21. Encyclopedia Of African History Central africa, Northern Central Sudanic peoples Central africa, Northern Chadic Literacy and indigenous Scripts Precolonial West africa alMaghili http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/africanhist/thematic.html

(List is not final and is subject to change prior to publication. Early Pre-History Later Pre-History and Ancient History Iron Age to End of 18th Century: North Africa Iron Age to End of 18th Century: Western Africa ... Pan-African/Comparative Topics and Debates Early Pre-History Climate and Vegetational Change Humankind: Hominids, Early: Origins of Olduwan and Acheulian: Early Stone Age Permanent Settlement, Early Rock Art: Eastern Africa Rock Art, Saharan Rock Art: Southern Africa Rock Art: Western and Central Africa Stone Age (Later): Central and Southern Africa Stone Age (Later): Eastern Africa Stone Age (Later): Nile Valley Stone Age (Later): Sahara and North Africa Stone Age (Later): Western Africa Stone Age, Middle: Cultures back to top Later Pre-History and Ancient History Akhenaten Aksum, Kingdom of

22. Encyclopedia Of African History Benue Valley peoples Jukun and Kwarafa; Historiography of africa; Macauley, Herbert; Literacy and indigenous Scripts Precolonial West africa. http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/africanhist/contributors.html

(List is not final and is subject to change prior to publication.) A B C D ... Z A Abaka, Edmund . Department of History, University of Miami. Asante Kingdom: Osei Tutu and Founding of; Collaboration as Resistance; Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Colonial Period: Economy; Ghana, Republic of: Revolution and Fourth Republic, 1981 to Present; Songhay Empire: Sonni Ali and the Founding of Empire; Songhay Empire: Ture, Muhammad and the Askiya dynasty Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye . Somali scholar, Ontario, Canada. Abubakar, Tanimu . Department of History, University of Ahmadu Bello, Nigeria. Literature, Western: Africa in Adejumobi, Saheed Adeyinka . Department of Africana Studies, Wayne State University, Michigan. Awolowo, Obafemi; Community in African Society Adesina, Olutayo . Department of History, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Adhikari, Muhammed

23. ReliefWeb » Document Preview » IRIN Update 1260 For The Great Lakes Kigoma, karagwe the two places in Tanzania and Mpulungu Zambia. community Zephyrin Kalimba told a conference on the indigenous people of africa, http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/0/1ca63fea14f04f4b85256ac0004d51b8?OpenDocume

24. McKnight Foundation : Search indigenous peoples Task Force Minneapolis, MN, $50000 Initiatives forDevelopment and Equal Access to Services karagwe,, $43000 http://www.mcknight.org/grantsprograms/grantee_results.aspx?desc_keyword= &page=

25. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Walter Rodney 1973 Some South African peoples were enslaved by the Boers and some North African Muslims Returning to the question of indigenous African agents of European http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/rodney-walter/how-europe/ch04.htm

How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Walter Rodney 1973 Ahmed Sekou Toure, Republic of Guinea, 1962 4.1 The European Slave Trade as a Basic Factor in African Underdevelopment No one has been able to come up with a figure representing total losses to the African population sustained through the extraction of slave labour from all areas to all destinations over the many centuries that slave trade existed. However, on every other continent from the 15th century onwards, the population showed constant and sometimes spectacular natural increase; while it is striking that the same did not apply to Africa. One European scholar gave the following estimates of world population (in millions) according to continents: Africa 100 100 100 120 Europe 103 144 274 423 Asia 257 437 656 857 None of the above figures are really precise, but they do indicate a consensus among researchers on population that the huge African continent has an abnormal record of stagnation in this respect, and there is no causative factor other than the trade in slaves to which attention can be drawn. An emphasis on population loss as such is highly relevant to the question of socio-economic development. Population growth played a major role in European development in providing labour, markets, and the pressures which led to further advance. Japanese population growth had similar positive effects; and in other parts of Asia which remained pre-capitalist, the size of the population led to a much more intensive exploitation of the land than has ever been the case in what is still a sparsely-peopled African continent.

26. The Lightspan Network - Sw indigenous peoples Index. Aborigines of Australia General Resources Chile EcuadorGeneral Resources peoples of the Ijo Kabre Kalenjin karagwe Kassena Katana http://www.lightspan.com/common/studyweb/sw.asp?target=http://www.studyweb.com/H

27. CURRENT SITUATION (Sub-Saharan Africa) Additional information on the situation, and on the access of indigenous of Rwandan refugees into Kyabilisa (karagwe district) with over 2500 people http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rnis08/ch3.htm

CURRENT SITUATION (Sub-Saharan Africa) 1. Liberia Region (see Map 1 and Figure 3A) 2. Western Ethiopia/Eastern Ethiopia/Ogaden (see Map 2) 3. East, Central and West Sudan (see Map 3) 4. Kenya (see Map 4 and Figure 3B) ... 18. Zambia (see Map 18) 1. Liberia Region (see Map 1 and Figure 3A) The security situation in Liberia and Sierra Leone has continued to deteriorate over the last two months and is now affecting an estimated 3 million people in the region. The increase in total population affected since the last RNIS report (2.8S million) is due to revised estimates of the number of internally displaced in Sierra Leone [UNHCR 24/11/94, WFP 11/11/94]. Trend in numbers of refugees/displaced and proportion severely malnourished and at high risk (black area). Current estimates of the populations affected by the conflict are summarized in the box below. Location Dec 93 Feb 94 April 94 June 94 Aug 94 Oct 94 Dec 94 Liberia Sierra Leone Cote d'lvoire Guinea TOTAL Liberia Recent attempts to advance the peace process have achieved little effect on the ground. The Liberian National Conference and a separate meeting held between a number of armed factions, who feared marginalization at the conference, generated several important resolutions concerning disarmament, demobilization and governance. However, it appears that recommendations made at the two meetings are not being followed through and widespread fighting persists with consequent displacement of more refugees to Cote d'Ivoire, and to a lesser extent, Guinea [UNHCR 11/11/94].

28. Black History Surviving from the treasure of Chief Rumanika of the karagwe (on the western Most peoples of subSaharan africa use pottery, many making it themselves. http://search.eb.com/Blackhistory/article.do?nKeyValue=384738

29. Christian BBS: Moving On... for the reentry of displaced indigenous peoples of the by three petty kingdoms,the kingdom of karagwe on the then look in these places and at these peoples. http://thechristianbbs.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=1;t=002911

30. Sharing With Other People Network Chances for indigenous People to attend WSIS, JUSTA africa, TO EXHIBIT IN WSIS, JUSTAafrica, 200311 support VSAT internet connectivity in karagwe, Joseph Sekiku http://www.dgroups.org/groups/swopnet/index.cfm?op=dsp_bydate&listname=swopnet&s

31. Detail Page their political systems and language on the indigenous people. Some peoples respondedto the invaders by Bahinda withdrew into Ankole, karagwe, and Ruanda, and http://www.fofweb.com/Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=AFR0389

32. Africa And Europeans 1800-1875 By Sanderson Beck karagwe king Ndagara (r. 183255) also expanded his Haya kingdom, but he and his son West African Countries and peoples by James Africanus Horton, p. http://www.san.beck.org/1-14-Africa1800-1875.html

BECK index Africa and Europeans 1800-1875 Egypt of Muhammad 'Ali Ethiopia North Africa and Europeans Islam in Western Sudan ... British and Boers in South Africa This chapter has been published in the book For information on ordering click here. Egypt of Muhammad 'Ali Not only commercial interests but France's conflict with England led the Directory to send Napoleon Bonaparte to Egypt in 1798. The general had been warned by the traveler Volney that if the French invaded Egypt, they would find themselves at war with the British, the Ottoman empire, and the Muslims. Napoleon gathered a force of 36,000 veterans and hundreds of civilian experts in 400 ships, which reached Alexandria just after Nelson's British fleet had left there. On July 2, 1798 a French army quickly stormed Alexandria and read Bonaparte's proclamation that he respected Islam, that he had destroyed the Pope and the bigoted Knights of Malta, and that they had come only to terminate the tyranny of the Mamluks. Murad Bey persuaded Ibrahim and Sa'id Abu Bekir Pasha that they should resist the French invasion; but in the battle by the pyramids the French killed about 2,000 Egyptians while only losing ten of their men. Murad fled south up the Nile to Upper Egypt, while Ibrahim and the Pasha deserted Cairo for Palestine. On the first of August, Nelson's squadron returned and destroyed the French fleet at Abuqir, leaving ships to blockade the harbor. Although Napoleon claimed to be acting on behalf of the Ottoman empire, the French did not even have an ambassador in Istanbul. The British had Spencer Smith there, and he formed a coalition with the Ottomans and Russia. On September 11 Sultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807) declared war on France.

33. J. W. E. Bowen (John Wesley Edward), 1855-1933, Ed.. Africa And The American Neg africa THE CONTINENT; ITS peoples, THEIR CIVILIZATION Orishetukeh Faduma,BD, West africa; THE ABSOLUTE NEED OF AN indigenous MISSIONARY AGENCY IN http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/bowen/bowen.html

Highlights About Collections Authors ... New Additions Africa and the American Negro: Addresses and Proceedings of the Congress on Africa: Held under the Auspices of the Stewart Missionary Foundation for Africa of Gammon Theological Seminary in Connection with the Cotton States and International Exposition December 13-15, 1895. Electronic Edition. Bowen, J. W. E. (John Wesley Edward), 1855-1933, Ed. Funding from the Library of Congress/Ameritech National Digital Library Competition supported the electronic publication of this title. Text transcribed by Apex Data Services, Inc. Images scanned by Meredith Evans Text encoded by Apex Data Services, Inc., Elizabeth S. Wright and Jill Kuhn Sexton First edition, 2001 ca. 750K Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Source Description: (title page) Africa and the American Negro...Addresses and Proceedings of the Congress on Africa Held Under the Auspices of the Stewart Missionary Foundation for Africa of Gammon Theological Seminary in Connection with the Cotton States and International Exposition December 13-15, 1895. Edited by Prof. J. W. E. Bowen, Ph.D., D.D., Secretary of the Congress.

34. Africa About 15% of African peoples practice indigenous, or local, religions. Although theseare of great diversity, they tend to have a single god or creator http://www.angelfire.com/ma3/africa300/

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Angelfire 40 Yr Old Virgin Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next o Tomé, Pr ncipe, (Annob n), and Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea; Saint Helena, Ascension, and the Bijag AFRICA AFRICA AFRICA home HOME

35. Tanzania High Commission : South Africa - History Of Tanzania The government of Tanzania; the Organization of africa Unit (OAU), the UNHCR and Before colonial invasion, the indigenous people had built up formidable http://www.tanzania.org.za/history.htm

Introduction Background Tanzania has a population of 32.0 million (1998) out of which 29.1 million are inhabitants of the mainland while the 0.9 million are living in Zanzibar. About 49% of the population is under 15, life expectancy is 54 while infant mortality is 103, birth rate is 46; total fertility rate is 7 and population growth rate is 2.8% as per 1997 estimates. Religious groupings include Hindu and Indigenous beliefs (20%); Christian (45%) and Muslim (35%). Though distributed unevenly, high densities are concentrated in the highlands, Lake Victoria Lake plains, the coastal plains and in urban areas. Soil fertility, Industrial and other economic development account for the population distribution. Tanzanians have an interesting story to tell about their origin. It is a fact that the instability in the earth crust during primeval times did split East Africa from mainland Africa by the great Rift valley. One of the sites with most favourable conditions in the valley, turned out to be the cradle of humankind. This is an early ape like creature whose footprints and skull were discovered by the Leakeys in 1959 and 1979. These evidences, which are products of archaeological discovery about the earliest ancestor were, obtained from the Olduvai Gorge and Laetoli. These areas were some of the habitats of the homo habilis and homo sapiens the old Tanzanians who could think and make stone tools. Important artifacts and the bones of the origin of the human species which were left behind have been estimated to be 1.75 million years old.

36. MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Africa africa is generally agreed to be the cradle of the human race; Even earlier,Muslim invaders from Yemen forced the peoples of coastal Aksum into the http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761572628___24/Africa.html

Print Print Preview Africa Article View On the File menu, click Print to print the information. Africa V. History Africa is generally agreed to be the cradle of the human race; genetic testing in recent years has confirmed archaeological finds. Some 5 million years ago a type of hominid, a close evolutionary ancestor of present-day humans, inhabited southern and eastern Africa. More than 1.5 million years ago this toolmaking hominid developed into the more advanced forms Homo habilis and Homo erectus. The earliest true human being in Africa, Homo sapiens, dates from more than 200,000 years ago. A hunter-gatherer capable of making crude stone tools, Homo sapiens banded together with others to form nomadic groups; eventually these nomadic Khoisan-speaking peoples spread throughout the African continent. Gradually a growing Bantu-speaking population, which had mastered animal domestication and agriculture, forced the Khoisan-speaking groups into the less hospitable areas. Today they are found primarily in the Kalahari. In the 1st century ad the Bantu began a migration that lasted some 2,000 years, settling most of central and southern Africa. Negroid societies typically depended on subsistence agriculture or, in the savannahs, pastoral pursuits. Political organization was normally local, although large kingdoms would later develop in most parts of the continent, and especially western, central, and southern Africa.

37. MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Africa About 15 per cent of africa s people practise only indigenous, or local, religions.Many more, however, retain elements of traditional beliefs in their http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761572628___0/Africa.html

Print Print Preview Africa Article View On the File menu, click Print to print the information. Africa I. Introduction Africa , second-largest of the Earth's seven continents, with adjacent islands, covering about 30,330,000 sq km (11,699,000 sq mi), or about 22 per cent of the world's total land area. At the end of the 20th century more than 13 per cent of the world's population lived in Africa. Straddling the equator, Africa stretches 8,050 km (4,970 mi) from its northernmost point, Cape Blanc (Ra’s al Abyad;) in Tunisia, to its southernmost tip, Cape Agulhas in South Africa. The maximum width of the continent, measured from the tip of Cape Vert in Senegal, in the west, to Cape Xaafuun (Ras Hafun) in Somalia, in the east, is about 7,560 km (4,700 mi). The highest point on the continent is the perpetually snowcapped Mount Kilimanjaro (5,892 m/19,330 ft) in Tanzania; the lowest is ‘Asal Lake (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti. Africa has a regular coastline characterized by few indentations. Its total length is about 30,490 km (18,950 mi), which in proportion to its area is less than that of any other continent. The main islands associated with Africa, which have a combined area of some 621,600 sq km (240,000 sq mi), are Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pemba, Mauritius, R©union, the Seychelles, and the Comoro Islands in the Indian Ocean; S£o Tom©, Pr­ncipe, and Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea; St Helena, Ascension, and the Bijag³s Archipelago in the Atlantic; and the Cape Verde Islands, the Canary Islands, and the Madeira Islands in the North Atlantic. Although considered geographically part of Africa, St Helena, Ascension, the Bijag³s Archipelago, the Canary Islands, and the Madeira Islands have few, if any, economic, political, or cultural links with the continent. Their ties are rather with western Europe: St Helena and Ascension are dependencies of the United Kingdom; the Canary and Madeira islands are an integral part of metropolitan Spain and Portugal respectively.

38. : Map And Guide To Tanzania Further waves of ironworking Bantu people coming from West africa left traces One known exception is the karagwe Kingdom in the extreme North-West near http://www.ntz.info/gen/b00274.html

Home Sources Names Dates ... Feedback Map and Guide to Tanzania 1995 Oct Publisher: Tanzania Tourist Board Our classification: Reference Found: Gibbs Farm 1996 Only available in Tanzania (and at Gibb's Farm), includes comprehensive history of the country. Book ID 274 Map and Guide to Tanzania 1995 Oct Page Number: 01a See also G Kingsnorth Zoe Marsh J Swift A Short History of Tanzania So Geographers in Afric' Maps With savage pictures fill their gaps And o'er uninhabitable downs Place elephants for want of towns J Swift These verses were quoted [p56] in an interesting little book An Introduction to the History of East Africa written by Zoe Marsh and G Kingsnorth in . Fortunately, the elephants are still there but enormous gaps in people's knowledge remain concerning Tanzania. [top] Home Sources Names ... Feedback Extract ID: 3957 Map and Guide to Tanzania 1995 Oct Page Number: 02a See also Laetoli Mary Leakey Oldupai Zinjanthropus Unknown to non-Africans before the colonial period, the prehistory of the interior of Africa has since been partly pieced together. Discovered by chance in by a German entomologist who stumbled across some fossils and bones, evidence of human life was found in Tanzania's Olduvai Gorge and the place attracted the attention of Professor

39. African Timelines Part II: African Empires West africa, The Land and its People (The Cora Connection) See BaobabProject soverview Islam african indigenous Culture http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline2.htm

Part II: African Empires AD / CE 1st - 15th centuries African Timelines Table of Contents COCC Home Cora Agatucci Home Classes ... African Timelines Web tip: When you revisit this web page, please "refresh" or "renew" in your Internet Browser Short Cuts on this web page to brief Discussions on: Axum Advent of Islam Glossary Trans-Saharan Cross-Cultural Contact Mali Empire ... Timbuktu "Let's face it think of Africa, and the first images that come to mind are of war, poverty, famine and flies. How many of us really know anything at all about the truly great ancient African civilizations, which in their day, were just as splendid and glorious as any on the face of the earth?" Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Wonders of the African World (PBS Online,1999): http://www.pbs.org/wonders/BehindSc/inter.htm#5 ca. 300 (to 700) Rise of Axum or Aksum (Ethiopia) and conversion to Christianity. (By CE 1 st century, Rome had conquered Egypt, Carthage, and other North African areas; which became the granaries of the Roman Empire, and the majority of the population converted to Christianity). Axum spent its religious zeal carving out churches from rocks and writing and interpreting religious texts Civilizations in Africa: Axum (Richard Hooker, World Civilizations, WSU):

40. Eastern Africa, 1800-1900 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metropolitan Muse 1820–53 King Ndagara of karagwe, a small state on the western shore of Lake Victoria, 1895 With the exception of independent Ethiopia, eastern africa is http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/10/sfe/ht10sfe.htm

Encompasses present-day Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, northern Zambia, northern Malawi, and northern Mozambique See also Central Africa Guinea Coast Southern Africa , and Western and Central Sudan Arab-Swahili trading families on the coast foster a favorable trade environment in the interior through strategic marriages with local chiefs, forming Islamic states that adopt elements of Arab political and material culture. Many inland communities that have been converted to Islam retain elements of traditional sculpture such as masks and figures but recast them as representations of shetani (the Arabic term for Satan). Collections of East African ethnographic materials compiled in the first decade of the twentieth century reveal that during the nineteenth century a broad range of sculpture was employed for religious and secular purposes by non-Muslim peoples of the region. Of particular importance are funerary sculptures acquired in what is today central and western Tanzania that take the form of articulated marionettes or figures with cavities meant to receive ancestral remains. Indigenous sculptors also begin to create artworks to sell to European visitors at this time. It becomes customary to depict a patron's military achievements among the painted decorations of Ethiopian church interiors, typically on the eastern wall of the sanctuary.

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