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         Kurdistan Geography:     more detail
  1. Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan (Middle East Studies-History, Politics & Law) by Maria Theresa O'shea, 2004-03-18
  2. Cartographically constructing Kurdistan within geopolitical and [An article from: Political Geography] by K. Culcasi, 2006-08-01

81. Alex Barnett Blog : Geography Lessons For Microsoft Employees
launched geography classes for its staff to avoid further bloomers which For example when employees were arrested in Turkey because kurdistan had
http://blogs.msdn.com/alexbarn/archive/2004/08/20/217602.aspx
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posted on Friday, August 20, 2004 8:49 AM by alexbarn
Geography lessons for Microsoft employees
A Guardian article reports that Microsoft has now: "...launched geography classes for its staff to avoid further bloomers which have caused embarrassment and cost money on a grand scale. He said that as a geographer himself it was depressing that Americans had a reputation for being particularly unaware of the rest of the world." At the International Geographers Conference in Glasgow (er, that's in Scotland) Tom Edwards, senior geopolitical strategist at Microsoft provided a hint to some of the challenges of dealing with cultural sensitivities. "For example when employees were arrested in Turkey because Kurdistan had been shown as a separate entity on maps of the country, a decision was taken to remove Kurdistan from all maps.

82. SocioSite: Social Science Departments In The Middle East
Jordan, kurdistan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine, Qatar Saudi Arabia Social Sciences geography Economics International Relations Population
http://www2.fmg.uva.nl/sociosite/socdeps/middle_east.html
Sociology Departments Home Subject Areas Search ... About
Social Science Departments in the Middle East
Bahrain
Cyprus

Iraq

Israel
... United States
Bahrain Cyprus

83. Geography Library University Of Wisconsin-Madison
Trapped between the map and reality geography and perceptions of kurdistan / byMaria T. O’Shea New York Routledge, 2004 (Middle East Studies History,
http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/Geography/Whats_New/may_june2004.html

84. Technology Unlimited | Technology | Microsoft Pays Dear For Insults Through Igno
Insensitive computer programmers with little knowledge of geography have cost For example when employees were arrested in Turkey because kurdistan had
http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/news/0,12597,1286066,00.html
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85. The New Republic Online Iraq D
UP NORTH With the population of kurdistan growing increasingly restive, fact that Kirkuk has and is located within the geography of kurdistan.
http://www.tnr.com/blog/iraqd?week=2004-10-08

86. TalkBack: Well, You Should Also Take A Geography Course | Reader Response On| CN
There is NOWHERE called kurdistan! Report offensive content well, youshould also take a geography course Nl Image 09/14/04. kurdistan ?
http://news.com.com/5208-1014-0.html?forumID=1&threadID=1858&messageID=11450&sta

87. Iraq Kurdistan News - Media Monitoring Service By EIN News
Iraq kurdistan News. Service for global professionals. Constantly updated news and Being French (Tulin Daloglu) 10 Aug 2005 0752 GMT own geography.
http://www.einnews.com/iraq/newsfeed.php?nid=22553&offset=25

88. Asia Times Online :: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran Current Affairs
the region of kurdistan, as it is known in terms of geography and history, Kurds effectively gained control over Iraqi kurdistan, but that control
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/GD08Ak03.html

Middle East
Apr 8, 2005 A landmark for the Kurds
By Kathleen Ridolfo
The Iraqi National Assembly elected Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) head Jalal Talabani to be the country's new president on Wednesday. Talabani's rise is a milestone in the history of Iraq's long-oppressed Kurds. He is the first Kurd ever to fill the seat and has worked hard to maintain Kurdish autonomy within a federal Iraq.
A Kurdish patriot, Talabani had a history of organization and - at times - confrontation to oppose the regime of former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. But he has worked alongside fellow Kurd Masud Barzani to maintain autonomy within a postwar federal Iraq.
"It is a right of the Kurdish people to demand that the region of Kurdistan, as it is known in terms of geography and history, become the region over which the Kurdish people would exert their federal rule," Talabani told RFE/RL's Radio Free Iraq on February 24. "We believe that these [currently] existing problems can also be solved by consensus and dialogue, in a brotherly political way. There is no problem in Iraq that would be unsolvable, in our opinion."

89. The Atlantic Online
More than 70 percent of Iraq s oil exports pass through kurdistan on their way But if geography helps to define the Kurds, it also helps to divide them.
http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/kurds/kapkurd.htm
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90. AllRefer.com - 1Up Info - Iraq : History : The Ascension Of Saddam Hussein, Midd
Related Category Middle Eastern Political geography Two rival factions, thekurdistan Democratic party and the Patriotic Union of kurdistan,
http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/I/Iraq-history-the-ascension-of-sadda
You are here 1Up Info Encyclopedia Middle Eastern Political Geography Iraq ... Middle Eastern Political Geography SEARCH allRefer Encyclopedia A - Z A B C ... Z Iraq Related Category: Middle Eastern Political Geography Iraq or Irak [both: r Pronunciation Key History-
The Ascension of Saddam Hussein
In 1979, President Bakr resigned, and Saddam Hussein Takriti assumed control of the government. He immediately purged the Ba'ath party after an unsuccessful coup, killing leftist members. War between Iran and Iraq, primarily over the Shatt al Arab waterway, erupted full-scale in 1980 (see Iran-Iraq War ). The eight-year war became a series of mutual attacks and stalemates, as both countries' oil production fell drastically, the death toll rose, and great mutual destruction was inflicted. Poison gas was reportedly used by both sides, and by Iraq on Kurdish villages as the Kurdish rebellion continued. Eventually, a cease-fire under the auspices of the United Nations led to the war's end in 1988. Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990. Throughout 1989 and into 1990, Hussein's repressive policies and continued arms buildup caused international criticism, particularly in the United States, which had favored Iraq during the war with Iran. Hostility against Israel increased, particularly after Israel's bombing of the Osirak nuclear reactor in Iraq in 1981. Hussein accused neighboring Kuwait in July, 1990, with flooding world oil markets, causing oil prices to decrease and threatening Iraq's attempts to boost its war-torn economy. On Aug. 2, 1990, some 120,000 Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait, and Hussein declared its annexation (see

91. Notebook
geography of Ancient Iran The historical development of ancient Iran and of its road which winds through kurdistan over mountain passes and down through
http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Porada/1.htm
Notebook Preface Geography and Trade Beginnings of Art ... Sasanian Art
The Art of Ancient Iran, Pre-Islamic
Cultures Chapter One
Geography of Ancient Iran
As important as the roads which brought foreign influence into the country were the mountainous areas provided a refuge for peoples fleeing from invasions for a brief or permanent stay in the security of their mountain strongholds. The point has recently been made that 'the plains were the melting-pots [p. 17] of various peoples while the mountains provided isolated areas where various religious beliefs [or heresies], old traditions and customs could be maintained in comparative isolation from the great areas of history'. The surprising survival of motifs and techniques in Iranian art over many centuries, and even millennia, may be explained by the traditions maintained in these refuge areas. An example of such an areas is seen in the mountain valleys of western Pakistan in a region formerly called Kafiristan or 'Land of the Infidels'. Horses of an ancestor statue in a graveyard in the Rumbur valley wear ornaments which are very similar to those seen on Assyrian reliefs and which also resemble finds of such ornaments made in Iran in Luristan and at Ziwiye in Kurdistan. . . . . [p. 18]

92. Text News
victims of ethnic cleansing and Arabization as an undisputed part of kurdistangeography, and cannot imagine a kurdistan federation within Iraq without
http://home.cogeco.ca/~kurdistan3/8-5-04-op-ed-hawramany-end-of-beginging.htm
Previous Op/Ed Why must we defeat Al-Sadr and his thugs? Why for the Kurds Events in Fallujah and Elsewhere Are Eerily Familiar Is Iraq descending into chaos? Arab Political Culture’s Smack at Kurdish Nationalism ... and the Kurds: Guess Where the Paper Gets Its Cues? OP/ED pieces are restricted to columnists who contribute their opinions solely to the Kurdistan Observer KurdistanObserver.com 30th June 2004 the end or beginning of conflicts in Iraq? By: D. Nazhad Khasraw Hawramany May 8, 2004 The 30th June 2004 is approaching rapidly and with it the proposed transfer of sovereignty to Iraqi authorities. The American administration is seeing this date as a possible outlet from its current dilemma in Iraq, and yet none of the real problems of Iraq are properly addressed but rather postponed or worse badly approached. The dilemma in Iraq is that all the parties involved, i.e. Iraqi Kurds, Arab Sunnis, Arab Shias and Americans have different prospects and visions of the new Iraq , and to think that a magic formula will be found by the UN representative Mr. Albrahimi witch will solve all the chronic problems of the diverse Iraq in one stroke is too naive and dangerous. I will try to elaborate on possible visions and agendas of each of the parties involved:
D. Nazhad Khasraw Hawramany

93. Sunni Arabs Agree To Kurdistan Federal Republic But Not To A Shia 1
christian kurdistanis their are turkman kurdistanis,dare i say their are arabswho are kurdistani.kurdistan is is a historical and geographical area in
http://www.iraq4u.com/forum/m_4760/printable.htm

Sunni Arabs agree to Kurdistan Federal republic but not to a Shia 1
(Full Version)
All Forums
[Iraq Today] Politics
Message
Dario Sunni Arabs agree to Kurdistan Federal republic but not to a Shia 1 (7/29/2005 5:19:24 AM)
after a long hugle and jugle our Sunni Arab brothers start to understand Kurdistan sesitivity and recognised that people of Kurdistan are different from the rest of iraq and would like to run their afairs the way they want with out interferances from central governmet...As a Kurds I wellcome this and believe this is a step towards iraq unity.
our Sunni brothers however disagree to a Shiaa Federal intity in the south of iraq because they donot see any viable reasons for that other than economy for doing so and they believe economey of the country should be distributed equally which is a fair point.
Brown RE: Sunni Arabs agree to Kurdistan Federal republic but not to a Shia 1 (7/29/2005 3:39:47 PM)
quote:
ORIGINAL: Dario
after a long hugle and jugle our Sunni Arab brothers start to understand Kurdistan sesitivity and recognised that people of Kurdistan are different from the rest of iraq and would like to run their afairs the way they want with out interferances from central governmet...As a Kurds I wellcome this and believe this is a step towards iraq unity. Giving someone a nation within a nation is your idea of unity? I'm not saying i'm for or against Kurdistan, i'm just pointing out the contradiction in your statement. If there were a Kurdistan, shouldn't they no longer receive any benefits from Iraq? They should supply, or buy their own electricity, maintain their own roads and schools. Have all these things been considered?

94. Kurdistan - Definition Of Kurdistan By The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus And
kurdistan kurdistan an extensive geographical region in the Middle East southof the Caucacus. Jund-ul-Islam, Soldiers of God - an Islamic extremist group
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Kurdistan
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Cite / link Email Feedback Kurd·i·stan (kûr d -st n , k r d -stän An extensive plateau region of southwest Asia. Since the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, it has been divided among southeast Turkey, northeast Iraq, and northwest Iran, with smaller sections in Syria and Armenia. Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms Noun Kurdistan - an extensive geographical region in the Middle East south of the Caucacus Jund-ul-Islam Soldiers of God - an Islamic extremist group of Kurds who oppose secular control with bombings and assassinations; believed to have ties with al-Qaeda geographic area geographic region geographical area geographical region - a demarcated area of the Earth Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Persia - a theocratic islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient empire that was known as Persia until 1935; rich in oil; involved in state-sponsored terrorism

95. World Affairs: The Kurdish Question In Perspective
kurdistan, or the land of the Kurds, constitutes the geographical area in theMiddle East where the states of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria converge and in
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2393/is_4_166/ai_114631687
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IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles World Affairs Spring 2004
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Air Force Journal of Logistics Air Force Law Review Air Force Speeches ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports The Kurdish question in perspective World Affairs Spring, 2004 by Michael M. Gunter
Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. Although a large majority in the mountainous Middle East, where Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria meet, the Kurds have been gerrymandered into being mere minorities within the existing states that they inhabit. Many Kurds' desire for statehood, or at least cultural autonomy within the states that they now inhabit, has led to an almost continuous series of Kurdish revolts since the creation of the modern Middle East following World War I, and this constitutes the Kurdish problem or question. (1) There are approximately 25-28 million Kurds, making them the largest nation in the world without its own independent state. Since the end of the Gulf War in 1991 and the creation of a de facto state of Kurdistan in northern Iraq, the Kurdish problem has become increasingly important in Middle Eastern and even international politics. The war to remove Saddam Hussein from power in 2003 furthered this process. Turkey's application for admission into the European Union (EU) also has served to make the Kurdish issue more significant. As the Arab-Israeli dispute slowly winds down, the Kurdish issue will replace it as the leading factor of instability in the geostrategically important Middle East. Furthermore, because the Kurds sit on a great deal of the Middle East's oil and, possibly more important, its water resources, the Kurdish issue will become even more important in the coming years.

96. RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
Iraq convoy of oil trucks in kurdistan Baghdad Attacks Underscore SecurityWorries. 29 Apr 2005 Corruption Restricts Development In Iraqi kurdistan
http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/05/d1aadc58-fde7-4b35-b1e0-7f525dd26fa
Top News I RFE/RL Newsline I Features I Reports I Specials I RFE/RL Experts Subscribe I Listen I RFE/RL Languages I About RFE/RL I Search I Site Map I Homepage News by Country Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bashkortostan (Russia) Belarus Bosnia-Herzegovina Georgia Iran Iraq Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macedonia Moldova North Caucasus (Russia) Romania Russia Serbia and Montenegro Tajikistan Tatarstan (Russia) Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan News by Language Afghan [Dari] Afghan [Pashto] Afghan [English] Albanian Arabic [Radio Free Iraq] Armenian Armenian [English] Azerbaijani Belarusian Estonian Georgian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Macedonian Romanian Persian Persian [English] Russian Slovak South Slavic [Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian] Tajik Tatar-Bashkir Ukrainian Uzbek Friday, 06 May 2005 E-mail this page to a friend Print Version Iraq: Will The Turkoman Split Break Turkish Interference? By Kathleen Ridolfo Turkey has suggested in the past it had historical rights to oil-rich Kirkuk and Mosul The Iraqi Turkoman Front broke up in late April in what appears to be an internal conflict over Turkey's influence on party decisions, which detractors have said has adversely affected the party's ability to gain ground on the Iraqi political scene. The Turkoman Front comprised six Turkoman political parties and reportedly received more than $300,000 per month in support from the Turkish government, which claims an ethnic kinship to Iraq's Turkomans.
Prague, 6 May 2005 (RFE/RL) The meager performance of the Turkoman Front in January elections and the subsequent breakup of the Front may have little impact on Turkey's ability to influence politics in Iraq, and particularly on the future status of Kirkuk. While Turkey appears to have lost its base of support in Irbil, it remains well-entrenched in Turkoman politics in Kirkuk.

97. Kurdland.com - Kurdish Search Engine, Kurdish Music, Kurdistan, Kurds, Kurdish M
Here you can know everything about kurdistan and understand their society andgeography, http//rawand.home.ro. Amedika Billend, Hits 521 200310-08
http://www.kurdland.com/main/default.asp?Search=yes&id=21

98. Back To Iraq 3.0: Greetings From Kurdistan
I asked him about the mood in Iraqi kurdistan toward the Turks and the Americans, The PUK s support for geographic divisions is a neat diplomatic
http://www.back-to-iraq.com/archives/000270.php

Main
March 10, 2003
Greetings from Kurdistan
The city of Arbil from a fortress on a hill ((c) 2002 Christopher Allbritton) Last week I sent an email to Karzan Taher Aziz, a young Kurd I met in Arbil last summer. He and I became friends, and he helped me with translation when I didn't want to deal with the KDP's official minder and translator. I asked him about the mood in Iraqi Kurdistan toward the Turks and the Americans, considering the alleged plans to have Turkey invade when war comes. Today he replied. The only changes I've made to this email were to remove his email address (for his protection) and cleaned up some punctuation and a touch of grammar here and there. From: Karzan Aziz To: Christopher Allbritton Date: Mon Mar 10, 2003 01:23:24 PM EST Subject: Greetings from Kurdistan   Dear Christopher: How are you dear friend? How are doing? I was thinking about you. I hope this e-mail finds you in a good health. thank you very much for your e-mail. How things are going in NY? I hope your country all the best. I'm so sorry that I could not reply [to] you soon, but I'm v. busy these days, but any way i tried to reply you the internet line was not working properly. dear friend, concerning your questions... regarding Turkey, we feel that we're betrayed by them. i think you know  about the demonstration against the Turks Karzan's a smart guy and he has a lot of connections, and I believe him when he says the Kurds are willing to fight the Turks should they invade. Whether they win or not is a completely different question, but Karzan's report meshes with talks I've had with opposition members who say they will fight to protect what they've built in the north. An interesting note, however. The

99. Kurdish Autonomous Region -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article
Since 1996, the kurdistan Regional Government has been based in Arbil. extensive geographical region in the Middle East south of the Caucacus) kurdistan
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/k/ku/kurdish_autonomous_region.htm
Kurdish Autonomous Region
[Categories: Kurds, Iraq]
Kurdish Autonomous Region ( (A republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the area now known as Iraq; modern government is involved in state-sponsored terrorism) Iraq (Click link for more info and facts about Flag of Kurdistan) Flag of Kurdistan (A song formally adopted as the anthem for a nation) National Anthem (Click link for more info and facts about Ey Reqîb) Ey Reqîb Image: IraqiKurdistan DeFactoMap.png (Click link for more info and facts about Official language) Official language s (An Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia) Kurdish and (The Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects) Arabic (A seat of government) Capital (Click link for more info and facts about Erbil) Erbil or in Kurdish (Click link for more info and facts about Hawlêr) Hawlêr (The chief executive of a republic) President Masoud Mustafa Barzani (The person who holds the position of head of state in England) Prime Minister (Click link for more info and facts about Nechervan Idris Barzani) Nechervan Idris Barzani (A particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography)) Area about 80 000 ((statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn) Population (The amount per unit size) Density perhaps (The metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used)

100. FINDING THE KURDS A WAY: KURDISTAN AND THE DISCOURSE OF THE NATION-STATE
kurdistan is best described, therefore, as a cultural geographic reality thathappens coincidentally to be a political geographic impossibility.
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/speclass/intern98/kuswax.html
FINDING THE KURDS A WAY: KURDISTAN AND THE DISCOURSE OF THE NATION-STATE Kevin Kuswa Advisor: Ronald Walter Greene, PhD Finding the Kurds a Way: Kurdistan and the Discourse of the Nation-State Abstract This project assesses the Kurdish situation by employing a critical rhetorical perspective. Who constitutes the Kurds and how does Kurdish nationalism bubble to the surface? Although their sense of nationalism is strong, the Kurds do not possess sovereignty or independent territory. Combining the Iraqi, Syrian, Iranian, Turkish, and "other" Kurds (the diaspora) may provide an approximate ideal of the "Kurdish nation-state." But, it is at that point that the traditional discourse of the state fails to add any explanatory value to "nation." Tracing the location of Kurdishness in international relations and human rights rhetoric, it appears evident that statism has produced its own diasporic flaw. Consequently, the Kurdish dilemma offers a poignant example of the interplay between the rhetoric of the New World (Dis)order, national identity, cultural expression, and physical security. No one finds it easy to live uncomplainingly and fearlessly with the thesis that human reality is constantly being made and unmade, and that anything like a stable essence is constantly under threat.

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