21. HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN KENYA 1978-2001. Moi is a Tugen, one of the smaller kalenjin ethnic groups. based on evidencethat the clashes were not being perpetrated by indigenous people, http://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v5/v5i1a1.htm

HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN KENYA UNDER DANIEL ARAP MOI, 1978-2001 Korwa G. Adar and Isaac M Munyae INTRODUCTION Jomo Kenyatta, the founding president of Kenya, passed away in August 1978 after fourteen years as head of state. His successor, Daniel Arap Moi, served as Kenyattas vice-president from 1966 - 1978. During Kenyatta's presidency, the political realm was dominated by a small Kikuyu elite, the so-called Kiambu Mafia, from Kenyata's home district. This group undermined Kenyatta's nationalist and populist background, alienating other ethnic groups, as well as many non-conforming Kikuyus. Although Moi was loyal to Kenyatta, he was never accepted into Kenyatta's inner circle. He also came from a small communitythe Kalenjin. He was regarded by Kenyans to be the right candidate to steer the country towards a more accommodating human rights era, without ethnic dominance. This general perception of Moi by Kenyans was reinforced by the decisions and promises he made immediately he took over the presidency. In December 1978 Moi released all twenty-six political detainees across the ethnic spectrum, most of whom had been languishing in jails for years.

22. KENYA In late 1993, africa Watch estimated that 1500 Kenyans had been killed and 300000 by a minister as representatives of Kenya s indigenous peoples. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-02.htm

Home News Releases About HRW Get Involved ... RSS KENYA Human Rights Developments On December 29, 1992, Kenya held its first genuinely multiparty elections since independence. Incumbent President Daniel arap Moi was reelected, and the Kenya African National Union (KANU), the ruling party since independence in 1963, returned as the largest party to the National Assembly. Although the political system was opened up to some extent by the elections, Kenya's government remained intolerant of criticism. Attacks on opposition politicians and on journalists, use of excessive force by police in the control of demonstrations, and the enforcement of repressive legislation remained serious concerns in Kenya in 1993. The politically motivated ethnic violence that had convulsed large areas of rural Kenya during 1992 returned intermittently during the first half of 1993, and erupted with renewed force towards the end of the year, amid continuing allegations of government involvement. As corruption scandals shook the government, Kenya's economy continued to decline. On January 27, 1993 the new parliament was suspended, legally, by President Moi one day after it was convened; it reopened only in March. Although debate on controversial government policies did occur, the opposition was frustrated by the bias of the speaker in favor of the government, and no significant reforms were introduced through parliament during the year. Despite plans announced in June by Attorney General Amos Wako to look into the need for law reform, repressive legislation such as the Preservation of Public Security Act, the Public Order Act, the Societies Act, the Nongovernmental Organization Coordination Act, the Chiefs' Authorities Act and the Local Authorities Act remained in force and in use. More positively, the much-vilified British expatriate chief justice, Alan Hancox, was replaced in March by Ghanaian judge Fred Apaloo, who indicated that he would be more supportive of an independent judiciary.

23. Hemsida/KGI Village meetings in kalenjin country.Jordens Folk. The Bushmen of SouthernAfrica. Pp. 2930 in indigenous peoples and Democracy, edited by Anna-Britta http://www.humangeo.su.se/p_web/woe_www.htm

STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY Department of Human Geography Personal Web page of researcher at the Environment and Development Studies Unit, based at the Department of Human Geography. CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS 1) Whose landscape, whose history? Diverging opinions on current and historical land use in the Burunge Hills, Tanzania - and their implications. 2) Marakwet, Kenya - irrigated agriculture and technology in an acephaleous society. SELECTION OF PUBLICATIONS, 1991-1996 1991(1-2):126-133. (on African art) 2. "Genuint, Autentiskt?" [Genuine, Authentic?]. Form 1991(1):46-49. (on African art) Forskning och Framsteg 5. "Land is Coming Up." Burungi Thoughts on Soil Erosion and Soil Formation. EDSU Working Paper No. 11. Stockholm University: School of Geography. 6. (-With Carl Christiansson and Idris Kikula:) "Man-Land Interrelations in Semi-Arid Tanzania: A Multidisciplinary Research Programme." Ambio 20(8):357-361. Also published in Land, Food and Basic Needs in Developing Countries 1. E.N. Wilmsen: Land Filled With Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. Recension. [Review] Ethnos SIDA Rapport 5/92. Also published in

24. MSN Encarta - Africa (By this time, Madagascar had been settled by Polynesian peoples from the African qualities and strengthening indigenous African religious thought. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572628_28/Africa.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items African Art and Architecture African Languages more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Africa Search for books and more related to Africa Encarta Search Search Encarta about Africa Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Africa ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 28 of 36 Africa Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 161 items Dynamic Map Map of Africa Article Outline Introduction Natural Environment People of Africa Economy ... History F States of the Great Lakes As woodland was cleared for cultivation, wider areas of East Africa became suitable for cattle keeping. In the centuries before and after 1000, Nilotic-speaking cattle herders pushed southward into the newly exposed grasslands of the Great Lakes region. Some retained their Nilotic language and culture, such as the Luo northeast of Lake Victoria. West of Lake Victoria, Nilotic herders integrated into Bantu society and adopted local Bantu languages. In this period local state structures began to emerge. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the states of Bunyoro , Ankole, Karagwe, and Buganda were established in what is now Uganda and northern Tanzania. By the 16th century Bunyoro had grown to dominate the region.

25. MOST Ethno-Net Publication: Anthropology Of Africa Such talented peoples were victimized because of the politics of If thepromise of kalenjin support will be forthcoming, then Raila will be able to have http://www.ethnonet-africa.org/pubs/p95mwaruvie.htm

MOST ETHNO-NET AFRICA PUBLICATIONS Anthropology of Africa and the Challenges of the Third Millennium - Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts, PAAA / APA, 1999 Political Party Cooperation in Post-election as Ethnic Tensions (Kenyan Case) John M. Mwaruvie History Department, Moi University P O Box 3900 Eldoret, Kenya ABSTRACT In most African states, general elections generate a lot of ethnic tensions. This is because most parties are ethnic-based or receive support from certain ethnic groups. When a party loses in an election, it is excluded from the government and the ethnic group that supported it suffers reprisals, its members are even victimized in the civil service, parastatals and other state backed institutions. This attitude has generated more tensions and conflicts. This paper attempts to give suggestions on how post-election tensions can be minimized in plural societies. Kenya will be taken to show that party cooperation between KANU, NDP and Ford Kenya has created coexistence of the ethnic groups that supported such parties. The paper also evaluates the impact of party cooperation in the future of multiparty politics in Kenya. The paper also draws examples from other countries like Zimbabwe and South Africa to show the merits of party cooperation in defusing would-be conflicts.

26. = Environmental Action = The ideology also proposes the subordination of nonindigenous peoples kalenjin were the main constituents of KADU, the Kenya African Democratic Union. http://www.environmentalaction.net/aa_kenya_policy.htm

CONSERVATION AND THE MAASAI IN KENYA. TRADEOFF OR LOST MUTUALISM? by Ted Cheeseman INTRODUCTION This paper explores two large classes of policy failure which have caused deviation from Pareto optimality between principal stakeholders in the southern Kenyan Maasailands. First, an inappropriate settlement and privatization scheme attempted to give Maasai title to land historically theirs while ushering them into the Kenyan market economy, but instead caused fragmentation of their rangeland ecology and culture. Second, wildlife conservation in Amboseli National Park and the Masai Mara Game Reserve is dangerously unsustainable in large part through shortsighted, inadequate and poorly implemented policy. The situation has created conflict between conservation interests and the Maasai, and funnels the economic benefits of tourism away from those who bear the costs of lost land rights. STAKEHOLDERS Five principal groups exert force over natural resource control in the southern Kenyan Maasailands: Maasai: The Maasai have occupied southern Kenya and the Rift Valley for at least a millennium, maintaining a semi-nomadic pastoral lifestyle closer to their ‘traditional’ culture than any other southern Kenyan tribe. Their principal demand is for land rights, with increasing interest in modern services to improve standards of living and market power.

27. Kenya -- Ogiek People V. District Commissioner Case No. 238/1999 (2000.03.23) (I 238/1999 (2000.03.23) (indigenous Rights to Tinet Forest) or Ogiek, livingin close proximity to kalenjinspeaking peoples, such as the Nandi and the http://www.elaw.org/resources/text.asp?ID=1794

28. Kenya Travel Products And English (UK), Kalenjin, Kamba, Kikuyu, Kisii, Luhya, L Location Eastern africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia Languages English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages http://www.worldlanguage.com/Countries/Kenya.htm

view this site in Microsoft Authorized Education Reseller, call for quotes Home Help Contact Us Privacy ... Checkout Super Bargains Computers / Notebooks Dictionary ESL-English as Second Language Games Gift Items! Handheld Dictionary Karaoke Keyboard Stickers Keyboards Kids Learn Microsoft Office Microsoft Windows Movies/Videos Software - Mac Software - Windows Spell Checking Translation More... Kenya Send this page to a friend! Products 2 products specific to Kenya are available in one category. Travel Languages 13 languages are spoken in Kenya. We have 195 products available for 10 of those languages. English (UK) Kalenjin Kamba Kikuyu ... Swahili Capital: Nairobi Population: Play the National Anthem Geography Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 38 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total : 582,650 sq km land: 569,250 sq km water: 13,400 sq km Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of Nevada Land boundaries: total: 3,446 km border countries : Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km Coastline: 536 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west

29. Le KenyaVoyage Products And Anglais (GB), Kalenjin, Kamba, Kikuyu, Kisii, Luhya, Location Eastern africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Religions Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, indigenous beliefs 10%, http://www.worldlanguage.com/French/Countries/Kenya.htm

Visualiser ce site en Microsoft Authorized Education Reseller, call for quotes Accueil Aide Contactez-nous Confidentialité ... Valider ma commande Super Bargains Anglais comme une langue deuxième Apprentissage Claviers Ordinateurs Computers / Notebooks Correction Orthographique Dictionaires portables Dictionnaires Enfants Films/Vidios Gift Items! Jeux Karaoke Keyboard Stickers Microsoft Office Microsoft Windows Software - Windows Software - Mac Traduction Suite... Le Kenya Email cette page à un ami! Produits 2 products specific to Le Kenya are available in one category. Voyage Langues 13 languages are spoken in Le Kenya. We have 195 products available for 10 of those languages. anglais (GB) kalenjin kamba kikuyu ... suk Capitale: Nairobi Population: Hymne Nationale Geography Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 38 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total : 582,650 sq km land: 569,250 sq km water: 13,400 sq km Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of Nevada Land boundaries: total: 3,446 km

30. African Encounter: The People & Cultures Of Africa Like all peoples of the world, the African has a contribution to make to our Before independence, the existence of half a million indigenous Namibians http://www.africanencounter.com/info/people.shtml

The Tribes of Namibia (including the Herero, Himba, Nama and Damara) Nama/Hottentot The Nama people make up about 5% of Namibia’s population, and are traditionally stock farmers. Their traditional crafts include leatherwork (aprons and collecting bags), skin karosses and mats, musical instruments (eg: reed flutes), jewellery, clay pots and tortoise-shell powder containers. Damara They make up about 7.5% of Namibia’s population, sharing their language with Namas. Traditionally Damara people have been thought of as miners, smelters, copper traders, stock farmers and tobacco growers; until the end of the 19th century when they moved to Damaraland and started practising agriculture. Their traditional crafts include leather goods, glass and metal beadwork, wooden bowls and buckets, clay pipes and bowls, and more recently ‘township art’ such as wire cars. Herero In 1904, the Herero and the Hottentots staged a massive uprising against the German colonial troops in South West Africa. It ended in a bloody massacre of over half the total Herero population at the battle of Waterberg. The few Herero that survived fled into the Kalahari, some crossing into what is now Botswana. Today, the Herero constitute the third largest ethnic group in Namibia, after the Owambo and Kavango – about 8% of the present population. Their language is Bantu-based. In Botswana, they are a minority group inhabiting Ngamiland, south and west of the Okavango Delta.

31. Kenya's Languages And Dialects The kalenjin linguistic group is concentrated in the area north to south and west extended indigenous language in africa, with some 50 million speakers. http://kenya.com/language.html

Dialect Map of Kenya Languages Linguistic Groups Bantu Concentrations in three main geographical regions - Western Kenya and Lake Victoria region (Luhya, Kisii), east of Rift Valley, (Kikuyu, Embu, Kamba) and Coastal belt (Mijikenda). Nilotic Represented by the Luo, Kalenjin, Maasai and related groups. The Kalenjin linguistic group is concentrated in the area north to south and west of the central highlands, while the Luos are concentrated in the Lake Victoria Basin. Cushitic Somali speaking group occupying eastern portions of the arid and semi-arid north eastern Kenya. Rendille and Orma speaking groups occupy the north western part. 30 distinct languages or dialects are spoken in Kenya. Swahili Swahili or Kiswahili has become the most extended indigenous language in Africa, with some 50 million speakers. Currently it is the official and national language in Tanzania. In Kenya and Uganda it is the national language, since official communications and administration use English. Thanks to the relationships of the East African countries with the neighboring countries, Swahili is also spoken in some regions of Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia and South Africa. Dating the origins of Swahili is not an easy task. It seems clear that the language was spoken at the coast during the 13th century. Some authors propose a much more ancient origin: in his work "Journey through the Erithraean Sea", a greek trader named Diogene who visited the East African coast in the year 110 A.D. told that the arab traders who regularly sailed the coast talked to the natives in their local language, which could represent the first historical reference to Swahili.

32. A Virtual Travel To Kenya - Africa - Kenya Tourism Ethnic groups AfricanKikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, kalenjin 11%, NonAfricanAsian, European, Arab 1%. Religions indigenous beliefs 10%, http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/kenya.htm

Advertise here One World - Nations Online the countries of the world Home Continents Africa Kenya Destination Kenya, this page is about many aspects of Kenya. Here you will find comprehensive information about Kenya in its diversity: geography, economy, science, people, culture, environment, government and history. You will have access to newspapers from Kenya and you will find extensive travel and tourism information for Kenya. Official Sites Map News Culture ... Additional Links Kenya Country Profile Flag of Kenya Background: Revered president and liberation struggle icon Jomo KENYATTA led Kenya from independence until his death in 1978, when 2nd President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI took power in a constitutional succession. The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982 when the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) made itself the sole legal party in Kenya. MOI acceded to internal and external pressure for political liberalization in late 1991. The ethnically fractured opposition failed to dislodge KANU from power in elections in 1992 and 1997, which were marred by violence and fraud, but are viewed as having generally reflected the will of the Kenyan people. President MOI stepped down in December of 2002 following fair and peaceful elections. Mwai KIBAKI, running as the candidate of the multiethnic, united opposition group, the National Rainbow Coalition, defeated KANU candidate Uhuru KENYATTA and assumed the presidency following a campaign centered on an anticorruption platform.

33. Africa.iafrica.com Countryinfo Kenya People Ethnic groups Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Religions Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, http://africa.iafrica.com/countryinfo/kenya/people/

SPYKIDS OWNZ YOU Contacts? spykids.br@gmail.com

34. Background Notes Archive - Africa kalenjin 11 percent, Kamba 11 percent, Kisii 6 percent, Meru 5 percent.NonAfricanAsian, European, Arab 1 percent. Religions indigenous beliefs 24 http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/af/kenya9607.html

Return to Africa Background Notes Archive Return to Background Notes Archive Homepage Return to Electronic Research Collection Homepage

35. Minorities At Risk (MAR) the KADU and the only other political party, the African People s Party. The kalenjin and Maasai want to evict all nonindigenous groups from the http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/kenluhya.htm

Luhya in Kenya Luhya population (1998 est): 3.97 million which is 14% of Kenya's population of 28.34 million. (Group and country population compiled from various sources.) Group type: communal contender Click here to view General Chronology Risk Assessment There is only one factor that increases the chances of future protest actions by the Luhya: significant political restrictions that include limits on free movement, voting, and recruitment to the police, military, and high political office. Low-level protest by group members only emerged in the late 1990s. The elections to choose a successor to Moi, scheduled for late 2002, will likely influence the group's political prospects. Analytic Summary More than forty ethnic groups comprise Kenya's population. While no single group forms a majority, the Luhya (14%) are the second largest group after the Kikuyu (22%). Other significant populations include the Luo (13%), Kalenjin (12%), and Kisii (6%) along with smaller groups of indigenous peoples such as the Somalis, Maasai, and Turkana. The term Luhya was first introduced during the colonial era to refer to a linguistic grouping that consists of fifteen different peoples (LANG = 1). They are the Bukusu, Dakho, Kabras, Khayo, Kisa, Marachi, Maragoli, Marama, Nyala, Nyole, Samia, Tachoni, Tiriki, Tsotso, and Wanga. The Luhya follow the same customs as the country's larger groups (CUSTOM = 0). Group members primarily live in the Western Province and adjacent areas of the Rift Valley Province. There has been little group movement across the country's regions (MIGRANT = 1).

36. Environmental Justice Cast Study: Maasai Land Rights In Kenya And Tanzania The indigenous people consider development, whether it is through tourism or The Maasai people probably arrived in East africa during the 15th century http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/Jones/maasai.htm

Environmental Justice Case Study: Maasai Land Rights in Kenya and Tanzania By: Julie Narimatsu Table of Contents Problem Background Key Actors Demographics ... Back to EJ Case Studies Homepage PROBLEM While many people perceive the term eco-tourism to mean a more friendly, sustainable kind of tourism, most are not aware of the negative impacts that result from this type of tourism. Most of what goes on is what is considered "nature tourism." It is based on the use of natural resources in an undeveloped state. Therefore, when tourists engage in "nature tourism," they are seeing the wilds of Africa, South America and Australia, among other destinations, free of human interaction or disruption. To distinguish among the many types of tourism, we will define the more idealistic eco-tourism as "progressive, educational travel, which conserves the environment and benefits the locals (Schaller, 2)." In Africa, the Maasai tribes of Kenya and Tanzania have endured a long history of colonization by the British. The value of the natural resources in these areas became apparent from the very beginning, when the British perceived the pastoralist Maasai and other tribes to be incompatible with the wildlife that inhabited the area. With this separation of people and nature, national parks in Kenya were created without any consideration for the local communities (Cheeseman, 2). Today, these problems have escalated as more and more parks and reserves are being created by the government without the participation or consent of the indigenous people. The indigenous people consider development, whether it is through tourism or other government projects, to only benefit others and not their own situations (Kipuri, 2). Over the course of their existence, Maasai land has been taken away from them repeatedly, and after many broken promises of compensation and participation, the Maasai have started to fight for their land rights. Says Edward ole Mbarnoti, a Maasai leader

37. East Africa Living Encyclopedia Some of the ethnic groups that comprise the kalenjin are the Kipsigis (who haveproduced With a PreHistoric People The Akikuyu of British East africa. http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kethnic.htm

East Africa Living Encyclopedia Kenya Map,Flag,Anthem Agriculture Archaeology Communications ... r (Supported by a Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Kenya Tanzania ... Rwanda Kenya Ethnic Groups The Kikuyu, Meru, Gusii, Embu, Akamba, Luyha (or alternate spelling of Luyia), Swahili and Mijikenka The Kikuyu Ngai

38. Bfree African Mission! - BE The Kingdom! The Kingdom must meet the real needs of people for the love of God and His of indigenous peoples we clearly need the wisdom of an African expert to http://www.bfree.org/missions/bottom.htm

THE BFREE COMPUTER SCHOOL AFRICAN MISSION About Kenya "Give someone a fish and you feed him for a day; Teach someone to fish and he will eat fish for a lifetime; Teach him skills to earn an adequate living wage and food will no longer be a problem." HELP A NEW FRIEND WHAT WE DO WHAT YOUR NEW FRIEND DOES A. Pick your new friend from the Africans highlighted on the top of this website. B. Commit to pay all or part of the tuition each month to send your new friend to computer school. C. Correspond with your new friend by email! A. Provide the school. B. Field the candidates. C. Obtain funding from you. F. Facilitate communication between you and your new African friend. D. Train the student. E. Seek employment for the student at graduation. B. Hopes someone will care.

39. Kenya Section Causes And Background Sub-section Causes Of By 1993, Human Rights Watch/africa estimated that 1500 people had died in the The clashes pitted Moi s small kalenjin tribe and the Maasai against the http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/IdpProjectDb/idpSurvey.nsf/wViewCountries/7FE

www.idpproject.org Kenya Section : Causes and Background Sub-section : Causes of displacement Kenya menu List of sources Maps Politically motivated clashes related to the 1992 election displaced more than 300,000 in the Rift valley The majority of the displaced came from the ethnic groups associated with the political opposition (e.g. Luo, Luhya, and Kikuyu) Competing land claims were used to inflame violence among certain ethnic groups People displaced as armed "Kalenjin warriors" attacked Luo, Luhya, and Kikuyu farms Most attacks carried out by organised groups As the campaign for multiparty democracy gained strength [during 1991] and then developed into a full election campaign, violence broke out between different ethnic groups, particularly in the Rift Valley, Western and Nyanza provinces, the heart of the 'white highlands' during colonial times. The 'tribal clashes,' as they became known, first broke out in October 1991 on the border of the three provinces, and rapidly spread to neighboring districts. By December 1991, when parliament repealed the section of the constitution making Kenya a one-party state, large areas of western Kenya had been affected as tens of thousands were displaced from their land. Kalenjin and Maasai politicians opportunistically revived the idea of majimboism, ethnic regionalism, championed by KADU at independence. KANU politicians close to Moi revived the calls for majimboism as a way of countering the demand for multipartyism in Kenya. Under the cover of a call for regional autonomy, prominent politicians demanded the forcible expulsion of all ethnic groups from the Rift Valley, except for those pastoral groups-Kalenjins, Maasai, Turkana and Samburu-that were on the land before colonialism. A number of majimbo rallies were held calling for 'outsiders' in the Rift Valley to return to their 'motherland,' or for 'true' Rift Valley residents to defend themselves from opposition plots to eliminate the indigenous peoples of the valley. While many Kenyans have no quarrel with the concept of regionalism

40. Kenya Kenya Menu Abbreviations Acronyms List Of Sources On the other hand, most of the internally displaced people belong to the British colonialists evicted indigenous nomadic pastoralists (kalenjin, Maasai, http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/IdpProjectDb/idpSurvey.nsf/wViewSingleEnv/Ken

www.idpproject.org Kenya Kenya menu List of sources Maps Kenya: tensions rise as government fails to address internal displacement When the KANU (Kenya African National Union) government was voted out in December 2002 after almost 40 years in power, around 350,000 remaining internally displaced people (IDPs) regained hopes of returning to the land they had been forced to flee during the 1990s. However, Unresolved land disputes from colonial era This order and the consequent violent displacements coincided almost exactly with the amendment of the Kenyan Constitution to permit multi-party politics in September 1991 (Article 19, Oct 1997, p. 24). Soon afterwards, parties were formed along tribal lines, with KANU officials paying landless youth to harass and force mainly Kikuyu people out of their homes and constituencies. The major periods of violence and displacement centred around the 1992 and 1997 elections and the main perpetrators of the violence in both these elections were predominantly dispossessed Kalenjin and Maasai supporters of the KANU government against members of opposition groups. By 1993 about 300,000 people had fled their homes (HRW, June 1997, p.36). In addition to the upheaval in the Rift Valley, there was a major outbreak of violence in the Mombasa region/Coast province in August and early September 1997. This violence caused the displacement of up to 120,000 people and left at least 100 dead. The victims again belonged largely to groups perceived to be associated with the political opposition, while the perpetrators were mainly disgruntled young men who were paid to commit the atrocities (US DOS, 30 January 1998, sect 1a; Nowrojee 1998, p. 65; USCR 1998).

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