaceae Extended species search: Genus and epithet Restrict search to: Articles

32. Milwaukee Public Museum Lichens Pollution Why are mosses and lichens sensitive to air pollution? Since mosses and lichens lack roots, surface absorption of rainfall is the only means of obtaining http://www.mpm.edu/collect/botany/lichens.html

33. Rhode Island's Foliose And Fruticose Lichens With Emphasis On The Nature Conserv Habitat notes, distribution maps, and color photographs of over 90 species of macrolichens by Don Flenniken. http://www.uri.edu/ce/rinhs/webpubs/lichens/

Rhode Island's Foliose and Fruticose Lichens Rhode Island's Foliose and Fruticose Lichens With Emphasis on the Nature Conservancy Preserves and Related Lands Don Flenniken Contents Publisher's intro Order on CD RINHS web pubs ... RINHS.org Flenniken, Don. 2003. Rhode Island's Foliose and Fruticose Lichens with Emphasis on the Nature Conservancy Preserves and Related Lands. Rhode Island Natural History Survey, Kingston, RI. Rhode Island Natural History Survey Science Editors Company

34. Forest Lichens Of New Zealand This site contains photographs of New Zealand lichens and general information on them. http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/lichens/

Forest Lichens Welcome to forest lichen web site. It looks like your Browser does not support frames. No matter go to the site map and navigate from there or use the arrow to browse the site. The Hidden Forest Site Map

35. Links Dealing With Lichen And Lichenologists List of lichens ( can be viewed as well as downloaded ) Breif explanatation of biomonitoring programme using lichens conducted by Wisconsin Department http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/hmpage.html

Links to Lichens and Lichenologists Collections Education Publications Other ... Related Societies Related Societies American Bryological and Lichenological Society Homepage Collections Searchable databases of Lichen Types Scanned Images of Swartz' lichen types Scanned Images of Acharius' lichen types Cliff Wetmore Cliff Wetmore Several lichen lists, including U.S. and Canada Gopher of collections at the National Museum of Natural History Access to type collection information, Smithsonian Institute, Washington Lichen Herbarium-Swedish Museum of Natural History List of lichens ( can be viewed as well as downloaded ) Smithsonian Institution List of lichen type specimens Check list of lichens-Guianas Lichen collections at the University of Oslo Including checklists, synonyms,distribution maps. etc. Botanical Museum, Copenhagen Breif description of collection. Education TERC Global lab, TERC homepage Lichens. Apparently for school classroom use. Some pictures Open University Walton Hall nature trail Note on lichen and air pollution.

36. ABRS - Checklist Of Australian Liverworts & Hornworts CHECKLIST OF THE lichens OF AUSTRALIA AND ITS ISLAND TERRITORIES. This is an updated, reformatted and expanded version of Catalogue of Australian lichens http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/introduction.html

AUSTRALIAN BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES STUDY CHECKLIST OF THE LICHENS OF AUSTRALIA AND ITS ISLAND TERRITORIES This is an updated, re-formatted and expanded version of Catalogue of Australian Lichens (P.M.McCarthy, Flora of Australia Supplementary Series Diversity: The lichen flora of Australia and its island territories currently comprises 3227 species and infra-specific taxa in 419 genera; 1102 taxa [34%] are considered to be endemic. Australian Capital Territory (ACT): 376 [8 endemic] Christmas Island (CI): 103 [4 endemic] Heard Island (HI): 57 [9 endemic] Lord Howe Island (LHI): 142 [17 endemic] Macquarie Island (MI): 127 [20 endemic] New South Wales (NSW): 1272 [110 endemic] Norfolk Island (NI): 117 [7 endemic] Northern Territory (NT): 202 [9 endemic] Queensland (QLD): 1641 [315 endemic] South Australia (SA): 417 [20 endemic] Tasmania (TAS): 915 [97 endemic] Victoria (VIC): 904 [67 endemic] Western Australia (WA): 546 [60 endemic] Symbols: * Accepted name based on an Australian type specimen [*] Taxonomic synonym based on an Australian type specimen In the reference lists for genera, italics, e.g. Elix (

37. Mycological Progress - International Journal Of Fungal Sciences -----> We Are Fi Papers on all aspects of fungi, including lichens. Contains author instructions, subscription information, and contents and abstracts (2002 to present). http://www.mycological-progress.com

General Information Impressum How to Order Editorial Board Instructions to Authors Questionnaire for Authors Call for Papers Contents of Hitherto Published Volumes Abstracts of Published Contributions Contents of the Latest Issue Electronic Supple- mentary Material Mycological Progress... publishes papers on all aspects of fungi, including lichens. International Journal of Fungal Sciences

38. Lichens Of Wisconsin WISCONSIN lichens. Wisconsin State Herbarium University of Wisconsin Madison (WIS). Currently Available Photographs, Distribution maps (614 taxa) http://www.botany.wisc.edu/wislichens/

W ISCONSIN L ICHENS Wisconsin State Herbarium: University of Wisconsin - Madison (WIS Currently Available: Photographs, Distribution maps (614 taxa) SEARCH Name Proposed Status County BROWSE Genera Common Names Featured Lichen Lobaria pulmonaria by M.T. Trest Rare Lichens of Wisconsin Other Lichen Links Web Site Information ... Vascular Plants Herbarium, Department of Botany: University of Wisconsin - Madison 430 Lincoln Drive Madison, WI 53706-1381U.S.A. Phone: (608)-262-2792 Fax: (608)-262-7509 Designated the official "WisconsinState Herbarium" by the Wisconsin Legislature in 1995. University of Wisconsin Board of Regents Funding for this project provided in part by the Elizabeth Souter bequest to the Botanical Club of Wisconsin and University of Wisconsin-Madison Herbarium Last revised: January 18, 2003 University of Wisconsin - Madison

39. The British Lichen Society Advance interest in all branches of lichenology. Includes comprehensive information on British lichens. http://www.thebls.org.uk/

BRITISH LICHEN SOCIETY The Society and its Business Publications and Purchases British Lichens Projects and Student Programmes ... Lichen Recording and Mapping Used compound microscopes for sale at £20-30 suitable for beginner lichenologists who need to look at microscopal characters such as ascocarp structure, ascus strcuture and spore details. BLS members only. Email me, David Hill or call 0117 928 9035 First contact ... for young students and those curious about lichens ... Fun with Lichens in Lichenland for more general enquiries ... bls@nhm.ac.uk or write to the Society's Secretary This site is maintained by Clifford Smith and was last updated on 2nd. July 2005 The British Lichen Society is a Registered Charity No. 228850

40. Wisconsin Lichens: Other Links An Introduction to lichens (New York Botanical Garden) LichenLand lichens, Education, Taxonomy, Database (Oregon State University) http://www.botany.wisc.edu/wislichens/otherlinks.html

Wisconsin State Herbarium Lichens University of Wisconsin - Madison Home Vascular Plants WISCOMP Database Lichens ... New Search General Lichen Links An Introduction to Lichens (New York Botanical Garden) LichenLand- Lichens, Education, Taxonomy, Database (Oregon State University) North American Lichen Checklist Rare Lichens of Wisconsin ... Lichens of North America Lichen Herbaria Links Arizona State University Lichen Herbarium Homepage Michigan State University Lichen Herbarium (MSC) Lichens at Minnesota (MIN Herbarium) Smithsonian Lichen Research ... Erik Acharius' Lichen Types (Swedish Museum of Natural History) Lichens and Air Pollution WI DNR Lichens for Air Pollution Monitoring Forest Inventory and Analysis Program Lichen Communities Indicator USDA- Forest Service PNW Lichens and Air Quality Other Lichen Websites Fire Effects Lichen Index Recent Literature on Lichens The World of Lichenology Wisconsin State Herbarium (WIS) Projects Checklist of the Vascular Plants Plant Names Composition of the Wisconsin Flora Request for Revisions ... Rare Lichens of Wisconsin Wisconsin Botany Links University of Wisconsin Arboretum Department of Botany Institute for Environmental Studies State of Wisconsin Bureau of Endangered Resources Department of Natural Resources Other The Nature Conservancy The Prairie Enthusiasts Milwaukee Public Museum Wisconsin Plant of the Week ... Invasive Plant Association of Wisconsin Other Botany Links Federal Government Fish and Wildlife Midwest National Parks National Biological Information Infrastructure USDA Plants Database State Links

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