81. Context In one way or another, the people of africa have all suffered from Moreover,the Church is indeed becoming indigenous, with bishops and priests of the http://www.rc.net/africa/catholicafrica/context.htm

When one thinks of Africa, one is immediately confronted by its vastness, diversities, complexities as well as its mysteriousness. The catholic Church in Africa is wrapped up in these factors which need to be unpacked before anyone can understand the reality of the Church in this Continent. African Vastness The total area of the African continent is 30,306,780 square kilometers (equivalent to 11,706,166 square miles), as compared to the USA, whose surface is 9,372,614 square kilometers (equivalent to 3,615,102 square miles). You will not believe it but you can fit in the whole of China, USA, India, Europe, Argentina and New Zealand into the surface of Africa, and still be left with some thousand square kilometers. Cultural and Geographical Diversities When we speak of Africa, we must remember that North Africa is completely different from Sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, each of the regions: Eastern, Western, Central, and Southern differ significantly from each other. Linguistically, Africa is even more complex. Leaving all the dialects aside, we may count about 2,000 different languages and so one can imagine the enormous problem of communication facing 62 Africa nation states today. This language diversity is indeed one of the factors of African under-development. As one travels from one country to another, the way of life may sometimes differ considerably, for example, the main livelihood of the people, the costumes, and the main staple food.

82. European Voyages Of Exploration: The Sugar & Slave Trades In africa people, rather than land, were taxed and as a result slavery and Thus a complex, indigenous institution of slavery was already in place long http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/Trade.html

The European Voyages of Exploration European overseas expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries initially took two directions. The first was towards the African west coast where the Portuguese were involved in raiding and trading expeditions for products like slaves, ivory, pepper and gold. The second initial direction of expansion was towards the Atlantic Islands. Here, Europeans found exploitable but not necessarily inhabited land where they collected wild products like honey and timber. Because of the lack of arable land in Iberia, colonists eventually returned to settle the land and cultivate products like wheat and ultimately sugar. Sugar was immensely profitable to produce but required large tracts of land and a large labour force for production. For these two reasons, the sugar and slave trade became intimately entwined in the European exploitation of the Atlantic Islands. This exploitation would eventually spread onwards to the Americas. The Sugar Plantation The capitalist plantation system was an economic system oriented to producing a highly commercialised crop using an archaic social form - slavery - to provide its labour. The profits from sugar production provided the impetus for the development of the plantation system that matured in the Mediterranean and eventually spread across the Atlantic to the Americas. Other commercial crops would be adapted to this system such as cotton, indigo, and tobacco, but sugar was the first. Sugar cane cultivation had its origins in Southwest Asia. From there it was carried to Persia and then to the eastern Mediterranean by Arab conquerors in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Shortly after sugar cane's introduction to the Mediterranean, it was being grown on estates similar to the later plantations of the Americas. By the fourteenth century Cyprus became a major producer using the labour of Syrian and Arab slaves. Eventually sugar made its way to Sicily where a familiar pattern of enslaved or coerced labour, relatively large land units, and well-developed long-range commerce was established. The Portuguese and the Spanish both looked to Sicily as a model to be followed in their own colonies in the Atlantic, and in 1420 Prince Henry sent to Sicily for cane plantings and experienced sugar technicians.

83. African Sculpture: Criteria And nature than the wood carvings from the more indigenous cultures. Among mostAfrican peoples, boysand in some cases girls-are sent away from their http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Sculpture/af_sculpt.html

African Sculpture: Criteria and Methods of Selection There are over eleven thousand objects in the sub-Saharan African collections of The University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. Many are examples of material culture and ethnography- weapons, tools, textiles, utensils, implements, and undecorated items of daily use that have been acquired by purchase and gift since the end of the nineteenth century. However, also included among the collections are numerous art objects made for ceremonial, magical, and decorative purposes, and a selection of the best of them forms the subject of this exhibition. Some of these objects are well known, having been included in major exhibitions of African sculpture as early as 1935, when the Museum of Modern Art in New York mounted the great display "African Negro Art," which brought the works to the attention of visitors to American art museums for the first time (see Sweeney, 1935). Quite a few were published by The University Museum in its Journal and Bulletin between 1917 and 1945 in a series of articles written by Henry Usher Hall and Heinrich A. Wieschhoff, two Curators of the African collections. Many others remained in the storerooms from the day of their acquisition, never to be photographed or studied, let alone exhibited. The present selection emphasizes both familiar and unfamiliar African art treasures that are a part of this great museum's holdings. It was decided not to include examples of the court art from the Nigerian kingdom of Benin, which are also among the highlights of the museum's collections, both because the Philadelphia Museum of Art had shown the "Treasures of Ancient Nigeria" together with an exhibition of Nigerian art from The University Museum in 1982 and because the ivories and bronzes of this society form an expression of a very different nature than the wood carvings from the more indigenous cultures. Furthermore, The University Museum's Benin collections are comparatively well known, whereas much of what is presented here is in need of new exposure and updated research.

84. Llewellyn Journal - Out Of Africa: How-to Use Stones, Minerals And Metals For A The Mande people of africa see blacksmiths and spirits as being colleagues. traditions of indigenous people around the world with a focus on africa. http://www.llewellynjournal.com/article/507

journal home article topics list of articles mission statement ... bookstore Book Search: Out of Africa: How-to Use Stones, Minerals and Metals for a Charmed Life Date: By: Stephanie Rose Bird print send to a friend Ashe African shamans, warriors, hunters, and healers all employ the power of ashe to accomplish the task at hand. There is a venerable history that is not very prominent in general literature about the deft skill with which these specialized members of the community combine sticks, stones, roots, bones, and minerals to capture and direct power. The names of these skilled professionals vary from culture to culture. The goal is to capitalize off the synergy generated from bringing together disparate parts together to create a single more powerful unit. The parts are usually organic, but minerals, stones, and metals are also combined with herbs, roots, and flowers to heal, protect, assure success, and attract prosperity. This article is an excerpt from my new Llewellyn book, Sticks, Stones, Roots and Bones: Hoodoo Rootwork for a New Age. This article focuses on ways to harness the powers of the universe inherent in stone, metal, and minerals called ashe. My approach is historical and folkloric with practical applications. Remedies are treated as folklore and should never replace professional help. Since magic is drawn from within, I can give no guarantee concerning the efficacy of rituals or recipes presented. The missing ingredients are your personal powers, focus, and intent.

85. Goethe-Institut New German Literature Relating To Africa - Morenga - Interpretat was a mineworker in South africa and regarded as a black Napoleon because Their closer relations with the indigenous people result in a profound http://www.goethe.de/ins/cm/yao/prj/dla/wer/mor/int/enindex.htm

Contacts Interpretation Home Authors A-Z Reviews A-Z Afrika auf keinen Fall! ... Morenga Interpretation Author Nacht des Verrats Narrengold Sandwolken ... Search Morenga Uwe Timm's documentary novel "Morenga" is historically closely related to Seyfried's "Herero": the Nama uprising starts on the 4th October, only eight months after the Herero uprising. Timm pursues the rebellion through the eyes of the veterinarian Gottschalk until its suppression in 1907. On the 21st of September 1907, when Gottschalk sets out on his voyage back home, the Germans, with assistance from the English, beat up and kill Jakob Morenga, the leader of the Namas. In order to destroy the traditional tribal structures and to disempower the indigenous peoples economically and force them into labour, the land and cattle of the Herero and Hottentots are confiscated. From: GOETHE, Zeitschrift f¼r die Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter des Goethe-Instituts 2/2003 : S. 26-27 (Beitrag von Mechtild Manus mit dem Titel "Widerstreitende Erinnerungen an eine gemeinsame Geschichte") Tips Afrika-Portal Goethe-Institut Yaound© Print Version Top

86. People Like Me Viewer's Guide: Dance Style Locator : Haitian Dance This dance is named for the people of West africa who originated in the Congo There are several kongo rhythms, and in this piece, the drummers are http://www.worldartswest.org/plm/guide/locator/haitian.shtml

DANCES BY YEAR: current year DANCES BY STYLE (all styles, all years) 2005 Dance Styles: West African: Mandeng and Wolof ( Mali and Senegal) Argentine: Tango Balinese: Drama Tari Korean: Sogochum and Sam-go Mu (Drum Dances) ... Polish: Zywiec Mountain Dance Related Topics: Shadow Puppetry Gravity DNA Haitian Dance Afro-Haitian Folkloric: Danse Kongo When Africans were brought to the Caribbean island of Haiti as slaves, they carried deep within themselves their rituals and cultural traditions. Songs and dances from many parts of Africa, and from diverse African cultures and ethnic groups crossed paths and mixed and fused there, creating new, uniquely Haitian expressions. Some of the old traditions, songs and dances remained, predominantly from the Congo, and the Dahomey region, but they evolved through time, and mixed with elements of the Haitian indigenous Indian,(the Arawak), and the French, who occupied Haiti. Like in the neighboring island of Cuba, the Africans who found themselves in a new land with new rules were innovative and ingenious in maintaining their beliefs, customs, and sacred and social art forms, while surviving arduous, restrictive, and oppressive conditions. Important religious traditions involving dance, music, and spirit possession, were transmitted through generations and continue to this day. Gods and goddesses called

87. Race And Ethnicity Blood Type Analysis - BloodBook.com, Blood Information For Li BLOOD TYPES OF RACE ETHNIC peoples BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS TEST RESULTS OF Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, http://www.bloodbook.com/race-eth.html

RACE and ETHNIC BLOOD TYPE ANALYSIS BLOODBOOK.COM TO HOME PAGE CLOSE WINDOW Racial and Ethnic Distribution of Blood Types African American Black Blood Donor Emergency COUNTRY RACIAL and/or ETHNIC ANALYSIS of PEOPLE GROUPS Afghanistan Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian (see Barbuda) Argentina European 97% (mostly of Spanish and Italian descent), 3% other (mostly Indian or Mestizo) Armenia Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi Kurds) 2% (1989) Note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from Armenia Australia Caucasian 95%, Asian 4%, aboriginal (353,000) and other 1%

88. RAND AFRICAN ART - HOME PAGE expressions of traditional, indigenous African cultures. Bete and Guere masks,an excellent kongo nkondi nail fetish which is also sometimes known as a http://www.randafricanart.com/index1.html

I have recently done quite a bit of redesign on my website to reduce the length of some of my pages, give them better structure, or at least make them easier to view. The pages that have had the most changes are this page, my Educational Resources page and my Favorite Links page. I have also just added LOTS if examples of various items from past Sotheby's and Christie's auctions on many of the pages on my site for reference purposes. Kota A frican cups and boxes Click on any image or link below the image to go to the pages for the items from that group of people If this is your first time to my website, or if you have never read it before you explore my website I would like to ask you to read " My statement on my site, my collection and my collecting philosophy " Moba tchitcheri Bamileke = new items added L obi Fang Akan/ ... "The Collector" by Bob Rizzo Baga House photos E verything else! Items from my collection are generally not for sale. Items that are for sale are listed towards the bottom of this page in the link "ITEMS FOR SALE" or

89. Ethnicity And Race By Countries Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Venezuela,Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0855617.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 23, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Texas Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Ethnicity and Race by Countries Afghanistan Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians (1989 est.) Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998) Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua and Barbuda black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian Argentina white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%; mestizo, Amerindian, other 3%

90. Demystifying Africa's Absence In Venezuelan History And Culture Active marooning refers to enslaved people fighting directly against the systemof slavery Rethinking history to demystify africa s political and moral http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/articles.php?artno=1088

91. African Initiated Churches (AICs) African Instituted Churches or African indigenous Churches) are African churches We Africans, however, who were being instructed by white people, http://www.bethel.edu/~letnie/AfricanChristianity/SSAAICs.html

African Christianity Homepage Christianity in Africa South of the Sahara AICs Christianity in Africa South of the Sahara Homepage Roman Catholic Missions 1450-1890 Kongo Christianity Roman Catholic Missions 1890-1960 ... Protestant Missions 1890 - 1960 African Indpendent Churches African/Ethiopian Churches Aladura Zionists African Initiated Churches (AICs, since the initials can stand equally well for African Independent Churches, African Instituted Churches or African Indigenous Churches) are African churches which were founded by Africans and function without referring to western missions or churches. They range from churches that are indistinguishable from Mission churches to those which are really African traditional religions using Christian vocabulary. AICs are strongest and most numerous in Kenya, Nigeria and Southern Africa, though there are hardly any in Tanzania, Uganda, or Sierra Leone. Most AICs are protestant churches. As Adrian Hastings phrased it: "African Catholics were being good Catholics (putting the unity and authority of the Church first), African Protestants were being good Protestants, members of a tradition in which Church unity had always taken second place." [Hastings 528] Their protestant roots allowed the AICs to break away from the mission churches with few qualms. Most AICs share the protestant stress on the authority of the Bible, usually read literally. They differ from most mission churches in that they read the Bible with an African cultural background rather than a western cultural background, which made it easier to read some things literally than the missionaries.

92. TURNING POINTS BOOK 1 Chapter 4 - Some Reflections On Early African And South Af They have been able to prove the sophistication of African people before African historians trying to write the history of indigenous people from their http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/turningpoints/bk1/chapter4.htm

Chapter 4 - Some Reflections on Early African and South African History: An Historiographical Essay Sekibakiba Peter Lekgoathi After 1994 politicians, historians, educators and parents were included in the debate about the content of history and especially South African history in the school curriculum. Why was this so important? Is there any relationship between politics, social values and history? Does it make any difference which history textbook is prescribed for school use? Does it really matter what sort of history is taught in schools? This chapter examines some of these questions. First it looks at some key principles in the interpretations of Africa and South Africa's history before European conquest. Secondly, it looks at the new historiography from the 1960s to the present, particularly the use of archaeological and oral evidence to make a strong case that Africa had a dynamic history that was characterised by complex social and political institutions. Finally, it reflects on the new methods, especially oral history, that has made it possible for historians to write the history of the continent from the perspective of the majority - the Africans. What are some of the key misconceptions about the African past?

93. African Art. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 The art of the Bakota people is best known for highly stylized wood and metal The sculpture of the kongo kingdom is usually characterized by naturalism. http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africana.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. African art art created by the peoples south of the Sahara.

94. The Folk Art Messenger: Cheering The Ancestors Home Hence, few examples of African ideograms still exist in the United States. The kongo tradition of placing seashells on or covering a grave was http://www.folkart.org/mag/cemetery/cemetery.html

The religious traditions of Africans forced to journey to America can be seen in the objects and symbols that remain in African American cemeteries today. These artifacts suggest the strong and vibrant history of a people, who, in spite of the adverse conditions of slavery, found ways to perpetuate their heritage. They were able to retain their family traditions and religious commitments to the deceased, either by iconography or by more direct representation. This aesthetic developed from combining (or creolizing) writing systems, the particular use of color and asymmetric forms, and the making of objects for daily use. Content was associated with religious beliefs. Marks and objects in cemeteries that look merely decorative to the uninformed eye may be African signs and symbols. This iconography in cemeteries can be divided into three categories: 1) sign systems of African origins, 2) secular objects as surrogates for ideograms and 3) revival of African traditions, interpreted in new ways. Examples of such African retentions (subconscious transmissions from prior generations) exist in burial grounds and established cemeteries, particularly in the Southern United States. The stones were probably engraved between 1770 to 1830, when the Igbo Diaspora was at its height in Virginia. At that time, the Igbo people comprised approximately 70 percent of the blacks in Virginia, a larger percentage than in any other Southern state.

95. CIA - The World Factbook -- Congo, Democratic Republic Of The People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military over 200African ethnic groups of which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html

Select a Country or Location World Afghanistan Akrotiri Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Arctic Ocean Argentina Armenia Aruba Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Baker Island Bangladesh Barbados Bassas da India Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dhekelia Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europa Island Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon Gambia, The

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 5     81-95 of 95    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5