81. The Sci.lang FAQ Answers to frequently asked questions about dialects, languages and their relationships, linguistics, and phonetic systems. http://www.zompist.com/langfaq.html

The sci.lang FAQ Frequently asked questions about linguistics This is an expanded version of the FAQ posted periodically to the sci.lang newsgroup. Original version written by Michael Covington Maintained by Mark Rosenfelder Version: 2.29 Last modified Mar 3, 2002 Recent changes: Added a question on etymology Note : This FAQ doesn't cover everything! Many good books and many important ideas are left unmentioned. All readers should be aware that linguistics is a young science and that linguists rarely agree 100% on anything. Distribution [Back to Metaverse] Linguistics: What it is What is linguistics Does linguistics tell people how to speak or write properly Resources What is sci.lang for? What are some good ... LINGUIST list Language families How are present-day languages related [Let's see a map ... between languages? Theories What do those asterisks mean? What is Noam ... hypothesis? Sounds How can I represent phonetic symbols in ASCII What are phonemes ... foreign accent Writing systems Why do Hebrew and Yiddish [etc.] look alike if they aren't ... Chinese or Japanese dictionary Puzzlers How did language originate What is known about prehistoric language ... Are all languages equally complex, or are some more

82. Other Languages Information / Free Lealfets About Health And... Other language free leaflets on health and safety, occupational health and safety,chinese, hindi, bengali, punjabi, turkish, turkey, arabic, czech, http://www.hse.gov.uk/languages/

@import url(../styles/layout2005.css); @import url(../styles/screen2005.css); Skip navigation Search What's new Health and safety FAQs ... Site map Enter keyword Executive Commission Other languages Other languages home Multilingual service Language services Translations ... Call HSE Infoline Other languages HSE provides a number of publications in other languages which are available below. Shqip / Albanian / Arabic / Bengali / Chinese / Czech / Greek / Gujarati / Hindi Lietuviskai / Lithuanian / Pashto Polski / Polish / Portuguese / Punjabi / Romanian / Russian Slovensky / Slovak Italiano / Italian / Tamil / Thai / Turkish / Ukranian / Urdu Cymraeg / Welsh Updated Freedom of information Accessibility Back to top

83. Professional Language Translation Service - Exotic Languages Agency Flash needed Translation and interpretation services for business, legal, technical, medical, conferences and the entertainment industries in 152 languages. http://www.ela1.com/

COMPANY PROFILE About Us Why use ELA? Our Clients Testimonials ... Definitions SERVICES Interpretation Translation Government Conventions ... Media MEMBERSHIP Benefits Application form LANGUAGE LIST CONTACT Contact us Request for quote GRAPHICS VERSION with Flash introduction The means of communication have come a long way from stone-carved hieroglyphics to satellites and computers but the goal is still the same: to exchange thoughts, messages and information. EXOTIC LANGUAGES AGENCY (ELA) is a full-service language and acculturation company, dedicated to helping people communicate anywhere in the world. We specialize in providing interpretation services and a professional language translation service for both individual needs and organizations. Our specialties include offering a document translation service, website translation service, legal translation service, and language training programs. ELA is affiliated with the following professional organizations: ATA - American Translators Association SCATIA - Southern California Translators and Interpreters Association ELA is a qualified State and Federal Government vendor: GSA - Federal Supply Contractor www.gsa.gov

84. World Languages,Languages Of The World,Language Directory,Language Websites,Lang Language Schools, World languages, languages of the World, Language Directory,Language Websites, Language Learning Sites, languages official sites, http://www.123world.com/languages/

Why submit your site with us? Search The Web Suggest a site Home About Us Contact us ... Search the Site LANGUAGES Welcome to the ultimate source of authentic and reliable information about the Languages of the world on the net. The links in this directory will guide you to the official sites of the languages that you are looking for. Click on the respective alphabet to begin your search for a particular language or scroll down to the appropriate section beginning with that alphabet. Once you click on the link, it will directly take you to the official homepage of the particular language. In case of non-availability of of a particular official site, we have screened a number of sites and selected the most informative site on the subject. SITE LISTINGS A B C D ... V W X Y Z A Afrikaans The language Afrikaans has its roots in seventeenth century Dutch but it has been influenced by many languages including: English, Malay, German, Portuguese, French and some African languages. Arabic This site will enable you to initiate yourselves with written Arabic language. It comprises several lessons which contain texts, sounds and explanations. Each Arab word is accompanied by its translation in english, its transcription and its pronunciation. Arkian Arkian is language of Ark Maramia. The language has been influenced by many traditions: long history of Vitga, the native pre-Hiberan languages and the diverse cultural backgrounds in different regions.

85. Network Languages Wide range of language practice services including translation, interpreting, DTP, glossary development and language auditing. http://www.netlang.net

Translation Typesetting and DTP Web Design Printing Translation Typesetting and DTP Web Design Printing ... Homepage

86. BYTE.com A special Byte Magazine article published for Byte's 20th anniversary special report http://www.byte.com/art/9509/sec7/art19.htm

Archives Columns Features Print Archives Special BYTE Digest Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book 101 Perl Articles About Us How to Access BYTE.com Write to BYTE.com Advertise with BYTE.com Newsletter Free E-mail Newsletter from BYTE.com Jump to... Columns: Advanced Software and Technologies BYTE Media Lab Chaos Manor Conference Reports Features Free Features Gigglebytes Letters to BYTE.com Mr. Computer Language Person New Products Op/Ed Portable Computing Serving with Linux The Upgrade Advisor HOME ABOUT US ARCHIVES CONTACT US ... REGISTER A Brief History of Programming Languages September 1995 20th Anniversary / A Brief History of Programming Languages We've come a long way from computers programmed with wires and punch cards. Maybe not as far as some would like, though. Here are the innovations in programming. ca. 1946 Konrad Zuse , a German engineer working alone while hiding out in the Bavarian Alps, develops Plankalkul. He applies the language to, among other things, chess. Short Code , the first computer language actually used on an electronic computing device, appears. It is, however, a "hand-compiled" language. Grace Hopper , working for Remington Rand, begins design work on the first widely known compiler, named A-0. When the language is released by Rand in 1957, it is called MATH-MATIC.

87. Welcome To The Department Of Languages And Literatures We currently teach twenty languages represented on five continents. Faculty Associate (Spanish and other languages) Pool Recruitment open http://www.asu.edu/languages/

For Students For Faculty and Staff For Alumni DLL A-Z ... Contact DLL Department of Languages and Literatures Arizona State University PO Box 870202 Tempe, AZ 85287-0202 Telephone: 480-965-6281 Fax: 480-965-0135 We currently teach twenty languages represented on five continents. Please browse our site to find out more about the courses, degrees, faculty, and staff. Featured Links: "Molière Than Thou" one-man show, Sunday, September 25th, 2005. Location: Main Office: LL-440 Privacy Accessibility Page Contact: JOAN.FALDTZ@asu.edu Updated: September 19, 2005

88. Advanced Programming Languages Useful links about programming languages. Describes the syntax and semantics of programming. http://lsi.uniovi.es/~labra/APL.html

Advanced Programming Languages by Jose Emilio Labra Gayo Table of Contents Introduction Research Syntax Semantics ... Haskell, ML) Logic Programming (Prolog) Object Oriented Programming (Java, C++, Smalltalk, ...) Cross Paradigms Logic-Functional Object Oriented-Functional Object Oriented-Logic ... Acknowledgments Introduction This page collects my personal links in the field of Programming Languages . At first, it was devoted to functional programming . Now, I am very interested in the expressiveness of programming languages in general. With the term advanced I mean that it is oriented to researchers on programming languages I would like to add a personal comment to each link, but sometimes, I prefer to leave it blank than to include a meaningless comment. Of course, this page will always be under construction. You can contact me ( labra@lsi.uniovi.es ) for any comment or suggestion. Research Resources for Programming Language Research The Computing Research Repository (CoRR) A general repository of research material that contains an item about Programming Languages Programming Language Research , by M. Leone

89. Languages Of The World Links to language resources including Indonesian, Swedish and the Classics. http://wwwcg.twi.tudelft.nl/~ari/lang.html

90. Internet For Modern Languages > WELCOME     Internet for Modern languages has been written by Gavin Burnage of the Facultyof Modern and Medieval languages, University of Cambridge. http://www.vts.rdn.ac.uk/tutorial/languages

Using the Tutorial A tutorial from the Virtual Training Suite designed for UK higher education WELCOME TO INTERNET FOR MODERN LANGUAGES A free, "teach yourself" tutorial that lets you practise your Internet Information Skills using this tutorial key Internet sites for modern languages how to search the Internet what to trust on the Internet how to get the most from the Internet for your work Let our experts guide you to the best of the Web... Internet for Modern Languages has been written by Gavin Burnage of the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages, University of Cambridge. It is one of a set of tutorials within the RDN Virtual Training Suite, created by subject-specialists from universities and professional organisations across the UK. This tutorial is maintained by: Feedback Content-type: text/html Cache-Control: no-cache

91. Welcome To Key Languages Language training and cultural briefing. Lists an introduction, registration, courses and contact details. http://www.keylanguages.com/

language school London Key Languages provides language training in all languages in intensive, semi-intensive or long-term programmes designed by experienced language consultants to meet individual and corporate requirements language school London, Corporate training, Cultural Briefing, Language classes, Language tuition, Language courses, Language training, in company training, classes, Training, Conversation classes, Courses, tuition, Intensive courses, One to one training, One to one tuition, Group Tuition, Computer assisted, Language Learning, lessons, Central London, Great Britain, Westminster, UK, United Kingdom, Residential courses, Languages, Afrikaans, Arabic, Bulgarian, Cantonese, Catalan, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Farsi, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Mandarin, Norwegian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, Ukrainian, Urdu, Zulu, cross cultural, intensive, immersion

92. Interpreters By Anglo Worldwide Languages Interpreting in all languages, for business and organisations. Also translation and language training. http://www.anglo-worldwide.com/interpreting.htm

Interpreting Whatever your interpreting needs we will supply you with a professional interpreter to match those requirements. We provide interpreting for all kinds of occasions and in all kinds of locations: from business meetings to interviews, from court hearings to hospital consultations and from private visits to negotiations. Different occasions require different styles of interpreter: we can provide you with advice for the one most suited to you: ad-hoc, conference, whisper, or simultaneous. Our interpreters are people we trust, and that means interpreters with experience, who react swiftly to the nuances of the spoken word, who understand the subjects they are dealing with, who go confidently into delicate and complex situations - and emerge with the job well done, the message conveyed, and negotiations completed, the contract agreed, or the training provided. Anglo Worldwide Languages Ltd: Head Office: 108 Chestergate: Macclesfield: Cheshire: SK11 6DU: UK Tel: +44 [0]1325 335069 Fax:+44 [0]1325 332581 E-mail: languages@anglo-worldwide.com

93. The JESUS Film Project +++ STREAMING +++ You can watch the JESUS film in many languages by clicking one of the links below!Aari Aceh Achi, Rabinal Acholi Bengali, Common Language http://www.jesusfilm.org/languages/

You can watch the "JESUS" film in many languages by clicking one of the links below! Aari Aceh Achi, Rabinal Acholi ... Printer friendly version of the Language List. "JESUS" is a remarkable film, full of drama. The attention to biblical accuracy catapults you back into the life and time of Jesus Christ. You walk the same historical streets, you experience the same wonderful miracles, and you are touched by the power of God as you relive the most important events in the history of mankind. Join the millions who have witnessed the majesty of "JESUS" and whose lives have been changed forever. Filmed entirely on location in Israel, "JESUS" lets you feel a part of history in the making. "JESUS" is more than a story. Virtually every word spoken by Christ comes from the biblical text of the Gospel of Luke. This two-hour film epic will personally challenge you.

94. Diccionarios Y Gramáticas / Dictionaries And Grammars Organized by language family, in alphabetical order, this list includes other related books published by the Summer Institute of Linguistics/Instituto Ling¼­stico de Verano (Mexico). English/Spanish. http://www.sil.org/mexico/pub/DicGram.htm

Dictionaries, grammars and analyzed texts in Mexican Indian languages amuzgo cora cuicateco chatino ... Zoque El enfoque de la siguiente lista es la serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves" lista de precios ), excepto los que se han agotado (debidamente indicados) o que vienen de otras editoriales. Muchos se pueden encontrar en bibliotecas universitarias, incluso en varias The following list focuses on the "Mariano Silva y Aceves" series of vocabularies and dictionaries and its companion series of grammars, but it also includes other major linguistic studies published by the (Summer Institute of Linguistics) in Mexico or by its members. Most titles are available for sale from SIL (see the price list ), except for those which are identified as being out-of-print or published by other publishers. Many are available in university libraries, including a number of libraries in Mexico Diccionarios y Precios y direcciones para pedir libros Otras See also: Dictionaries and grammars available in electronic form on this site Prices and addresses for ordering books Other publications by SIL-Mexico Bibliography of recent technical publications Familia Amuzga Amuzgoan Family Diccionarios / Dictionaries Diccionario 44.

95. Welcome To LOTE CED Works to enhance the skills of LOTE teachers in Texas. Includes online courses, information about products for teachers. http://www.sedl.org/loteced/

This site was produced by the LOTE Center for Educator Development (Feb 1998 - June 2003) and is now maintained by Southwest Educational Development Laboratory. >>more Online Professional Development Center Free self-guided professional development courses for LOTE educators are available at the Online Professional Development Center (OPDC). Products for LOTE Educators Check here for a comprehensive index of downloadable products and publications for LOTE Educators. © Southwest Educational Development Laboratory

96. The World's Top Twenty Spoken Languages Estimates for the world's top 20 languages (given in millions) on the basis of the number of mothertongue (first-language) speakers and population estimates for those countries where the language has official status. http://www.cftech.com/BrainBank/COMMUNICATIONS/TopLanguages.html

The World's Top Twenty Spoken Languages The table below presents speaker estimates for the world's top 20 languages (given in millions). The first column lists the languages on the basis of the number of mother-tongue (first-language) speakers they have. The second column gives population estimates for those countries where the language has official status. Note that the totals do not always coincide, since some major languages (such as Telugu and Javanese) are not official languages of whole countries, and some languages (such as Malay and Tagalog) are official languages of multilingual countries. The second column figures are often over-estimates, as by no means everyone in the countries where a second language is recognized (e.g. India) will be fluent in it. The figures are of some interest as indicators of the way languages are moving. Mother-tongue speakers Official-language populations Chinese (1,000) English (1,400) English (350) Chinese (1,000) Spanish (250) Hindi (700) Hindi (200) Spanish (280) Arabic (150) Russian (270) Bengali (150) French (220) Russia (150) Arabic (170) Portuguese (135) Portuguese (160) Japanese (120) Malay (160) German (100) Bengali (150) French (70) Japanese (120) Panjabi (70) German (100) Javanese (65) Urdu (85) Bihari (65) Italian (60) Italian (60) Korean (60) Korean (60) Vietnamese (60) Telugu (55) Persian (55) Tamil (55) Tagalog (50) Marathi (50) Thai (50) Vietnamese (50) Turkish (50) Source: The Cambridge Factfinder , Cambridge University Press, 1993 For more information try a book or magazine search

97. Andrew Cooke: An Introduction To Programming Languages A page for people who know one language and are wondering about learning another. http://www.acooke.org/andrew/writing/lang.html

previous latest addition here An Introduction to Programming Languages home Introduction Target Audience Initial Questions ... top Introduction Target Audience Initial Questions Route Map Target Audience This is an attempt to summarize some of the basic ideas behind programming languages. It was originally written for "people who know one language and are wondering about learning another", and hasn't strayed far from that aim. It is not a detailed, scholarly exploration of all programming languages, nor does it describe the latest developments (or even cover all the basics) in computer science - I simply do not know enough to attempt that. Instead, I have tried to write something that is clear, unbiased, and useful to someone with no knowledge of the theory of computing. If you're not that interested in actually writing code and are looking for a more general article, focusing on the "philosophical" aspects of programming languages, then you will be much happier with this book review Initial Questions Why are there so many different programming languages?

98. The Linguasphere Observatory, World 's Languages And Speech-Communities, Linguas An exploration of linguistics and related resources with extracts from the Linguasphere Register of the world languages and speech communities. http://www.linguasphere.org

Home World Language Register Linguasphere Register Getting involved ... Bengali The Linguasphere Observatory World 's Languages and Speech-Communities As we enter a new millennium, the exploration of our global linguistic environment and the achievement of a new planetary view of human languages - of humanity itself - need to be the concern of all who are interested in our common destiny. The themes and ideas on this website, addressed to a general audience, have been developed as part of the work of the Linguasphere Observatory , an independent organisation (created in 1983, with no political, religious, institutional or governmental affiliations) devoted to the worldwide study and promotion of multilingualism. The Linguasphere Observatory is a viewing-platform in cyberspace from which our linguasphere may be observed as a transnational system around the globe and from which the situation of each linguistic community, however small, may be seen in its local and global context. The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech-Communities is the first comprehensive and transnational classification of the languages and dialects of the world and is available NOW through this website. Illustrations on this site are reproduced from 'Africa and the Written Word' by David Dalby (Imprimeries Réunies de Senlis, 1986) and 'du Langage aux Langues' by Ranka Bijeljac and Roland Breton (Gallimard, 1997). "In the galaxy of languages

99. FlsGlobal Languages Translation, interpreting, consulting, editing and language instruction. Based in Charlottesville, United States. http://www.flsglobal.com

In a world of many cultures and languages that is rapidly becoming a global village, the need for clear and accurate communication is important like never before. flsGlobal Languages helps you meet this challenge by offering services in the languages of the world. Whether translating documents, supplying interpreters, or tutoring students, flsGlobal Languages is well-equipped and ready to help. Arabic Basque Belorussian Bulgarian Chinese (Cantonese) Chinese (Mandarin) Czech Danish Dutch English as a Second Language French German Greek (Koine) Greek (Modern) Hebrew (Biblical) Hebrew (Modern) Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latin Lithianian Malay Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbo-Croatian Sign Language (ASL SEE) Spanish Ukrainian Vietnamese See this page in: French Spanish German Website designed and maintained by Network Guys, LLP

100. Visual Languages a description of Visual Programming languages by Daniel LaLiberte. http://www.hypernews.org/~liberte/computing/visual.html

Visual Languages [This was originally created from the comp.lang.visual FAQ by David McIntyre (mcintyre@is.morgan.com). It is gradually drifting away from the FAQ format.] A visual language manipulates visual information or supports visual interaction, or allows programming with visual expressions. The latter is taken to be the definition of a visual programming language. [Golin90b] Contents General What is a visual (programming) language? What is comp.lang.visual? Visual Programming Languages List Information Sources and References Miscellaneous VP paper classification project. Call-for-papers, special issue of IEEE Computer. The Deutsch Limit Toolkits - Commercially available toolkits to help in VL design. Acknowledgements What is a Visual Programming Language? A few representative answers: Visual Programming (VP) refers to any system that allows the user to specify a program in two-(or more)-dimensionsional fashion. [...] conventional textual languages are not considered two dimensional since the compilers or interpreters process them as long, one-dimensional streams. [Myers90a] A visual Language manipulates visual information or supports visual interaction, or allows programming with visual expressions. The latter is taken to be the definition of a visual programming language. Visual programming languages may be further classified according to the type and extent of visual expression used, into icon-based languages, form-based languages and diagram languages. Visual programming environments provide graphical or iconic elements which can be manipulated by the user in an interactive way according to some specific spatial grammar for program construction. [Golin90b]

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