61. Libya: Complete Travel Information To Libya, Travel Facts, Business Information, Complete information about libya s travel, business, accommodations, hotels, landand sea travel, geography, map, climate, libya. BRIEF history http://www.mideasttravelnet.com/mideastsite/libya/bh.htm

LIBYA BRIEF HISTORY History: The area corresponding to modern-day Libya was first colonized in the 12th century BC by the Phoenicians, who established trading posts in Tripolitania and at several other points along the North African coast. The Carthaginians took over these Phoenician colonies in the 6th century BC and expanded them as part of the mighty Carthaginian Empire. The Greeks also settled in the area of Cyrenaica, which is mentioned by the Herodotus, the Greek historian, writing in the 5th century BC. When the city of Carthage fell to Rome in the second century BC, the whole of the African Mediterranean coast was under Roman dominance for almost 600 years. When the Roman Empire fell into decline, however, the area was invaded first by the Vandals in AD455 and later by Byzantium in the following century. An Arab invasion of Libya in AD643 marked the end of Byzantine dominance. Libya was then ruled by a succession of Arab dynasties, including the Umayyads, Fatimids and Almohads. A brief period of supremacy by the Normans occurred in 1146, and a longer period by the Spanish, who held sway in Libya for the first half of the 16th century. Turkish forces conquered the land in 1551, and Libya then became part of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 18th century, the region began to break free of its Turkish rulers and enjoy greater autonomy. Its huge prosperity throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries was based almost entirely on revenue from piracy, which characterized the Barbary Coast at this time. By 1835, however, Ottoman rule was re-established in Libya.

62. Assistant Secretary Burns On US-Maghreb Cooperation Because of libya s history of support for terrorism, our policy is necessarilyhardnosed and realistic. But we are not oblivious to the possibilities for http://www.usembassy.ma/Themes/ForeignPolicy/Assistant Secretary Burns on U.S. -

63. The Society For Libyan Studies The Society sponsors projects in libya within the subject areas of archaeology, education, geography, geology, history and Islamic law. http://www.britac.ac.uk/institutes/libya/

The Society for Libyan Studies c/o The Institute of Archaeology 31-34 Gordon Square London Registered Charity No. 259262 The Society for Libyan Studies, founded in 1969, is established as a British Institute Abroad , sponsored by The British Academy . Its aims are to encourage and co-ordinate the activities of scholars working on Libya, in Britain and elsewhere, covering as wide a range of interests as possible including archaeology, history, linguistics and the natural sciences, and to foster and develop relations between Libyan scholars and those working outside Libya on Libyan subjects. Since its foundation the Society has sponsored many differing projects in Libya within the subject areas of archaeology, education, geography, geology, history and Islamic law. Its resources to date have been concentrated on supporting long-term archaeological projects and their subsequent publication, including excavations and surveys in Cyrenaica Tripolitania and Fezzan , notably at present Euesperides, Cyrene , Lepcis Magna and Fezzan . In recent years projects have included (among many others) the multi-disciplinary survey in the pre-desert valleys of Tripolitania , the Islamic excavations at Barca (El Merj) and Medinet Sultan, and the preparation for publication of the post-war excavations at Sabratha and Lepcis Magna.

64. ☞ Libya, History Bulletin Board Index libya history index Classifieds1000 World Message Board libya, historybulletin board message index. Click on a message to read or reply to it. http://board.classifieds1000.com/Libya/History

Libya Libya Directory Libya Real Estate Listings Furniture Libya 'History' index Classifieds1000 World Message Board All listings are the responsiblity of the posters; keep in mind, anyone can post anything! Buy or Sell Online Without the Fear of Fraud Never buy or sell without using an Escrow Service Add this site to Favorites Home Amigos! ... Fun in the Sun (Carribean Vacations and More) Libya History bulletin board message index. Click on a message to read or reply to it. Scroll down or click here to post a new message. We have no messages for Libya, History yet. Please share your thoughts or a ask a question. Add New Message to Libya, Expat Discussion Board Please submit a new discussion here. HTML is not allowed and you are encouraged to seperate your paragraphs with a double blank line for readablity. Please make sure your message is relevant to Libya and the selected topic. Everything you enter will be published. Location: Libya Subject: Topic: Select Topic Art and Artists Business Cars Entertainment Expat Export For Sale Gay History Import Investments Jobs Life Miscellanous News Headlines Politics Real Estate Retirement Sports Technology Travel Wanted Name: E-Mail: Optional (please add link to our directory first) Web Link: Link Title: Message: Submit Message. Please do not post the same message more than once.

65. Libya Travel Information | Lonely Planet Destination Guide Comprehensive facts and advice for traveling along with background material on the culture and history of this North Africa country. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/libya/

@import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_structure.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_theme.css"; worldguide shop thorn tree forum travel services ... travel links Explore Libya Libya Desert sands on your left, Cosmopolitans by the sea on your right. View Map Click here Feature Attraction Cyrene Second in importance only to Leptis Magna, Cyrene is a must see. It ranks as the best preserved... more > WORLDGUIDE Introduction See Image Gallery Transport Money Essential Info RELATED Thorn Tree Forum Postcards Travel Links At a Glance Fast Facts Libya's not all date palms and deserts, but if shifting sands and camel trains are your thing, Libya's got desert for days, and a quick jaunt down into the Fezzan will take you boldly where nomad has gone before. And despite its scary reputation, most people have a grand old time. Travel Services Flights Hostels Hotels ... Travel Insurance lonely planet 2005 about us privacy contact us worldguide ... travel links

66. World InfoZone - Libya Information - Page 2 libya s history in recent years has been troubled. In 1977 there was a brief warwith libya Lost Sites of the Roman Empire A. Di Vita, L. Bacchielli http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=Libya&page=2

67. Country Study Libya Social Studies Country Profile libya A general overview including history, libya Agood overview of libya, history, government, statistics and more. http://www.archaeolink.com/libya_history_culture_people.htm

Libya People History Culture Home Afghanistan Social Studies Albania Social Studies Algeria Social Studies ... Vietnam Social Studies You may find additional information about the country of your choice in the sections for Archaeology Anthropology or Ancient Civilizations Libya Tourism Please Note: If you sometimes get an error message when clicking on a large text link, don't give up. Try the URL link instead. There are times when the large text link doesn't "take" for some reason, thus the built-in redundancy. Thank you. al Fajer al Jadeed English Newspaper (Libya) Online English language newspaper from Libya - From al Fajer al Jadeed English Newspaper http://www.alfajraljadeedeng.com/ CIA - The World Factbook Libya A detailed look at Libya including history, culture, political structure, economy and many other topics. - From US Central Intelligence Agency - http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ly.html Colleges and Universities - Libya List of schools with direct contact links. - From Robert-Jan Bulter - http://www.bulter.nl/universities/ly.htm

68. Mathematicians Born In Libya JOC/EFR/BS January 1998. The URL of this page ishttp//wwwhistory.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/BirthplaceMaps/libya.html. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BirthplaceMaps/Countries/Libya.html

Mathematicians born in Libya Mathematicians' birthplaces are given relative to modern-day boundaries. Click on the name below to go to the biography. Eratosthenes Theodorus Click HERE to see a clickable map of Europe (We don't have a map of Libya). Places Index Birthplace Maps Index Countries Index Main index ... Societies, honours, etc. JOC/EFR/BS January 1998 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/BirthplaceMaps/Libya.html

69. The Country And People Of Libya At various times in its history the territory that is now libya was occupied by libya Resources Resources on libyan travel, business, politics, history, http://www.hejleh.com/countries/libya.html

Special Arab Files This page contains links to sites in Libya and Libya related sites. For Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information visit Arab Countries Web hejleh.com Libya, History At various times in its history the territory that is now Libya was occupied by Carthage, Rome, Arabia, Morocco, Egypt, and Spain. It was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1911, serving in the 18th cent. as a base for pirates who, in return for immunity, provided large revenues to the local ruler. Libya was seized by Italy in 1911, but Libyan resistance continued until the 1930s. During World War II, as an Italian colony, it was one of the main battlegrounds of N Africa, passing under an Anglo-French military government when the Axis were defeated in the area in 1943. In accordance with a UN decision, in 1951 the country became independent as the United Kingdom of Libya, with King Idris I as ruler. Idris was ousted in 1969 in a coup led by Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi, who established an anti-Western dictatorship. British and American bases were closed in 1970, and unification was sought, unsuccessfully, with several other Arab countries. An implacable foe of Israel, Qaddafi used Libya's vast oil wealth to create an extensive social welfare system and to help support the Palestinian guerrilla movement, particularly radical elements. In 1979 Libya intervened in Uganda to help keep Idi Amin in power, and in 1981 it dispatched troops into neighboring Chad (Libya had occupied the disputed Aozou Strip, in N Chad, in 1973), withdrawing most of them later that year. Qaddafi's forces continued to take sides in Chadian fighting, for a time occupying much of N Chad. In 1990 the dispute over the Aozou Strip was submitted to the International Court of Justice, which ruled in Chad's favor, and the strip was returned to Chad in 1994.

70. Eratosthenes Eratosthenes was born in Cyrene which is now in libya in North Africa. The letter describes the history of the problem of the duplication of the cube http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Eratosthenes.html

Eratosthenes of Cyrene Born: 276 BC in Cyrene, North Africa (now Shahhat, Libya) Died: 194 BC in Alexandria, Egypt Click the picture above to see a larger version Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Eratosthenes was born in Cyrene which is now in Libya in North Africa. His teachers included the scholar Lysanias of Cyrene and the philosopher Ariston of Chios who had studied under Zeno, the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy. Eratosthenes also studied under the poet and scholar Callimachus who had also been born in Cyrene. Eratosthenes then spent some years studying in Athens. The library at Alexandria was planned by Ptolemy I Soter and the project came to fruition under his son Ptolemy II Philadelphus. The library was based on copies of the works in the library of Aristotle . Ptolemy II Philadelphus appointed one of Eratosthenes' teachers Callimachus as the second librarian. When Ptolemy III Euergetes succeeded his father in 245 BC and he persuaded Eratosthenes to go to Alexandria as the tutor of his son Philopator. On the death of Callimachus in about 240 BC, Eratosthenes became the third librarian at Alexandria, in the library in a temple of the Muses called the Mouseion. The library is said to have contained hundreds of thousands of papyrus and vellum scrolls. Despite being a leading all-round scholar, Eratosthenes was considered to fall short of the highest rank.

71. Libyaonline.com Information And Entertainment At Your Fingertips. This site focuses on libya s rich history, arts, music, literature, and naturalbeauty. libyaonline.com offers libyan related items for sale. http://www.libyaonline.com/libya/about.php

Home About Libya Travel Guide Useful Places Gallery Links Libyan Cities At ART you will find everything you want to know about the Libyan artists, paintings and art history in Libya .. click here While you can listen to Libyan Music, find info about Libyan Musicians and print Lyrics at MUSIC click here Moreover, Everything you want to know about LITERATURE , Libyan writers, poets, and books is here Home / About Libya Location Libya is a cultural and geographic bridge firstly between Egypt and the Arabian lands to the East, the mashreq and the territory of the Arab W, the maghreb. Secondly, Libya acts as a link between the Mediterranean/Europe and Saharan Africa. The Arabic spoken in Libya is generally different from the French-influenced Arabic of the Maghreb with its quite separate accent and dialect from the Arabic of the Nile valley. Climate Yahoo! Weather forecast, Libya

72. Libya : Libyan Tourism And Travel libya tourism and travel, Leptis, Sabratha, libyan Cities and history, libya.Warm sun, warm hearts. A great country with a great history, http://www.libyaonline.com/libya/

Home About Libya Travel Guide Useful Places Gallery Links Libyan Cities At ART you will find everything you want to know about the Libyan artists, paintings and art history in Libya .. click here While you can listen to Libyan Music, find info about Libyan Musicians and print Lyrics at MUSIC click here Moreover, Everything you want to know about LITERATURE , Libyan writers, poets, and books is here Home Libya. Warm sun, warm hearts. A great country with a great history, a country of breathtaking beauty. High mountain chains are just one of the beauties of its fabulous landscape with green fields and sun-drenched Mediterranean beaches. The desert, watered by magnificent oasis, extends far into Africa. Fabulous villages and cities scattered amongst meadows, with oasis everywhere. Historical monuments forests, towering mountains... and a warm Libyan Arab welcome. Libya's strategic, geographical position and profound history make it a vital link between the eastern and western parts of the Arab world, and between Europe and Africa.

73. History Of Libya Provides a history of libya from ancient time to the present day. http://www.historyofnations.net/africa/libya.html

History of Libya Site Links Home Search this Site History Posters Africa ... Privacy Policy For most of their history, the peoples of Libya have been subjected to varying degrees of foreign control. The Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Vandals, and Byzantines ruled all or parts of Libya. Although the Greeks and Romans left impressive ruins at Cyrene, Leptis Magna, and Sabratha, little else remains today to testify to the presence of these ancient cultures. The Arabs conquered Libya in the seventh century A.D. In the following centuries, most of the indigenous peoples adopted Islam and the Arabic language and culture. The Ottoman Turks conquered the country in the mid-16th century. Libya remained part of their empirealthough at times virtually autonomousuntil Italy invaded in 1911 and, in the face of years of resistance, made Libya a colony. In 1934, Italy adopted the name "Libya" (used by the Greeks for all of North Africa, except Egypt) as the official name of the colony, which consisted of the Provinces of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan. King Idris I, Emir of Cyrenaica, led Libyan resistance to Italian occupation between the two World Wars. From 1943 to 1951, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were under British administration, while the French controlled Fezzan. In 1944, Idris returned from exile in Cairo but declined to resume permanent residence in Cyrenaica until the removal in 1947 of some aspects of foreign control. Under the terms of the 1947 peace treaty with the Allies, Italy relinquished all claims to Libya.

74. Libya: Map, History And Much More From Answers.com (Click to enlarge) libya (Mapping Specialists, Ltd.) Lib·y·a ( lib e? ) Acountry of northern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea. http://www.answers.com/topic/libya

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Government ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Map Local Time Geography Dialing Code Currency Stats WordNet Wikipedia Misspellings Translations Best of Web Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Libya Dictionary (Click to enlarge) Libya (Mapping Specialists, Ltd.) Lib·y·a lÄ­b A country of northern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea. Controlled at various times by Carthage, Rome, Arabia, and Spain, the area was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1911. It was subsequently seized by Italy and became an Italian colony during World War II, achieving independence as a kingdom in 1951. In 1969 Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi took power in a coup d'©tat, establishing a socialist dictatorship. Tripoli is the capital and the largest city. Population: 5,630,000 . var tcdacmd="cc=edu;dt"; Encyclopedia Libya lÄ­b ) , officially Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahirya [state of the masses], republic (1995 est. pop. 5,248,000), 679,358 sq mi (1,759,540 sq km), N Africa. It borders on Algeria in the west, on Tunisia in the northwest, on the Mediterranean Sea in the north, on Egypt in the east, on Sudan in the southeast, and on Chad and Niger in the south. Tripoli is the capital of Libya and its largest city.

75. The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Libya Cyber encyclopedia of Jewish history and culture that covers everythingfromantiSemitism to Zionism. It includes a glossary, bibliography of web sites and http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Libyatoc.html

The Virtual Jewish History Tour Libya Jewish Foods of the World - Libya The Jews of Libya

76. WHKMLA : History Of Libya, ToC Global Currency history libya; Tables of Modern Monetary history Africa, fromwww.dollarization.org, scroll down for libya Virtual Jewish history Tour http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/northafrica/xlibya.html

Egypt Tunisia First posted on July 4th 2002; last revised on March 21st 2005 Timelines : Libya (since 1934), Fezzan Barka / Cyrenaica Tripolitania Historical Atlas, Libya Page List of Wars : Libya Page EXTERNAL FILES CIA World Factbook : Libya ; BBC Country Profile : Libya ; World Reference Desk : Libya Libya Page, from African Studies at UPenn Timeline, from BBC News ; from timelines.ws Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Libya, from Kirken i Norge Library of Congress, Country Studies : Libya Encyclopedia of the Orient : Libya History of Libya, from Country and People of Libya ; from World Rover Political Resources on the Net : Libya For the Record : Libya , from UN Human Rights System Languages of Libya (9), from Ethnologue Wars of Libya, 1800-1999, from ACED Libya, from Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth Article Tripoli Cyrenaica , from EB 1911; Article Cyrene, from Catholic Encyclopedia 1908 edition Global Currency History : Libya ; Tables of Modern Monetary History : Africa, from www.dollarization.org , scroll down for Libya Virtual Jewish History Tour : Libya, from

77. Tripoli Libya Tripoli became an Arab Muslim stronghold; but in its history, But finally,due to their harsh rule, the Arab Libyan inhabitants forced them to quit the http://www.libyaninvestment.com/travel/tripoli.html

Home. About Us. Contact Us E- directory Online shopping Members Services SignUp Tripoli (Sabratha-Oea and Leptis) Tripoli. the land of three cities, derives its name from the three ancient cities vir. Sabratlia situated in the west. Oea (Known now as Tripoli). is situated in the remote western side of Libya. and Leptis Magna is located in the cast of Tripoli. These three cities were founded by Phoenician Carthage as trading posts, which later became "Emporia" to guarantee the security of fertile coast. At that time the language. culture, and administration of the Roman legions drew a symbolic plough over Carthage after it had been razed to the ground. The Phoenician influence had not disappeared when Tripoli, during the period Roman tutelage over the three cities, developed friendly relations with Numidian Kingdom ruled by a Libyan Chieftain. While all events were happen, in 264 B.C. the Carthaginians occupied Messina and so plunged into a struggle with Rome that was to end more than a century later in the destruction of Carthage and the establishment of Roman rule in North Africa. Thus, the first Punic War(264-241), through it caused the loss of Carthage Sicily. left Carthage's main foe intact elsewhere. Twenty-three years later she had recovered sufficiently to embark on the Second Punic War (218-202) which Hannibal's invasion of Italy all but decided. But the Romans fought the assailants to a stand still; and in 204 B. Scipio Africanus landed in Africa. where lie joined forces with a native Chieftain named Massinissa , and with his aid achieved the final victory over the Carthaginians and the it leader Hannibal who was then treacherously assassinated by some of his followers.

78. Libya Evolutionary Changes In A Traditional Society - Flags, Maps, Economy, Hist Throughout libya s history, and especially during the period of the monarchy,family prominence and religious leadership became closely intertwined. http://www.photius.com/countries/libya/society/libya_society_evolutionary_change

Country Ranks INDEX for Libya History ... Feedback Libya Evolutionary Changes in a Traditional Society http://www.photius.com/countries/libya/society/libya_society_evolutionary_changes~9674.html Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook Back to Libya Society To a great extent, the cities have been crucibles of social change in modern Libya. The Sanusi brotherhood drew its strength from the tribal system of the desert, and the cities were marginal (see The Sanusi Order , ch. 1). More recently, however, they have become centers of attraction, drawing people out of the tribal and village systems and to some extent dissolving the bonds that held these systems together. Before the arrival of the Europeans in the 1920s, urban centers had been organized around specific areas referred to as quarters. A city was composed of several quarters, each consisting of a number of families who had lived in that place for several generations and had become bound by feelings of solidarity. Families of every economic standing resided in the same quarter; the wealthy and the notable assumed leadership. Each quarter had leaders who represented it before the city at large, and to a great extent the quarter formed a small subsociety functioning at an intimate level in a manner that made it in some respects similar to a country village. Occupations had different levels of acceptability. Carpenters, barbers, smiths of all kinds, plumbers, butchers, and mechanics were held in varying degrees of low esteem, with these kinds of work frequently performed by minority-group members. The opprobrium that continued to attach to the occupations even after independence, despite the good pay frequently obtainable, has been attributed to the fact that such jobs did not originate in the pastoral and agrarian life that was the heritage of most of the population.

79. Libya (British Empire & Commonwealth Land Forces) Chronology of Modern libyan history, by Ibrahim Ighneiwa. history of libya, byAlexander Ganse (World history at KMLA); La période coloniale, http://www.regiments.org/nations/mideast/libya.htm

Authors and Contributors this page: T.F. Mills Page created 23 January 1996 Corrected and updated LIBYA (Tripoli, Cyrenaica, Fezzan) Major Government Sites Military News General Reference Military History ... Other Web Catalogues Note: for a fuller imperial constitutional history see British Empire and Commonwealth Constitutional history: Occupied by Italy 1914. Scene of much warfare in WWII. Conquered by British 1943. Administered by French and British military governors 1943-1951. Independent kingdom 1951. Republic 1969. British garrison and training units withdrawn six months after Qaddafi coup of 1969. French Revolutionary Wars Treaty of Amiens, ending French Revolutionary wars Napoleonic Wars Treaty of Paris, ending Napoleonic wars First World War Second World War Dictionaries Libya (CIA World Fact Book) Chronology of Libyan History , by Libyana.

80. MSN Encarta - Libya libya has been conquered numerous times throughout its history, first by ancientcivilizations of the Mediterranean and later by successive invasions of http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570705_7/Libya.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Aozou Strip, disputed area between Chad and Libya Libya Facts and Figures more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Libya Search for books and more related to Libya Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics for Libya Encarta Search Search Encarta about Libya Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Libya ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 7 of 8 Libya Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 16 items Dynamic Map Map of Libya Article Outline Introduction Land and Resources People Economy ... History B Judiciary The Libyan judiciary consists of a supreme court, courts of appeal, courts of first instance, and summary courts. At independence, civil, criminal, and commercial justice in Libya followed the Egyptian model. Under Qaddafi, Libya’s laws were revised to align them with Sharia , or Islamic law. In 1979 judicial power in Libya came under the authority of the People’s Committee for Justice.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 4     61-80 of 204    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 10  | 11  | Next 20