1. Lichens Of North America Information about lichen biology, lichens and wildlife, lichens and people, and the book of the same title, which was published in 2001. http://www.lichen.com/

The Book Lichen Biology and the Environment Lichens and Wildlife Lichens and People ... Useful Links LICHENS OF NORTH AMERICA This website grew out of the activities of Sylvia and Stephen Sharnoff, who did the photographic fieldwork for the book Lichens of North America, by Irwin M.Brodo and the Sharnoffs, published in November, 2001 by Yale University Press. For more information about the book, please go to The Book . For a brief introduction to lichen biology and how lichens interact with the greater environment, go to Lichen Biology and the Environment . Information about lichens and wildlife, including invertebrates, can be found at Lichens and Wildlife . For a description of how people have made use of lichens, including an extensive bibliographical database, click on Lichens and People . Check out the Useful Links For photos of lichens see: Lichen Sampler "and what do lichens look like, Steve?" Toronto public radio host amazing diversity of forms and colors Lichen Portrait Gallery over 80 species portraits from the book "Are you taking pictures of lichens?" Nose to the ground, I was examining my photo subject with a magnifier, my complicated-looking camera and flashes next to me. I was startled. In more than 20 years (sometimes sporadic, sometimes obsessive) of this odd behavior, this was only the second passer-by to mention lichensSylvia Sharnoff

2. Introduction To Lichens Information about lichens their fossil record, life history, ecology, morphology and systematics. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichens.html

Introduction to Lichens an alliance between kingdoms Lichens are unusual creatures. A lichen is not a single organism the way most other living things are, but rather it is a combination of two organisms which live together intimately. Most of the lichen is composed of fungal filaments , but living among the filaments are algal cells, usually from a green alga or a cyanobacterium In many cases the fungus and the alga which together make the lichen may each be found living in nature without its partner, but many other lichens include a fungus which cannot survive on its own it has become dependent on its algal partner for survival. In all cases though, the appearance of the fungus in the lichen is quite different from its morphology as a separately growing individual. The true identity of lichens as symbiotic associations of two different organisms was first proposed by Beatrix Potter, who is best remembered for her children's books about Peter Rabbit. In addition to her books, she spent time studying and drawing lichens. Her illustrations are still appreciated for their detailed and accurate portrayal of the delicate beauty of these bizarre organisms. Click on the buttons below to learn more about lichens.

3. Lichens Info , structure, and environmental importance....... http://bionet.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de/aerodata/lichenes/einfo.htm

Information about lichens 1. What are lichens? Lichens are in fact a symbiotic lifeform between a fungus and a alga. This symbiosis is so intens that seemingly a new lifeform generates: the lichen. For a long time lichens even were concidered to be a seperate taxonomic group. Until in the 18th century lichens were even concidered to be mosses. A difference between mosses and lichens is that lichens are able to make dishlike fruitbodies, just like fungi: apothecia (7) A symbiosis is a lifeform where all the partners have profit of each other. Often the partners get so dependant on each other, that they are not able to live separately any more. In the case of the lichens, the fungus delivers water and minerals to the alga, while the alga takes care of the fotosynthesis ans supplies suchars to the fungus. The fungus sucks these products out of the cells of the algae by means of haustoria (suction-pipes) which penetrates the algal cells. Due to this special liveform, lichens are able to survive extreem conditions: they live on rocks, in freezing conditions, very dry regions... 2. Structure of lichens.

4. Walton Hall Nature Trail Lichens lichens consist of a symbiosis between an algae and a fungus. Most of the lichens in the churchyard are crustaceous species, forming a crust over the http://www.open.ac.uk/Nature_Trail/Lichen.htm

Lichens Lichens consist of a symbiosis between an algae and a fungus. The algae contains the pigment chlorophyll which it uses during photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates. These are required by the algae itself but are also absorbed and used for growth by the fungus. Thus the fungus obtains nutrients from the algae, the fungal tissue in turn may provide shelter for the algae allowing it to grow in harsh conditions such as rock surfaces where it would otherwise be destroyed. Most of the lichens in the churchyard are crustaceous species, forming a crust over the substrate, and may grow as little as 1mm per year. In other, less polluted and wetter, parts of Britain such as the west coast of Wales and Scotland there are many leafy (foliose) and shrubby (fruticose) lichens which can grow at several centimetres per year. Some of these used to be collected on a commercial scale for dying wool. Indeed our own bright orange Xanthoria parietina was also used in medieval times as a remedy for jaundice. Some notes on the cryptogams within the churchyard at the OU by Richard Tofts Churchyards are of acknowledged importance for lichens in Britain, and the British Lichen Society's Churchyard Project is now well under way. Churchyards provide one of the best and longest established 'outcrops' of stone in lowland England, and many different types of stone may be present in a small area, each supporting characteristic species of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) and lichens.

5. Endangered Lichens List of species protected by law in different countries. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/endlich.html

ENDANGERED LICHENS IUCN Global Red List of Lichens Lichens that are protected by law in the countries listed. UNITED KINGDOM Under the provisions of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Species listed on Schedule 8. Bryoria furcellata Forked hair-lichen Buellia asterella Starry breck-lichen Caloplaca luteoalba Orange-fruited elm-lichen Caloplaca nivalis Snow caloplaca Catapyrenium psoromoides Tree catapyrenium Catillaria laureri Laurer's catillaria Cladonia stricta Upright mountain-lichen Collema dichotomum River jelly-lichen Gyalecta ulmi Elm gyalecta Heterodermia leucomelos Ciliate strap-lichen Heterodermia propagulifera Coralloid rosette-lichen Lecanactis hemisphaerica Churchyard lichen Lecanora achariana Tarn lecanora Lecidea inops Copper lecidea Nephroma arcticum Arctic kidney-lichen Pannaria ignobilis Caledonian pannaria Parmelia minarum New Forest parmelia Parmentaria chilensis Oil-stained parmentaria Peltigera lepidophora Ear-lobed dog-lichen Pertusaria bryontha Alpine moss-pertusaria Physcia tribacioides Southern grey physcia Pseudocyphellaria lacerata Ragged pseudocyphellaria Psora rubiformis Rusty alpine psora Solenopsora liparina Serpentine solenopsora Squamarina lentigera Scaly breck-lichen Teloschistes flavicans Golden hair-lichen For further information contact Dr. B. Coppins.

6. Lichens On German Web Photos of lichens taken during British Lichen Society field trips in Britain. Contains general information and related links. http://www.lichens.de/

Viewing this page requires a browser capable of displaying frames. The browser you are currently using does not seem to support this feature. Some browsers do partially support frames, that means, that they cannot display them, but you can use this site by displaying the navigation frame and following the links in this frame. You can return to this frame by going up in your browser's history. But for full comfort, we recommend using a modern browser capable of displaying all HTML 4.01 features such as frames and tables as well as CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). The three browsers I recommend are: Mozilla ( www.mozilla.org Opera ( www.opera.com ), a very fast browser;

7. Lichens There are many examples of symbiosis in nature, but lichens are unique because they look and behave quite differently from their component http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

8. Lichen Biology And The Environment Go to lichens and Ecosystems (Nutrient cycling, soils, and environmental lichens are composite, symbiotic organisms made up from members of as many as http://www.lichen.com/biology.html

Home The Book Lichens and Wildlife Lichens and People ... Useful Links LICHEN BIOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT THE SPECIAL BIOLOGY OF LICHENS Go to Lichen Vocabulary (A discussion of lichen growth forms and structures) Go to Lichens and Ecosystems (Nutrient cycling, soils, and environmental monitoring with lichens) Lichens are composite, symbiotic organisms made up from members of as many as three kingdoms. The dominant partner is a fungus. Fungi are incapable of making their own food. They usually provide for themselves as parasites or decomposers. "Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture" lichenologist Trevor Goward. The lichen fungi (kingdom Fungi) cultivate partners that manufacture food by photosynthesis. Sometimes the partners are algae (kingdom Protista), other times cyanobacteria (kingdom Monera), formerly called blue-green algae. Some enterprising fungi exploit both at once. Click on photos for enlarged views.) Lobaria pulmonaria (left) and a section through it (below) that shows a layer of green algae under an outer skin of fungus, a dark brown internal clump of cyanobacteria (called a cephalodium ), and a non-sexual reproductive structure called a

9. Introduction To Lichens Information about lichens their fossil record, life history, ecology, morphology and systematics. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

10. Lichens, Education, Taxonomy, Database General information for young students including synoptic key and photos. http://mgd.nacse.org/hyperSQL/lichenland/

LichenLand Fun with Lichens from Oregon State University Discover the World of Lichens Learn how to Identify these Mysterious Organisms Our Web-to-Database Technology will Guide You Lichens are a successful alliance between a fungus and an alga. Each doing what it does best, and thriving as a result of a natural cooperation. They live as one organism, both inhabiting the same body. Here we offer some ways of finding out more. Lichens - A friendly alliance! - Witness the meeting - Find out about Lichen Biology LichenLand Main Door ; A fun way for novitiates to get into the game, with teaching aides to help you learn about lichens. LichenLand Lite , For first time users, walk through user's guide. Synoptic Key to Some NW Lichens, Provides additional character choices. These lichen pages provided with NSF funding and in association with Northwest Alliance for Computational Science and Engineering Dept of Computer Science, Oregon State University and Dept of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University Database Queries Powered by HyperSQL by Mark Newsome Authors' Home Pages and Acknowledgements Developed by Sherry Pi Pittam Joe "DataJoe" Hanus

11. Lichens Of North America Information about lichen biology, lichens and wildlife, and lichens and people. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

12. Lichen Education: Biology And Symbiosis Most foliose lichens have a cortex on the lower, but some do not. Crustose lichens are attached directly to the surface of the rock or tree (the substrate) http://mgd.nacse.org/hyperSQL/lichenland/html/biology/meeting.html

The Fungus meets an Alga Mr. Fungus is ready to greet our friend the alga Friend alga cell is prepared to greet Mr. Fungus. The Lichen is created between the fungus and the alga. After the first meeting If the fungus and alga are compatible, they can make a lichen body (thallus). This means that only certain algae and certain fungi can get together to form a lichen. Thus each fungus and alga form a unique type of thallus body; we can use this thallus body to help assign them names and make identifications. The alga will begin to use sunlight to make sugars or food which will feed both the fungus and the alga. The fungus will create a thallus or body that will house both organisms. When you finish with this page, try out a query and see some photographs - there is a link at bottom of page. The Lichen - A Description The drawing above represents a generalized foliose lichen. Each of the characteristics shown is described fully with photographs and text on the Query page. The illustration below shows a cross-cut section through a real lichen. It is only about as thick as a pencil lead . The top of this lichen has a hard surface called a cortex, but none on the lower surface. Most foliose lichens have a cortex on the lower, but some do not. Crustose lichens are attached directly to the surface of the rock or tree (the

13. Taxonomy Of Philippine Lichens Brief information and links by researcher Isidro T. Savillo. http://www.geocities.com/lichens_2001/lichens_2001.html

Taxonomy of Philippine Lichens Scientific Links: This Web Page is dedicated to the Taxonomic Identification of Philippine Lichens . New species and varieties as well as those subjected to nomenclature change/modification will be highlighted with their photographs displayed. Welcome to the Lichens of the Philippines Information Center! WebPage of Prof. Isidro Antonio T. Savillo* ** *He was a recipient of the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) Research and Study Visit **At present, he is a Research Associate/ Collaborating Scientist in the Philippines in the U.S. funded project, Planetary Biodiversity Inventory: The Global Biodiversity of Eumycetozoans SWS (Society for Wetland Scientists) ASIA CHAPTER NEW!! SWS Asia Chapter Web Page *By going places, unexpectedly , one encounters interesting lichens thus these two forthcoming articles: A Foliicolous Lichen Enclountered in Guimaras Island and the other article, Ramalina sp . at an aging Ceiba pentranda The latter was on the middle of a farmland of a former student. The Foliicolous lichen was seen on leaves of a Croton and that of a young shrubby mango comprising the garden infront of a nipa house. How surprising that they add to the decorative looks of the plants!! As if it was just a part of a garden...but was never cultivated! A product of "unconscious" gardening.

14. Lichens, Education, Taxonomy, Database Discover the World of lichens Learn how to Identify these Mysterious Organisms Our Webto-Database Technology will Guide You http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

15. Foto's Van Nederlandse Korstmossen (Dutch Lichens) Photos and information about lichen biology. In Dutch and English. http://www.homepages.hetnet.nl/~matthieuvw/

Welkom Op deze site vind je diverse foto's en omschrijvingen van Nederlandse korstmossen. On this site you will find several photos and descriptions of Dutch lichens. Hieronder bevinden zich rechtenvrije foto's van korstmossen. Door op een foto te klikken wordt deze vergroot en wordt een omschrijving weergegeven. Klik op een foto ! Klik voor index op soortnaam Click for index by name of the species De foto's mogen worden gebruikt voor wetenschappelijke doeleinden of publicaties You may use pictures of this site without any permission for scientific use. Meer foto's op staan op de extra pagina's More pictures on the extra pages Klik hier voor meer infomatie over de fysiologie van korstmossen Click here for more information about lichen-biology in english! Voor vragen, opmerkingen, meer foto's of betere resolutie e.d.: stuur me een mailtje If you have any questions, remarks, want more or better resolution photos: mail me korstmos korstmos korstmossen korstmos korstmossen korstmos korstmossen korstmos korstmossen korstmos lichens lichenes lichen lichenes lichenes lichen lichenes lichen lichens lichen lichens lichen lichens lichen lichens flecht flechten flecht flechten flecht flechten flecht flechten flecht flechten flecht flechten

16. Fungi are lichens, mycorrhizae, and leaf and stem endophytes. Although lichens Fungi, Moulds and lichens. BioImages The Virtual FieldGuide http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

17. Life History And Ecology Of Lichens lichens reproduce in two basic ways. Firstly, a lichen may produce soredia, These may disperse and form new lichens. A second way for the lichen to http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichenlh.html

Lichens Lichens are formed from a combination of a fungal partner ( mycobiont ) and an algal partner ( phycobiont ). The fungal filaments surround and grow into the algal cells, and provide the majority of the lichen's physical bulk and shape. In the picture below at left of the lichen Physia , the fungal filaments have been stained blue, and the scattered algal cells red. Also in the Physia section, you may notice a dark red layer along the top. This is an apothecium , much like the ones atop the British soldier lichen, below at right. An apothecium is a fungal reproductive structure, in which the fungus reproduces itself through the production of spores . These spores will disperse and germinate into new fungi, but they will not produce new lichens. For a lichen to reproduce, but the fungus and the alga must disperse together. Lichens reproduce in two basic ways. Firstly, a lichen may produce soredia , or a cluster of algal cells wrapped in fungal filaments. These may disperse and form new lichens. A second way for the lichen to reproduce itself is through isidia , which are much like soredia except that isidia are enclosed within a layer of protective cortex tissue. An isidium is much more like a miniature lichen.

18. Natural Perspective Lichens (Phylum Mycophycophyta) The Fungus Kingdom lichens (Last modified 15 July 1997) If the other fungi are nature's recyclers, lichens are nature's pioneers. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

19. Lichens (All About) All about lichens and their symbiosis, biology and ecology. http://www.earthlife.net/lichens/intro.html

Loveable Lichens Lichens are some of the most amazing living things on this planet. Often the first form of life to colonise a new area of rock they occur all across the known world. Lichens are commonly seen and also commonly overlooked. Any structure that has been standing for a reasonable amount of time is likely to be adorned with lichens. Particularly, they are common on older buildings, stone walls, in graveyards and on most perennial (living more than 2 years) plants, particularly trees. Lichen Menu Introduction What is a Lichen Lichen Growth Reproduction in Lichens ... Lichen Bibliography Introduction Lichens are inherently attractive, the more so the more you observe them. They are colourful - greens, greys, oranges and yellows are common colours. Cladonias often have bright red fruiting bodies adding to their attractiveness. The real beauty of lichens however is in their intricate shapes and often three dimensional forms. Lichens have very many shapes or forms and quite a number of these are like a delicate, intricately patterned filigree. Often lichens remind me of fine lace work, except that they are more colourful. Lichens are amazing living entities, in that they are not a single organism like plants, animals or fungi. Instead every single lichen is the result of two or more separate organisms living permanently together. All lichens are made up of a fungal partner and either/or an algal partner or a cyanobacterium partner, or both (

20. North American Lichen Checklist * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens) + = saprophytic fungi related to lichens or lichenicolous fungi = various related http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

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