41. CSR - Visiting Fellows that an emerging consensus between indigenous peoples and ecofeminists challenges His kongo Divination in African Folklore An Encyclopedia eds. http://www.princeton.edu/~csrelig/people/visfellow-04-05.html

Princeton University document.write(this_date_string) CSR Homepage Public Events Opportunities Courses People Executive Committee Faculty Associates Advisory Council Visiting Fellows Graduate Fellows Staff Program Links Visiting Fellows 2004-2005 Visiting Fellows Fellows devote the major portion of their time to research and writing on their own works-in-progress, while also participating in various activities of the Center, including symposia, conferences, and public lectures. Martha L. Finch A Centre of Wonders: The Body in Early America (Cornell 2001), edited by Janet Moore Lindman and Michele Lise Tarter, and is currently co-editing a volume of food studies scholarship, Eating in Eden: Food in American Utopias Janet Parker Religious Studies Review Theology for Earth Community: A Field Guide . Orbis Books, 1996). Jill Witmer Sinha Cookman United Methodist Church and Transitional Journey: A Case Study in Charitable Choice Youth Religiosity and Behavior (Youth and Society, in press) and Youth and religion: The Gameboy generation goes to "church" (Social Indicators Research, 2004), co-authored with R. Cnaan and R. Gelles; and "Transitional Journey Ministry: A Church-based Welfare to Work Partnership Model," (In D. K. Ryden & J. Polet (Eds.)

42. COMMEMORATING THE AFRICAN BURIAL GROUND IN NEW YORK CITY many Africans (as well as other indigenous peoples) possess an In Africansocieties including Dogon, kongo, and Yoruba, realms of the living, dead, http://www.ijele.com/vol1.1/frohne.html

Ijele: Art eJournal of the African World (2000) ISSN: 1525-447X COMMEMORATING THE AFRICAN BURIAL GROUND IN NEW YORK CITY: SPIRITUALITY OF SPACE IN CONTEMPORARY ART WORKS Andrea Frohne Colonial and Contemporary History of the African Burial Ground The New York City African Burial Ground was actively used by enslaved and freed Africans and people of African descent from approximately 1712 until 1790. The cemetery covered five to six acres, in which between 10,000 and 20,000 people were buried, with bodies three layers deep in places. The 1991 unearthing of the Burial Ground has altered historical misconceptions, such as the mistaken belief that virtually no slave trade existed in the north. Few realized that during most of the eighteenth-century, New York City held the largest number of enslaved blacks outside of South Carolina. In 1790 for instance, slaves were owned by about 40% of the white households around New York City, with blacks comprising nearly one-quarter of the urban population. In the late seventeenth and entire eighteenth-century, the African Burial Ground was located on the periphery of the town so that funerals were performed beyond the scrutiny and surveillance of Europeans. It was Trinity Church who perhaps prompted use of the site, although it may have been in use prior to the Church's ordering in October 1697, "...that after the expiration of four weeks from the date here of no Negroes be buried within the bounds and limits of the church yard of Trinity Church."

43. 100gogo Expedition Of Africa, Africa's Super Predators & Mammals Safari The modern African peoples are believed to have appeared about 100000 years ago in The other indigenous groups are all Bantuspeaking peoples, http://www.100gogo.com/africa/

Africa - The Birthplace of Modern Humans You either love it or hate it . . . Africa Map Click here to see large map Introduction Features of Africa Africa is the second-largest continent , after Asia, covering 30,330,000 sq km; about 22% of the total land area of the Earth. It measures about 8,000 km from north to south and about 7,360 km from east to west. The highest point on the continent is Mt. Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Point - (5,963 m/19,340 ft) in Tanzania. The lowest is Lake 'Asal (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti. The Forests cover about one-fifth of the total land area of the continent. The Woodlands, bush lands, grasslands and thickets occupy about two-fifth. And the Deserts and their extended margins have the remaining two-fifths of African land. World's longest river : The River Nile drains north-eastern Africa, and, at 6,650 km (4,132 mi), is the longest river in the world. It is formed from the Blue Nile, which originates at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which originates at Lake Victoria. World's second largest lake : Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the is the world's second-largest freshwater lake - covering an area of 69,490 sq km (26,830 sq mi) and lies 1,130 m (3,720 ft) above sea level. Its greatest known depth is 82 m (270 ft).

44. African Culture - Society On The Internet The web site for her course peoples and Cultures of africa has information onthe Mande, Indilinga african Journal of indigenous Knowledge Systems http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/culture.html

Countries Topics Search the Africa Pages Suggest a Site ... Topics: Culture and Society See also: Country Pages Adire African Textiles - Duncan Clarke History, background, and photographs of adire, adinkra, kente, bogolan, Yoruba aso-oke, akwete, ewe, kuba, and nupe textiles. The symbolism of images is often provided. One can purchase textiles as well. Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation (School of Oriental and African Studies) is on Yoruba men's weaving. Based in London. http://www.adire.clara.net Africa e Mediterraneo (Roma : Istituto sindacale per la cooperazione allo sviluppo) In Italian. A quarterly magazine about African culture and society. Has the table of contents. Topics covered: literature and theatre, music and dance, visual arts (painting, sculpture, photography), cinema, immigration. Owned by Lai-momo, a non-profit co-operative. Contact: redazione@africaemediterraneo.it [KF] http://www.africaemediterraneo.it Africa: One Continent. Many Worlds Extensive site for the traveling art exhibit from the Field Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

45. MSN Encarta - Africa By 1400 a number of these states had merged to form the kingdom of kongo with its qualities and strengthening indigenous African religious thought. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572628_28/Africa.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items African Art and Architecture African Languages more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Africa Search for books and more related to Africa Encarta Search Search Encarta about Africa Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Africa ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 28 of 36 Africa Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 161 items Dynamic Map Map of Africa Article Outline Introduction Natural Environment People of Africa Economy ... History F States of the Great Lakes As woodland was cleared for cultivation, wider areas of East Africa became suitable for cattle keeping. In the centuries before and after 1000, Nilotic-speaking cattle herders pushed southward into the newly exposed grasslands of the Great Lakes region. Some retained their Nilotic language and culture, such as the Luo northeast of Lake Victoria. West of Lake Victoria, Nilotic herders integrated into Bantu society and adopted local Bantu languages. In this period local state structures began to emerge. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the states of Bunyoro , Ankole, Karagwe, and Buganda were established in what is now Uganda and northern Tanzania. By the 16th century Bunyoro had grown to dominate the region.

46. MSN Encarta - History Of Colonial America of the influx of many African peoples—Senegalese, Gambians, Ibo, Yoruba, kongo, The Portuguese tried to force indigenous peoples to work on these http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741502191/History_of_Colonial_America.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Colonial American Life Colonial Period in American History more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Colonial America, History of Search for books and more related to Colonial America, History of Encarta Search Search Encarta about Colonial America, History of Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Colonial America, History of ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Colonial America, History of Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 23 items Article Outline Introduction European Colonial Ventures Development of England's Colonies English Revolution ... Political and Social Upheavals I Introduction Print Preview of Section Colonial America, History of , colonial possessions or dependencies in the western hemisphere formed by European nations. European countries developed colonies for many reasons, but primarily to generate income. They used colonies to provide raw materials for trade and to serve as markets for finished products. English colonies eventually became dominant in North America because many settlers were drawn to their political systems. These systems encouraged representative government, religious toleration, economic growth, and cultural diversity. After Christopher Columbus explored the Americas in 1492, the nations of Western Europe—Spain, Portugal, France, The Netherlands, and England—created vast colonial empires in the western hemisphere. The Spanish empire in

47. African Arts: Robert Visser And His Photographs From The Loango Coast In current studies on ethnographic photographs, the indigenous peoples often merely Visser s name is linked primarily with kongo fetishes (minkisi, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0438/is_4_35/ai_104520724

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles African Arts Winter 2002 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Robert Visser and his photographs from the Loango Coast African Arts Winter, 2002 by Katrin Adler Christine Stelzig Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. Other critics have proposed that these recent publications represent a new confirmation of European arrogance whereby pictures of other peoples are doubly misused: Ethnographic pictures were, as one says in popular method-jargon, deconstructed in order to show the part that the European world played in their genesis.... In current studies on ethnographic photographs, the indigenous peoples often merely play the role of extras or requisites. (Nippa 1996:18) Indeed, these studies often include illustrations that manifest the power of taking photographs (see Theye 1989:14): anthropological images, erotic genre scenes, documentations of alleged barbary. While such pictures are used to denounce the voyeurism of earlier observers, at the same time they feed the present-day voyeurism of the politically correct: Were these imperialists not contemptuous of human dignity? One need only view the pictures for proof!

48. Www.4Kids.org | Coolspots Prior to 1788, indigenous people were the only humans living in Australia. themes such as kongo Crossroads, Market Crossroads and Global africa. http://www.4kids.org/servlet/coolspots.SearchCoolspotsByCategory?categoryId=8&ca

49. Kansas African Studies Center At KU The scenes convey supposed affinities between african animals and people as in need a mythical africa, Loango tusk carvings do reveal indigenous, kongo, http://www.ku.edu/~kasc/programs/conferences/2005/bridges.shtml

toggle navigation KU A-Z A B C D ... Z The Center Calendar Courses Faculty Staff ... About the Center Programs and Activities Academic Language Seminars Conferences ... Study Abroad Useful Resources Newsletters Publications External Home Nichole N. Bridges Ph.D. Candidate, University of Wisconsin-Madison Smithsonian Predoctoral Fellow, National Museum of African Art This is unpublished text from an oral presentation. No part of this text may be cited without permission from the author. Elaborately carved ivory tusks, such as that donated by Susan and Wolfgang Hamburger to the Spencer Art Museum [Hamburger tusk], are vivid documents of the cosmopolitan social and economic character of the Loango Coast, Congo during the peak of the Atlantic Trade [Map showing Loango Coast]. Crafted during the mid 19th century to the first decade or so of the 20th century, these relief carvings typically depict a multitude of scenes spiraling up a single tusk. Subjects range from pastoral and "Westernized" Africans, to European merchants and monarchs, to caravans of porters and enslaved Africans, to illustrations of the Roman pantheon [details showing such examples from several tusks]. Kongo-Vili artists carved each unique tusk to serve, mostly, as souvenirs for Westerners who were engaged in commerce along the Loango Coast. This presentation concerns my investigation in analyzing the ways in which the imagery on Loango tusks appealed to their European consumers while simultaneously being indigenous expressions of their Kongo carvers.

50. JJSProgramme 10001030, Crispin Maalu-Bungi (Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of kongo) The beginning of literacy among the indigenous people of South africa http://www.jahn-bibliothek.ifeas.uni-mainz.de/JJSProgramm.html

8TH JJS PICTURES NEW! PROGRAMME HOME DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND AFRICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF MAINZ Creative Writing in African Languages: Production, Mediation, Reception Programme Wednesday, 17 th November 2004 Registration Welcoming addresses Keynote lecture Alain Ricard (Paris) Creative writing in African languages: production, mediation, reception Opening reception Dinner Thursday, 18 th November 2004 Panel I: Origins and history of individual literatures in African languages (examples from West and Central Africa) Ernest E. Emenyonu (Flint/Michigan, USA) The dynamics of creativity in Igbo language literature: from Pita Nwana to Tonie Ubesie Erika Eichholzer (Hannover, Germany) The first novel in Twi/Akan Crispin Maalu-Bungi (Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Kongo) Written literature in Congolese languages: genesis and principal genres Coffee break Panel I (continued): Origins and history of individual literatures in African languages (examples from southern Africa) Philemon Buti Skhosana (Pretoria, South Africa) Thematic survey of isiNdebele short story writing Daniel Kunene (Madison/Wisconsin, USA)

51. K-12 TR-Religion Latin America with the express purpose of converting indigenous peoples. Traditional Religions in africa; 2. Overviews of Traditional Religion; 3. http://www.clacs.uiuc.edu/k-12TR-Religion.htm

Religion Teaching About...Religion in Latin America Newsletter of the Outreach Services of the African, Asian, Latin American, and Russian Studies Centers University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 910 S. Fifth Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820 Spring 2002, No. 86 Re-Printed Article by Ronnie Kahn Religion and Politics in Latin America Latin American Catholicism The Post Vatican II Church The Growing Effect of Evangelism Evangelists similarly exhibit ties to economic and political structures. Many evangelist preachers have approached a community with a single message which promotes Protestant values of individualism over corporatism, sobriety over the public drunkenness often associated with Catholic rituals. Evangelists often seek to instill the notion of the Protestant work ethic, a work ethic which focuses on individual rather than communal labor and land. What is viewed as the excesses of the Catholic Church are often ridiculed. More seriously, the introduction of evangelism can literally split communities and families into two. Rural communities tend to split along religious rather than kin lines once evangelism has been introduced into a region. In the Maya community of San Juan Chamula in Chiapas, Mexico, the town council decided to expel evangelical members of the community and deny them access to communally held land unless the reconverted to Catholicism. Local Cults Social scientists and others who study religion have long noted that while 80% of Latin Americans proclaim themselves to be Catholic, the rate of participation in the formal religious structures is much lower than that. The number of Catholics who attend weekly Mass, for example, is probably no more than 25%. However, Catholicism shapes daily lives in profound ways and Catholic doctrine and traditions serve as templates to private rituals and other aspects of daily life.

52. Untitled Document indigenous traditions spirits Intermediaries between God and people Large pantheon Initial contact the kongo of western africa (Congos, Gabon, Angola) http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rklein/religion lecture.htm

African Religions and Belief Systems ANT 4354 8 Feb 2005 Religion in Africa Three main categories -African indigenous traditions -Christianity -Islam African Indigenous Traditions Primarily oral tradition Five common elements -Belief in supreme being -Belief in spirits/divinities -Religious leaders and sacred places -Belief in afterlife -Belief in witchcraft/magic (evil spirits) Indigenous traditions: supreme being Monotheistic God is: -Creator of the world -Omnipotent -Omniscient -Distant from people Indigenous traditions: spirits Intermediaries between God and people Large pantheon Two forms -Human spirits (ancestors) -Non-human spirits (nature spirits) Two kinds -Good spirits: protect and assist people -Evil spirits: bring illness, death and suffering The level of protection and blessings of good spirits depends on the proper behavior of people. Individuals must: -Participate in rituals and other religious practices -Respect the people around them Failure means withdrawal of blessing and protection of good spirits Two main reasons for misfortune: -Inappropriate behavior - failure to follow proper rules and norms -Interference of evil spirits Covers accountability and randomness Animism Spirit worship v. spirit belief

53. Africa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 SubSaharan africa is occupied by a diverse variety of peoples including, and in places powerful kingdoms, such as kongo, Luba, and Mwememutapa. http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africa.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Africa k KEY Geology and Geography Geologically, recent major earth disturbances have been confined to areas of NW and E Africa. Geologists have long noted the excellent fit (in shape and geology) between the coast of Africa at the Gulf of Guinea and the Brazilian coast of South America, and they have evidence that Africa formed the center of a large ancestral supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the Jurassic period to form Gondwanaland, which included Africa, the other southern continents, and India. South America was separated from Africa c.76 million years ago, when the floor of the S Atlantic Ocean was opened up by seafloor spreading; Madagascar was separated from it c.65 million years ago; and Arabia was separated from it c.20 million years ago, when the Red Sea was formed. There is also evidence of one-time connections between NW Africa and E North America, N Africa and Europe, Madagascar and India, and SE Africa and Antarctica.

54. Congo - A Look At The Past The indigenous peoples in Congo were forest dwellers. the first millenniumAD, Bantuspeaking peoples established themselves throughout Central africa. http://cp.settlement.org/english/congo/alook.html

A L OOK AT THE P AST T he indigenous peoples in Congo were forest dwellers. Their descendants, primarily members of the Efe and Mbuti tribes, still live as hunters and gatherers in the northern Ituri forest. Late in the first millennium A.D., Bantu-speaking peoples established themselves throughout Central Africa. Their culture was based on ironworking and agriculture, and they largely displaced the indigenous peoples. B y the 15th century, several kingdoms had developed in the area, including Kongo, Kuba, Luba and Lunda. When the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cam reached the mouth of the Congo River in 1482, he discovered that the coastal kingdoms were capturing people from nearby areas and sending them to work as slaves in Saudi Arabia. Over the next few centuries, Portuguese and French traders enslaved millions of Africans, and sent them to work on plantations in North and South America. The slave trade was abolished in 1885. I n 1878, King Leopold II of Belgium hired Anglo-American explorer Henry Morton Stanley to establish outposts along the Congo River. Leopold persuaded other European rulers to recognize Congo as his personal territory, which he named the Congo Free State. D uring Leopold's reign, the Congolese were brutally treated. They were forced to build a railroad and collect ivory and rubber. As many as 10 million Congolese died between 1880 and 1910. When news of the atrocities became public in 1908, the Belgian government took control of the colony and renamed it the Belgian Congo. Although the Belgian government improved working conditions slightly, it too was a harsh ruler and continued to extract natural resources. For years, the Congolese struggled to achieve independence.

55. Untitled Document my courses Political Sociology and indigenous peoples Movements in GlobalContext. Introduction to africa Studies; peoples and Cultures of africa; http://www.macalester.edu/anthropology/tca/directory.html

Twin Cities Africanists Member Directory Updated as of June 2005 To be added to this directory or to edit your current listing, email Dianna Shandy at: shandy@macalester.edu A B C D E F G H I ... P Q R S T U V W X Y Z B Robert M. Baum 808 Ridgewood Ave. Ames, IA 50010 rbaum@iastate.edu Cynthia Becker Department of Art History University of St. Thomas CJBECKER@stthomas.edu Africa-related courses: Geographic and scholarly areas of specialization in Africa: North and West Africa, particularly Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, Senegal, and Mali. My research looks at cross-cultural interactions across the Sahara and the trans-Saharan slave trade. Jackie Brux Professor of Economics 410 S. 3rd St. River Falls, WI 54022-5001 Jacqueline.M.Brux@uwrf.edu Phone: (715) 425-3125, -3335, -8606 Fax: (715) 425-0707 Africa-related courses: I teach economic development and focus on Africa, Latin America, and Asia. I also teach Introduction to International Studies, and focus most of my attention on these three regions as well. I did one time teach a course on African economic development, and hope I get the chance again at some point. Geographic and scholarly areas of specialization in Africa: West Africa, especially Burkina Faso and Ghana; women in development, agricultural development, impacts of structural (economic) reform

56. Films & Video Recordings On AFRICA They also record their encounters with various African peoples, including the With his help Mani kongo is reunited with his daughter and his regalia and http://www.info.library.yorku.ca/depts/smil/filmographies/africa.htm

AFRICA Last updated October 2001 The films and videorecordings listed below are owned by York University Libraries and available for academic use by the York University community. Requests for these materials can be made in writing, by telephone, or in person to the 125 Scott Library York University 4700 Keele Street North York, Ontario M3J 1P3 E-Mail: imagelib@yorku.ca Telephone:416-736-2100 ext.33324 Fax:416-736-5838 Fall/Winter Hours: Summer Hours: Please note the following abbreviations: MP : 16mm film VC : VHS videotape VC 3/4 : 3/4" videotape Table of Contents General Algeria Angola Benin ... Zimbabwe GENERAL AFRICA SERIES 52 min. each 1984 RM Arts Prod. 1. DIFFERENT BUT EQUAL VC #1206 and #4494 Traces the early history of the continent noting that some of the world's greatest prehistoric civilizations had their origins in Africa. 2. MASTERING A CONTINENT VC #1207 and #4494 Examines how African farmers created a viable way of life in an often hostile environment. 3. CARAVANS OF GOLD

57. Recent Books By Jouvert Board Members: Volume 2 cultural, and ecological war against indigenous peoples. VY Mudimbe searlier books (eg The Invention of africa and The Idea of africa) have http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v2i1/jbooks2.htm

Recent Books by Jouvert Board Members Volume 2 Allen, Paula Gunn. Life is a Fatal Disease: Collected Poems 1962-1995 . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996. More than eighty poems are collected in Life is a Fatal Disease ; the volume both records Paula Gunn Allen's poetic trajectories during the past four decades and consolidates her reputation as a major voice in American Indian Literature. Although much of the work addresses aspects of Indian cultures, the book also includes excursions into other areas of experience in the Americas, including the autobiographical. Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies . New York: Routledge, 1998. As a subject, post-colonial studies stands at the intersection of debates about race, colonialism, gender, politics and language. This volume provides an essential guide to understanding these intersections and the issues that characterize post-colonialism: explaining what it is, where it is encountered, and why it is crucial in forging new cultural identities. There are suggestions for further reading at the end of each entry, a comprehensive glossary, and a bibliography of essential writings. Brown, Stewart, ed.

58. Index01 indigenous peoples and Reform of the State in Latin America. Amsterdam 2000. kongo Proverbs and the Origins of Bantu Wisdom. Libreville 1999. 251 pp. http://www.anthropos-journal.de/index01/body_index01.htm

59. Lectures - Schedule Of Events African indigenous peoples generally distinguish themselves based on theirpresentday position The kongo South Roots of Black Dance, Gesture and Music http://www.lectures.iastate.edu/schedule.php?showpast=2000&print=

60. Assignment Page VIII: HIST 360/560, The Spanish Empire Why did some African areas, like Benin and kongo, at times cease to means werefound to control the labor of indigenous peoples in Castilian America? http://www.isu.edu/~owenjack/spemp/readver5.08.html

This page presents information related to the eighth class session of J. B. Owens's fall 2002 upper-division undergraduate and graduate course, History 360/560, The Spanish Empire . This course is part of the core curriculum in comparative and world history of the Department of History, Idaho State University. The sole purpose of this page is to provide an orientation to the reading assignments and class session for those students enrolled in History 360/560. See the source page for the complete Dublin Core standard metadata. You may return to the course main page or to the reading assignments and lecture topics page Slavery in Africa, Atlantic networks, and working American resources Coerced African labor and its great forced migration in the Atlantic world. The increasing integration of the Americas into the developing global economic system. Special attention will be given to the establishment of networks of major administrative, commercial, and production centers from Manila to Northwest Europe and Southwest Africa and to the development of the "plantation complex" as the focus of agricultural production, machine technology, labor migration, capital investment, and long-distance commerce. Reading: Thornton, chs. 3 and 4; Burkholder and Johnson, ch. 4; Thornton, ch. 5.

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