61. ALIN: Arid Lands Information Network >>>> Additionally, in subSaharan africa, where an estimate of 14000 people contract They trace their ancestry to Chief Ruhinda who lived in karagwe district http://www.alin.or.ke/baobab/issue40.htm

April 2004 December 2003 August 2003 April 2003 December 2002 August 2002 April 2002 December 2001 August 2001 May 2001 December 2000 ISSUE NUMBER 40, APRIL 2004 Smoke:The killer in the kitchen The killer in the kitchen Women and children hit hardest Indoor air pollution is not an indiscriminate killer. It is the poor who rely on the lower grades of fuel and have least access to cleaner technologies. Specifically, indoor air pollution affects women and small children far more than any other sector of society. Women typically spend between three and seven hours per day by the fire, longer when fires are also used for heating the home. A problem set to get worse The effects of smoke on health Illnesses caused by indoor air pollution include acute lower respiratory infection. A child is two to three times more likely to contract acute lower respiratory infection if exposed to indoor air pollution. Women who cook on biomass are up to four times more likely to suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, such as chronic bronchitis. Lung cancer in women in China has been directly linked to use of coal burning stoves. In addition there is evidence to link indoor air pollution to asthma, tuberculosis, low birth weight and infant mortality and cataracts.

62. History Of Tanzania Biography .ms Discoveries suggest that East africa may have been the site of human origin. Assisted by Omani Arabs , the indigenous coastal dwellers succeeded in http://www.biography.ms/History_of_Tanzania.html

History of Tanzania Related Links Tanzania Proverb quotes What is now Tanzania was a colony and part of Germany from the to . It was British from to . Shortly after independence, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania on April 26 . One-party rule came to an end in with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Early history Northern Tanganyika's famed Olduvai Gorge has provided rich evidence of the area's prehistory , including fossil remains of some of humanity's earliest ancestors. Discoveries suggest that East Africa may have been the site of human origin. Little is known of the history of Tanganyika's interior during the early centuries. The area is believed to have been inhabited originally by ethnic groups using a click-tongue language similar to that of Southern Africa's Bushmen and Hottentots . Although remnants of these early tribes still exist, most were gradually displaced by Bantu farmers migrating from the west and south and by Nilotes and related northern peoples. Some of these groups had well-organized societies and controlled extensive areas by the time the Arab slave-traders, European explorers, and missionaries penetrated the interior in the first half of the 19th century The coastal area first felt the impact of foreign influence as early as the 8th century, when Arab traders arrived. By the

63. Uganda ABC divided into Bunyoro and Toro) and karagwe are all never formed a kingdom becausethe people were nomadic indigenous kingdoms popped up in Uganda in the 14th http://ug.chineseembassy.org/eng/wgdjj/t168250.htm

64. New Page 1 The existence of biodiversity in Ngara and karagwe districts is threatened indigenous knowledge of the community, which is important in controlling and http://www.nfp.co.tz/studies_report/ecosystem/biodiversity.htm

Don't forget to read a frequently updated Misitu ni Mali Newsletter BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Bee Keeping News Letter Studies Report Policies Contact Us Home Status and trends Tanzania has about 33.5 million hectares of forests and woodlands (Table 1). This area is about 35 % of Tanzania’s land area (945,000 sq.km or 94,500,000 ha). Table 1. Total forested land area in Tanzania as distributed by type, use and legal status. On This Page Forest type [“000” ha] % of total forested land area Forests [other than mangroves] Mangrove forests Woodlands Total Use of forest land Production forest area Protection forest area (mostly catchments areas) Total Legal status Forest reserves Forests/woodlands Non-reserved forest land Total Source: Adapted and modified from the National Forest Policy, 1998. According to the Biodiversity country report (VPO, 1998), of a total 250 families of terrestrial flora in Tanzania, there are 10,645 species, 927 sub-species and 1,102 varieties. The 250 families are distributed among four major groups. Dicotyledons (165), Monocotyledons (48), Ferns (31) and Gymnosperms (6). The Angiosperm largest family is Leguminosae with a total of 1,654 taxa, followed by

65. MSN Encarta - Africa In the 14th and 15th centuries, the states of Bunyoro, Ankole, karagwe, Luba people made up one of the earliest ironworking groups in Central africa. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572628_28/Africa.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items African Art and Architecture African Languages more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Africa Search for books and more related to Africa Encarta Search Search Encarta about Africa Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Africa ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 28 of 36 Africa Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 161 items Dynamic Map Map of Africa Article Outline Introduction Natural Environment People of Africa Economy ... History F States of the Great Lakes As woodland was cleared for cultivation, wider areas of East Africa became suitable for cattle keeping. In the centuries before and after 1000, Nilotic-speaking cattle herders pushed southward into the newly exposed grasslands of the Great Lakes region. Some retained their Nilotic language and culture, such as the Luo northeast of Lake Victoria. West of Lake Victoria, Nilotic herders integrated into Bantu society and adopted local Bantu languages. In this period local state structures began to emerge. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the states of Bunyoro , Ankole, Karagwe, and Buganda were established in what is now Uganda and northern Tanzania. By the 16th century Bunyoro had grown to dominate the region.

66. MSN Encarta - Search View - Africa The People of africa section of this article was contributed by James L. Newman . indigenous african industry dwindled, and africa was forced to import http://encarta.msn.com/text_761572628__1/Africa.html

Search View Africa Article View To find a specific word, name, or topic in this article, select the option in your Web browser for finding within the page. In Internet Explorer, this option is under the Edit menu. The search seeks the exact word or phrase that you type, so if you don’t find your choice, try searching for a key word in your topic or recheck the spelling of a word or name. Africa I. Introduction Africa , second largest of Earth’s seven continents, covering 23 percent of the world’s total land area and containing 13 percent of the world’s population. Africa straddles the equator and most of its area lies within the tropics. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Indian Ocean and Red Sea on the east, and the Mediterranean Sea on the north. In the northeastern corner of the continent, Africa is connected with Asia by the Sinai Peninsula. Africa is a land of great diversity. If you were to trek across the continent, you would pass through lush, green forests and wander vast, grassy plains. You would cross barren deserts, climb tall mountains, and ford some of the mightiest rivers on Earth. You would meet diverse people with a wide range of cultures and backgrounds and hear hundreds of different languages. You would pass through small villages where daily life remains largely the same as it has been for hundreds of years, as well as sprawling cities with skyscrapers, modern economies, and a mix of international cultural influences. Africa is the birthplace of the human race. Here, early humans evolved from apes between 8 million and 5 million years ago. Modern human beings evolved between 130,000 and 90,000 years ago, and subsequently spread out of Africa. Ancient Egypt, one of the world’s first great civilizations, arose in northeastern Africa more than 5,000 years ago. Over time many other cultures and states rose and fell in Africa, and by 500 years ago there were prosperous cities, markets, and centers of learning scattered across the continent.

67. Archaeolink.com Archaeology, Anthropology, Social Studies, General Knowledge indigenous Studies by region. africa. africa, african Anthropology GeneralResources Asian indigenous and Tribal People - General Resources http://archaeolink.com/

The Amazing This place is designed to provide students and others interested in the fields of archaeology, anthropology, and ancient civilizations a one stop resource for homework help or other projects. While that is still the main theme of the site, it is now expanding into other realms and disciplines ranging from gardening to astronomy and much more. You will find numerous resources (currently over fifteen thousand and climbing ) divided by topic. best viewed with 600 x 800 resolution. Web archaeolink.com For your convenience, you may explore each section from its own index, found immediately below - - Or, to explore the whole website from one place, just scroll on down this page ( site map ) picking and choosing what you like. Archaeology Pages Index - General archaeological information plus archaeology by region era, and specialty plus much more. Anthropology Pages Index - General anthropology information; cultural, linguistic, early man, cyberanthropology; plus indigenous peoples; by tribe and region; peoples of Africa, Asia, South America, religious anthropology and more.

68. Htimeline2 Luo, Bunyoro, Ankole, Buganda, and Karagwebut little is BaobabProject s overviewIslam African indigenous Culture http of the Shona peoples of southeastern http://faculty.mdc.edu/jmcnair/Joe8pages/htimeline2.htm

[header.htm] Part II: African Empires URL of this webpage: http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline2.htm Learn more by clicking the links embedded in these timelines, including brief discussions of Axum [Ethiopia]; Advent of Islam the Mali Empire Sundjata Keita, Griots Early Written Literature of Sub-Saharan West Africa ... Timbuktu AD/CE 1st - 15th c. "Let's face it think of Africa, and the first images that come to mind are of war, poverty, famine and flies. How many of us really know anything at all about the truly great ancient African civilizations, which in their day, were just as splendid and glorious as any on the face of the earth?" Henry Louis Gates, Jr. , Wonders of the African World... (PBS Online,1999): http://www.pbs.org/wonders/ ca. 300 (to Rise of Axum or Aksum (Ethiopia) and conversion to Christianity. (By CE 1 st century, Rome had conquered Egypt, Carthage, and other North African areas; which became the granaries of the Roman Empire, and the majority of the population converted to Christianity). Axum spent its religious zeal carving out churches from rocks and writing and interpreting religious texts Civilizations in Africa: Axum (Richard Hooker, World Civilizations, WSU):

69. MSN Encarta - Search View - Africa The People of africa section of this article was contributed by James L. Newman . With this victory, Ethiopia became the only indigenous african state to http://ca.encarta.msn.com/text_761572628__1/Africa.html

Search View Africa Article View To find a specific word, name, or topic in this article, select the option in your Web browser for finding within the page. In Internet Explorer, this option is under the Edit menu. The search seeks the exact word or phrase that you type, so if you don’t find your choice, try searching for a key word in your topic or recheck the spelling of a word or name. Africa I. Introduction Africa , second largest of Earth’s seven continents, covering 23 percent of the world’s total land area and containing 13 percent of the world’s population. Africa straddles the equator and most of its area lies within the tropics. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Indian Ocean and Red Sea on the east, and the Mediterranean Sea on the north. In the northeastern corner of the continent, Africa is connected with Asia by the Sinai Peninsula. Africa is a land of great diversity. If you were to trek across the continent, you would pass through lush, green forests and wander vast, grassy plains. You would cross barren deserts, climb tall mountains, and ford some of the mightiest rivers on Earth. You would meet diverse people with a wide range of cultures and backgrounds and hear hundreds of different languages. You would pass through small villages where daily life remains largely the same as it has been for hundreds of years, as well as sprawling cities with skyscrapers, modern economies, and a mix of international cultural influences. Africa is the birthplace of the human race. Here, early humans evolved from apes between 8 million and 5 million years ago. Modern human beings evolved between 130,000 and 90,000 years ago, and subsequently spread out of Africa. Ancient Egypt, one of the world’s first great civilizations, arose in northeastern Africa more than 5,000 years ago. Over time many other cultures and states rose and fell in Africa, and by 500 years ago there were prosperous cities, markets, and centers of learning scattered across the continent.

70. African Writers Index A complete and comprehensive index of african writers, karagwe was inhabitedby the Banyambo; the other kingdoms were inhabited by the Hayas (or http://www.geocities.com/africanwriters/Oralartists.html

African Writers Index English, French, Bilingual, To order this bestselling,very controversial book by Benjamin Sehene Click on the banner Home Oral Artists Oral Artists Quoi de Neuf? Click Here Habibu Selemani Habibu Selemani, Tanzania (c. 1929-93) In 1952, the late South African musicologist Hugh Tracey wrote the following memorable words regarding Habibu Selemani: It was here (i.e. chief's court at Kabale in Bukoba, Tanzania) that we found our next outstanding African artist, named Habibu bin Selimani. . . . Chief Gabriel Rugabandana was very keen for us to record his zither player who, he said, was the best singer of legends in all of the Haya country. Our subsequent recording of the legend, which accredited their tribal origin to the spirit of the Lake, was a masterpiece of narration. It lasted about fifteen minutes and the reciter was word perfect throughout, the accompaniment of his seven-string deep-toned zither giving an appropriate air of solemnity to the whole performance. ("Recording Tour" 47) This assessment of Habibu Selemani by a man who only met him once and was, moreover, a stranger to the culture that Habibu Selemani represented, is a good indication of Habibu Selemani's stature as a musician even at that early stage in his careerthere was no mistaking the fact that here was a great, budding artist. And Tracey was well-placed to make an informed judgment: he and his team had traveled all over eastern and southern Africa recording traditional music, and Bukoba was among their last stops in their musical odyssey. Tracey's assessment of Habibu Selemani is still true todaytwo years after the latter's death in 1993. As I look back on his repertoire and listen to his many surviving records, I realize that Selemani was a talented master of

71. Research In African Lit--The Last Of The Bards from Research in African Literatures Volume 28, Number 1 It is only in Kiyanja,Ihangiro, and karagwe that many enanga bards are still to be found. http://iupjournals.org/ral/ral28-1.html

from Research in African Literatures Volume 28, Number 1 The Last of the Bards: The Story of Habibu Selemani of Tanzania (c. 1929-93) M. M. Mulokozi Permission to Copy You may download, save, or print for your personal use without permission. If you wish to disseminate the electronic article, or to produce multiple copies for classroom or educational use, please request permission from: Professional Relations Department 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA 01923 FAX: 978-750-4470/4744 Web address: For other permissions, use our online reprint request form In 1952, the late South African musicologist Hugh Tracey wrote the following memorable words regarding Habibu Selemani: It was here (i.e. chief's court at Kabale in Bukoba, Tanzania) that we found our next outstanding African artist, named Habibu bin Selimani. . . . Chief Gabriel Rugabandana was very keen for us to record his zither player who, he said, was the best singer of legends in all of the Haya country. Our subsequent recording of the legend, which accredited their tribal origin to the spirit of the Lake, was a masterpiece of narration. It lasted about fifteen minutes and the reciter was word perfect throughout, the accompaniment of his seven-string deep-toned zither giving an appropriate air of solemnity to the whole performance. ("Recording Tour" 47) This assessment of Habibu Selemani by a man who only met him once and was, moreover, a stranger to the culture that Habibu Selemani represented, is a good indication of Habibu Selemani's stature as a musician even at that early stage in his careerthere was no mistaking the fact that here was a great, budding artist. And Tracey was well-placed to make an informed judgment: he and his team had traveled all over eastern and southern Africa recording traditional music, and Bukoba was among their last stops in their musical odyssey. Tracey's assessment of Habibu Selemani is still true todaytwo years after the latter's death in 1993. As I look back on his repertoire and listen to his many surviving records, I realize that Selemani was a talented master of

72. Africanfront.com (AUF) Innocent people were not to be subjected to slavery. Moreover, African slaveswere not 1882 An indigenous revolt in the Egyptian Army threatens British http://www.africanfront.com/calendar3.php

African Unification Front HOME AUF STRUCTURE AUF IDEOLOGY AUF PROVISIONS ... URGENT ACTION ALERT printable version HISTORIA AFRICANA DATES FOR MAJOR AFRICAN EVENTS See 100,000 BCE to 1 BCE Click here for 1 CE/AD to 1000 CE See 1000 CE to 1500 CE See 2000 CE to Present Below: 1500 CE to 2000 CE First black slaves in America. The fall of Soba, capital of the Christian kingdom of Alwa [Alwa covers most of Southern Sudan, north Uganda, south-west Ethiopia, north-west Kenya, north-east Congo, and part of the Central African Republic] and ; the beginning of the Islamic Funj Sultanate at Sennar under King Amara Dunqas. In order to stop the rapid extinction of Native South American populations, Bartolome de Las Casas the Roman Catholic Bishop at Chiapas, proposes that each Spanish settler to America should bring at least 12 (Twelve) number of African slaves. This proposal marks the start of the massive genocidal Transatlantic African slave trade. At the battle of Table Bay (SA), the Khokhoi defeat and kill the belligerent Portuguese admiral and aristocrat, Dom Franscisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese viceroy in India. King Ferdinard of Spain authorized the purchase of 250 African slaves in Lisbon for his territories in New Spain. Allesandro De Medici, the Duke of Florence, becomes the first black African head of state in Europe in modern times. He was the son of Cardinal Giulio de Medici who later became the Pope Clement VII, and a black African woman. On being elected Pope in 1523, Cardinal Giulio was forced to relinquish the lordship of Florence but he appointed a regent for his thirteen year old son Alessandro who had just been created Duke of Penna, and a nephew, Ipollito. Allesandro wielded great power as the first duke of Florence. He was the patron of some of the leading artists of the era and is one of the two Medici princes whose remains are buried in the famous tomb by Michaelangelo.

73. The ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN Mission Center Each summer, 50 people are sent by the OCMC on shortterm mission excursions around Under the guidance of the Orthodox Church in Uganda, two indigenous http://www.ocmc.org/magazine.php?sub=magazine&action=topic&id=3

74. MyUganda - Casinos | Gambling | Slots | Pocker Hats People Culture. » Communications. » Art. » Districts. » Media. » Web Links indigenous kingdoms popped up in Uganda in the 14th century. http://www.myuganda.co.ug/about/history.php

Sep 23, 2005 Home Photos Hotels Attractions ... Discussion Forum RESOURCE NAVIGATION Home About Uganda More Resources Location:: ... History ADVERTISEMENTS History Background There is a legend documented by John Hanning Speke of how Uganda got its name. Uganda was the name of a prodigious hunter who came from Unyoro. He was a poor man who hunted to feed his family and was so successful, that he was soon feeding people all around. He was eventually named Kimera, the first King of Buganda. Pre-colonial There are four main ethnic groups in Uganda which all have different origins. By far the largest in number, the Bantus, who came from the west, include the tribes of Buganda, Banyankole, Basoga, Bakiga, Batoro, Banyoro, Banyarwanda, Bagisu, Bagwere and Bakonjo. The Nilotics, who came from the north, include the Lango, Acholi, Alur, Padhola, Lulya and Jonam. The NiloHamitics include the Teso, Karamojong, Kumam, Kakwa, Sebei, Pokot, Labwor and Tepeth and the Sudanics include the Lugbara, Madi and Lendu. The pre-colonial history of these tribes is not well recorded, genealogy being the only method employed by the early settlers in the area. At the time of the first exploration of Uganda there were three main kingdoms, each ruled by a Monarch and laws and customs of their own. The kingdoms of Buganda, Kitara (sub-divided into Bunyoro and Toro) and Karagwe are all well documented by the early explorers.

75. Amnesty International Canada - News & Reports People who were not able to produce identity cards or certificates of Tanzanian in karagwe, Biharamuro and Bukoba districts, in the Kagera region. http://www.amnesty.ca/Refugee/news/view.php?load=arcview&article=1063&c=Refugee_

76. Untitled-8 of the Nyiha People of Southwestern Tanganyika » MA, SOUTTER, Martin I. « indigenous Structures and Values and the Development......A Preliminary http://caas.concordia.ca/htm/pays/tanzan.htm

TANZANIA / TANZANIE

77. Why Try Britannica Online? by high ground in Kigezi and karagwe and by the main crop, and coffee—which isindigenous to Ethiopia most important group among the Cushitic people is the http://www.britannica.com/eb/print?tocId=9108361&fullArticle=true

78. Htimelines2 Luo, Bunyoro, Ankole, Buganda, and Karagwebut little states, but scholars arguethat indigenous slavery was groups, rather than their own people, to enhance http://www.wheresitat.com/time_2.htm

300 (to 700) Rise of Axum or Aksum (Ethiopia) and conversion to Christianity. (By 1 st century CE, Rome had conquered Egypt, Carthage, and other North African areas; which became the granaries of the Roman Empire, and the majority of the population converted to Christianity). Axum spent its religious zeal carving out churches from rocks and writing and interpreting religious texts. ca. 600 (to 1000) Bantu migration extends to southern Africa; Bantu languages will predominate in central and southern Africa. Emergence of southeastern African societies, to become the stone city-states of Zimbabwe, Dhlo-Dhlo, Kilwa, and Sofala, which flourish through 1600. Beginning of Islam Khalif Omar conquers Egypt with Islamic troups. Islam sweeps across North Africa; Islamic faith eventually extends into many areas of sub-Saharan Africa (to ca. 1500 Islamicized Africans (Moors) invade Spain, and rule it unti1 1492. The Moors brought agriculture, engineering, mining, industry, manufacturing, architecture, and scholarship, developing Spain into the center for culture and learning throughout Europe for almost 800 years until the fall of Granada in 1492 (to 1100) Growth of trans-Sahara gold trade across the sahel ("sahel" is Arabic for "shore" or "coast")

79. English Knowledge Say No to Dagga Smoking The risk of a heart attack in people over 35 This doesnot mean that its not found in other parts of East africa it found . http://london.openknowledge.net:8080/okn/INDEX_English_Knowledge.html

Advertisement OKN for Internet updated on 22/09/2005 at 06:38 Knowledge Safe use of agro-chemicals Chemicals are key to farming. They help improve the quantity and quality of our yields. However if they are improperly handled and used they can be harzadous to crops, humans and the environment. Here ... (Isaac Mutandiwa , Mutambara, 16/09/2005 at 11:54 see full item >> Perrenial feed from SAFIRE Instead of giving us the cash to start up the program, SAFIRE gave us the apparatus needed. Thus as of now we have two computers, A printer, the radio for Internet services, And knowledge on the use ... (Morgan Chingwaro , Mutambara, 16/09/2005 at 10:47 see full item >> Have a baby before its too late. Women who wait until their late 30s to have children are defying nature and risk heartbreak. Lately women have been delaying to have children for reasons ranging from searching for a suitable partner, ... (Roselinie Murota , Safire, 19/09/2005 at 11:26 see full item >> Breast feeding for HIV positive mothers. Once an HIV positive mother has made a decision to breast feed, she shouls avoid getting cracked nipples, inflammation of the breasts or nreast abscesses. All three conditions increase the chance of HIV ... (Roselinie Murota , Safire, 19/09/2005 at 11:17 see full item >> How sleep works.

80. ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Monthly Report May 2005 The majority of the approximately 630000 people who live in this area are In 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the east African country of http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/SODA-6DT7SQ?OpenDocument

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