81. Libya - Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Official web sites of libya, the capital of libya, art, culture, history, cities,airlines, embassies, tourist boards and newspapers. http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/libya.htm

advertise with NOP Home Continents Africa Libya Related Categories: League of Arab States One World - Nations Online the countries of the world _Libya - Libyan Arab Jamahiriya keywords: libya, great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya, libya information, libya newspapers, tourist information for libya, libya tourism, libya map, libya internet resources Note: Links will open in a new browser window. Libya ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) Country Code: ly Flag of Libya Background: Since he took power in a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI has espoused his own political system - a combination of socialism and Islam - which he calls the Third International Theory. Viewing himself as a revolutionary leader, he used oil funds during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside Libya, even supporting subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the end of Marxism and capitalism. Libyan military adventures failed, e.g., the prolonged foray of Libyan troops into the Aozou Strip in northern Chad was finally repulsed in 1987. Libyan support for terrorism decreased after UN sanctions were imposed in 1992. Those sanctions were suspended in April 1999. (Source: CIA - The World Factbook) Libya is a member state of the League of Arab States border countries: Algeria Chad Egypt Niger ... Tunisia Official Sites of Libya Mission of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to the United Nations Capital City: Tripoli Statistics Libyan Statistics (in Arabic) Map Political Map of Libya Map of North Africa and the Middle East Map of Africa Political map of Africa.

82. Specialty Travel: For 25 Years, The #1 Source For Adventure And Special Interest Film/Film history, Fishing/Flyfishing, Flightseeing, Flyin Charters Search Results libya / history Tours. CROSS CULTURAL ADVENTURES http://www.specialtytravel.com/operators/operator.cgi?geo_code=4526&act_code=662

83. Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): On Libya, From The Hist Herodotus s writings on libya, from The Histories, c. 430 BCE. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herod-libya1.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE) On Libya, from The Histories , c. 430 BCE In the accounts here, Herodotus describes thepeoples and geography of North Africa west of Egypt - much further west than the current boundaries of modern Libya. These texts aslo form part of a larger file on North Africa/Mauretania in ancient sources. Book IV.42-43 For my part I am astonished that men should ever have divided Libya, Asia, and Europe as they have, for they are exceedingly unequal. Europe extends the entire length of the other two, and for breadth will not even (as I think) bear to be compared to them. As for Libya, we know it to be washed on all sides by the sea, except where it is attached to Asia. This discovery was first made by Necos, the Egyptian king, who on desisting from the canal which he had begun between the Nile and the Arabian gulf [ i.e., the Red Sea], sent to sea a number of ships manned by Phoenicians, with orders to make for the Pillars of Hercules, and return to Egypt through them, and by the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians took their departure from Egypt by way of the Erythraean sea, and so sailed into the southern ocean. When autumn came, they went ashore, wherever they might happen to be, and having sown a tract of land with corn, waited until the grain was fit to cut. Having reaped it, they again set sail; and thus it came to pass that two whole years went by, and it was not till the third year that they doubled the Pillars of Hercules, and made good their voyage home. On their return, they declared - I for my part do not believe them, but perhaps others may - that in sailing round Libya they had the sun upon their right hand. In this way was the extent of Libya first discovered.

84. Mysteries Of Ancient History And Archaeology *** The Amazons *** Is there archaeological evidence for Amazons in libya? libyan Amazon In theSouthwest of libya in the mountain area of Fezzan there were discovered very http://www.myrine.at/Amazons/libya.html

The Amazons from Libya hough most of the ancient Greek writers report on the Amazons that they once had lived at the river Thermodon in Northern Turkey, beside it there is a tradition that Amazons once had existed in Libya in Northern Africa. However the Libyan Amazons should have lived long before the Amazons from Thermodon! There exists a picture on a Greek vase which obviously shows a negroid Amazon kneeling in front of an altar. Behind the altar you can see a palm-tree, so it is quite clear that the Greek artist depicted an African Amazon, apparently an Amazon from Libya. Is there archaeological evidence for Amazons in Libya? In the Southwest of Libya in the mountain area of Fezzan there were discovered very interesting and partly curious rock engravings. The engravings must be very old. Today this area is a stone dessert, where human life is impossible. This picture must have been made when living there was possible, long time ago. One of this engravings shows a female person. She wears a pointed cap , Amazons on Greek representations wear very similar caps . Furthermore this figure is armed with a bow - a popular weapon of the Greek Amazons. The conformity with the Greek Amazons is extremely striking, if it would not be certain that this picture was found about 1000 kilometers south of the Mediterranean coast in the heart of the African continent, you would suppose that these pictures belong together.

85. Libyan History History Of Libya Nation Of Libya Questia.com Research Libyan history at the Questia.com online library. http://www.questia.com/library/history/libyan-history.jsp

86. History Of UN Sanctions On Libya GPF find thousands of selected and commented articles, documents and reportson the United Nations, on the Security Council, on NGOs and Social/Economic http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/libya/libya11.htm

about GPF What's New Newsletter Sitemap ... *Opinion Forum History of UN Sanctions on Libya Office of the Spokesman for the Secretary-General (OSSG) Resolution 748 of 31 March 1992 imposed an arms and air embargo and a reduction of Libyan diplomatic personnel serving abroad. It also set up a Security Council sanctions committee. Resolution 883 of 11 November 1993 tightened sanctions on Libya. In this resolution, the Security Council, among other items, approved the freezing of Libyan funds and financial resources in other countries and banned the provision to Libya of equipment for oil refining and transportation. Resolution 1192 of 27 August 1998 reaffirmed that the measures set forth in its resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993) remain in effect and binding on all Member States, and in this context reaffirmed the provisions of paragraph 16 of resolution 883 (1993), and decided that the aforementioned measures shall be suspended immediately if the Secretary-General reports to the Council that the two accused have arrived in the Netherlands for the purpose of trial before the court described in paragraph 2 of the resolution or have appeared for trial before an appropriate court in the United Kingdom or the United States, and that the Libyan Government has satisfied the French judicial authorities with regard to the bombing of UTA 772. Resolution 1192 also expressed its intention to consider additional measures if the two accused have not arrived or appeared for trial promptly in accordance with paragraph 8 of the resolution.

87. A Short History Of Libya libya is now a constitutional and hereditary monarchy. The country is renamedKingdom of libya in 1963. In 1969 military officers led by Mu’ammar Abu Minyar http://www.electionworld.org/history/libya.htm

The coast of what is now Libya is settled by Greeks and Phoenicians starting from 1000 BC. Since 517 BC most of the Phoenician cities are part of Carthago . The area becomes part of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century BC. The Vandals conquer Libya in 431, followed by the East Roman Empire in 533 and the Caliphate in 643. The west coast comes as Tripolitania in 1510 under Spanish and later Maltese rule, but is conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1551. Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan are conquered by Italy in 1911, which is recognized by the Ottoman Empire in 1912. Italy establishes the Tripolitania protectorate. Between 1918 and 1922 Tripolitania is independent as the Tripolitanian Republic under president Ahmad Tahir al-Murayyid, but in 1922 it annecxed to Italy as the Italian Tripolitania colony. The colonies are united by Italy as the colony of Libya in 1934. As a result of World War II Tripolitania and Cyrenaica are conquered by Britain and Fezzan by France. The provinces remain under this control until 1951 as a United Nations mandate. In 1952 they re-unite and become independent as the United Kingdom of Libya under king Muhammad Idris al-Sanusi, the former emir of Cyrenaica. Libya is now a constitutional and hereditary monarchy. The country is renamed Kingdom of Libya in 1963. In 1969 military officers led by Mu’ammar Abu Minyar al-Qadhafi stage a coup d’etat. The Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) abolishes the monarchy and proclaims the new Libyan Arab Republic. Qadhafi emerges as leader of the RCC and eventually as de facto chief of state. Libya becomes a socialist dictatorshop, striving to export its Arab socialist revolution into other countries. The state is restyled Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in 1977 and Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in 1986. Though Qadhafi is formally not the head of state since 1979, he remains de facto leader of Libya.

88. The Society For Libyan Studies The Society sponsors projects in libya within the subject areas of archaeology, education, geography, geology, history and Islamic law. http://www.britac.ac.uk/institutes/libya/index.html

The Society for Libyan Studies c/o The Institute of Archaeology 31-34 Gordon Square London Registered Charity No. 259262 The Society for Libyan Studies, founded in 1969, is established as a British Institute Abroad , sponsored by The British Academy . Its aims are to encourage and co-ordinate the activities of scholars working on Libya, in Britain and elsewhere, covering as wide a range of interests as possible including archaeology, history, linguistics and the natural sciences, and to foster and develop relations between Libyan scholars and those working outside Libya on Libyan subjects. Since its foundation the Society has sponsored many differing projects in Libya within the subject areas of archaeology, education, geography, geology, history and Islamic law. Its resources to date have been concentrated on supporting long-term archaeological projects and their subsequent publication, including excavations and surveys in Cyrenaica Tripolitania and Fezzan , notably at present Euesperides, Cyrene , Lepcis Magna and Fezzan . In recent years projects have included (among many others) the multi-disciplinary survey in the pre-desert valleys of Tripolitania , the Islamic excavations at Barca (El Merj) and Medinet Sultan, and the preparation for publication of the post-war excavations at Sabratha and Lepcis Magna.

89. Libyan History libyan history. libyan history. General Information. libyan history libyan history. Prehistoric remains suggest humans lived in central libya at http://www.ewpnet.com/libya/history.htm

Libyan History Libyan History General Information Programmes General Information Trip ... and Dates Libyan History Pre-historic remains suggest humans lived in central Libya at least 15,000 years ago. The cave paintings of Jebel Acacus and Wadi Methkandoush indicate that people animals flourished and a much lusher vegetation existed in the area from about 8000 to 2000 BC. The Berbers were the local indigenous population until, in about 1000 BC, Phoenician traders established several cities on the north coast of Tripolitanea to promote their trade. The greatest of these was Carthage in present day Tunisia. The Phoenician period came to an end with the Punic wars waged by Rome against Carthage. In 146 BC Carthage was completely destroyed by the Romans. The Greeks established 5 trading outposts in Cyrenea; the Romans also displaced them. A long and stable period ensued, the so-called "pax Romana". Cities really developed and flourished, in particular under Septimus Severus who was born in Libya and helped to develop cities such as Leptis Magna. The end of this golden age came when Germanic Vandals were introduced to Libya. Then a great earthquake in AD 365 led to further destruction. In AD 642 Arab armies came to convert North Africa and southern Spain to Islam. The Moslem period saw a decline in the cities of the north and piracy along the "Barbary Coast" was rampant. One of the most well known pirates was known as "Red Beard" or "Barbarossa" in Italian - hence the name of the coast.

90. UK Foreign Office - Country Profiles Libya Overview of country's geography, history, politics, economy, international relations, travel and current affairs. http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c

91. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya The history of Egypt and the Maghreb. The retrospective history of libya The contemporary political history of libya The economic history of libya http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/32/index-b.html

Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history in general of Northern Africa The retrospective history of Libya The contemporary political history of Libya ... The social history of Libya

92. The Retrospective History Of Libya The retrospective history of libya. The history in general of libya BBC NewsTimeline A chronology of key events BBC News Online, Thursday 21 June http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/32/index-ba.html

The retrospective history of Libya Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history in general of Libya BBC News Timeline: A chronology of key events BBC News Online, Thursday 21 June 2001. A simple chronology of key events briefly described, from the 7th century B.C. until une 2001. Britain Neutral in 1969 Coup North Africa Journal, 11 January 2000. Britain rejected an appeal from its old ally, King Idris of Libya, to intervene when Qadhafi led a military coup against him in 1969. The Foreign Secretary: The sooner we get on terms with the revolutionary government, the greater are the chances of protecting our essential interests in Libya. Students Observe Anniversary of Revolution Panafrican News Agency (Dakar), 8 April 2001. 25th anniversary of the revolution that transformed university and other institutions of higher learning into organs for the promotion of science, education and knowledge on 7 April 1976. The anniversary was organised to remember the day when the country decided to assert its national cultural heritage and Afro-Arab identity.

93. BUBL LINK: Libya Arab Net libya Brief details of the history and geography of libya, as well asbusiness, Subjects jewish history, judaism, libya DeweyClass 296 http://bubl.ac.uk/link/l/libya.htm

BUBL LINK Catalogue of Internet Resources Home Search Subject Menus Countries ... Z Libya Titles Descriptions Arab Net: Libya CIA World Factbook 2003: Libya Ethnologue Language Database: Libya Index on Africa: Libya ... World Travel Guide: Libya Comments: bubl@bubl.ac.uk Arab Net: Libya Brief details of the history and geography of Libya, as well as business, culture, government and transport information. Author: Subjects: libya DeweyClass: Resource type: documents CIA World Factbook 2003: Libya Basic reference information about Libya, including details of geography, people, economy, government, communications, transportation, military and transnational issues. Geographical information includes area, population, flag, maps, high and low points, co-ordinates, boundary length, border countries, climate, land use and natural resources. Author: CIA Subjects: libya DeweyClass: Resource type: document Ethnologue Language Database: Libya A catalogue of all the languages and dialects spoken in Libya, with details of the numbers of speakers of each language. Also some demographic data such as rates of literacy, blindness and deafness. Author: Summer Institute of Linguistics Subjects: libya DeweyClass: Resource type: document Index on Africa: Libya Links to a range of Internet resources about Libya.

94. Mohammar Qaddafi; Libyan Strongman Qadaffi s history is very much like that of Saddam Hussein of Iraq. In 1959,he attended the University of libya and began to read the history and http://www.emergency.com/qaddafi.htm

The Personal History of Mohmmar Qadaffi The role of Col. Mohmmar Qadaffi in numerous murderous attacks and in the training of several transnational terror organizations can not be easily contradicted. Reportedly, Qaddafi is to have been the financier of the "Black September Movement" which perpetrated the 1972 Munich Olympic massacre, was responsible for the direct control of the bombing of a German discotheque that wounded more than eighty U.S. Servicemen in 1986, and is said to have paid "Carlos-the Jackal" to kidnap and release several of the Saudi Arabian and Iranian oil ministers when it fit his purposes to do so. Col. Qadaffi's statements to the press should give the reader a clear understanding of his attitude toward America and the Western Democracies. He has been loosely quoted, on several occasions, as saying that "the streets of America will run red with blood" and "we consider ourselves at a state of war due to the provocations of the U.S. Sixth Fleet and the continued actions of American politicians." Although Qadaffi has been strangely silent since the U.S. F-111 raid on his compound and several key military targets, intelligence reports have verified his as having provided financial and logistical support for continued terror campaigns against America and her Allies. Several recent civilian airline bombings have all of the earmarks of Libyan involvement. Many mideast experts predict Qaddafi's major involvement in future attacks against the United States . Intelligence analysts point to the disclosure of an identified pharmaceutical plant located in a residential neighborhood, that in actuality may be a chemical munitions factory. Although denied by Qadaffi, this plant is believed to have the capability to produce nerve gases, which will add a new and most fearsome threat to the free world.

95. Find Out More About Libya A Chronology of Important Events in libya s history Rommel s WWII Campaign inlibya View Some of the GraecoRoman Ruins in libya http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8744/mylinks1.htm

var story="" N E W S N E W S N E W S I would like to seize the opportunity today and declare before you ... that Libya is determined and committed to play a leading role in achieving world peace." Col. Qadhafi in Brussels, 27 April 2004 20 September 2004: USA ENDS TRADE SANCTIONS AGAINST LIBYA BACKGROUND Libya and USA Resume Diplomatic Relations Powell Says No Longer Sees Libya Terrorism Links Libya welcomes eased US sanctions Libya confirms first oil cargo to U.S. after ban ... View Breaking News About Libya document.write(''); from JANA: The Leader responds to the appeal of the British hostage's family, for his release Masaratha /6 Atomour/ Jana The Leader, Mu'ammer al-Gathafi announced that he accepted the appeal made by the family of the British hostage Kenneth Bingley, to intervene for his release The Leader, Mu'ammer al-Gathafi called on the kidnappers of the British hostage, by saying; " We ask them to free this poor Briton, since his family has turned to us, if the kidnappers have conditions, let them inform us by any means". "At the same time, we ask the British government to use its efforts with the interim Iraqi government and its ally America to free Iraqi women prisoners, which is the condition of the kidnappers.. We hope that they would listen to this talk, and we hope they would respond and we will continue our efforts in this respect" he added.

96. History And Government (from Libya) --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia history and Government (from libya) From about 1000 BC;, libyans had contactswith Africans south of the Sahara. A people called Garamantes, who probably http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-203831?ct=

97. History (from Libya) --  Encyclopædia Britannica history (from libya) This discussion focuses on libya since the 18th century.For a treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=214454&query=Algeria, history of&ct=

98. Libya Country Guide - History And Government - World Travel Guide Provided By Co World Travel Guide libya - Overview, Visa and Passport requirements, vacationadvice, holiday guide, international travel, travel agent, business trip, http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/lby/lby580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Africa/Libya/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Libyan Arab Jamahiriya hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses General Information Passport/Visa Money ... Libya Libya History and Government History: From the eighth century BC onwards (when the region was settled by the Phoenicians), Libya has been conquered and settled several times over. Its archaeological heritage includes both Greek and Roman remains. Present-day Libyans descend almost entirely from the Arabian incursion of the 11th century AD, with a few black Africans from the south and indigenous Berbers in the west. Although traditionally the rural people have been nomadic shepherds, since the discovery of oil there has been a drift into the towns. Once one of Italy’s few colonies, Libya was occupied by the British and French during World War II. Under the United Nations’ direction, the country was granted full independence in 1951. King Idris became head of state, pursuing a broadly pro-Western foreign policy while keeping up cordial relations with other Arab states. During the 1950s and 1960s, major discoveries of oil, with consequent benefits for state finances, greatly improved the economic prospects of the country. In 1969, a military coup occurred that not only radically altered Libyan politics, but brought the country to world attention. The coup was the last of the wave of Nasserite revolutions which had swept the Arab world over the previous years. The country was taken over by a Revolutionary Command Council, led by Colonel Muammar al-Gadhafi.

99. BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Colonel Gaddafi's Libya socialism, unity and freedom , a new chapter in libya s history began. leaders in wanting the old revolutionary libya cast into the history books. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3336059.stm

Home TV Radio Talk ... Newswatch LANGUAGES Last Updated: Friday, 19 December, 2003, 23:33 GMT E-mail this to a friend Printable version Colonel Gaddafi's Libya By Gerald Butt Middle East analyst Over recent years, looking and sounding increasingly weary, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi seems to have come to terms with his own mortality. With the wisdom of years perhaps, the Libyan leader has tried hard to turn a new page and clean up the image of his country as a haven for revolutionaries. The stamp of Colonel Gaddafi is imprinted on every aspect of Libyan life On the diplomatic front, he has sought to have Libya accepted back into the international community. He wants the world to believe that he and his country have cast aside their rebellious streak. Thirty years ago, Colonel Gaddafi led a military coup that toppled King Idris and ended the monarchy in Libya. But since then, he has ruled his country in the style of the most eccentric of absolute monarchs imaginable. Colonel Gaddafi's Libya is unlike any other country in North Africa, the Middle East or the world at large. It has the stamp of its leader imprinted on every aspect of its life - even its name.

100. Libya-History Last Jews of libya history of the Jewish community, online museum featuring libya Home Page Focuses on libya s rich history and natural beauty, http://www.arabinfoseek.com/libya-history.htm

Search General Info Art Culture Arab Diaspora ... Yemen Libya-History Home Up Libya Books Libya-Cities ... Libya-Health Libya-History Libya-News Libya-Sports Libya Travel Lepcis Magna - UNESCO World Heritage Site The Libyan Capital: Tripoli - photos and historical overview. Last Jews of Libya - history of the Jewish community, online museum featuring day-to-day life, newsletter, and interviews of Libyan Jews. Libya Page History and general info. from Univ Penn Libya Home Page Focuses on Libya's rich history and natural beauty, using many illustrations. Libya Online Home Page Welcome to Libya Online Home Page. This site focuses on Libya's rich history and natural beauty. Culture and History of Libya / Libyan Academic Resources Information and links regarding the culture, history and sources of academic and research information on Libya. Libyan History Encyclopaedia of the Orient History Of Libya Maps, introduction, and timeline from Libyana. Archaeology: The Society of Libyan Studies The Italian Occupation and the Libyan Resistance A Libyan Hero: Omar al-Mukhtar [1862-1931] - Part I A Libyan Hero: Omar al-Mukhtar [1862-1931] - Part II ... Souq-attruk , Jami Ahmad Basha and Tripoli Fortress

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