41. H2K Jamaica: News & Press Releases -- Minister Phillips Opens Highway 2000 Pre-b Toll Roads Have A Place In jamaica history Tolls Roads Existed in 18th Century. Toll roads have been a part of public transportation throughout the world http://www.h2kjamaica.com/news/jatollhistory.htm

H ome A bout H2k ... Traffic Data PROJECT REPORTS Operation And Maintenance Document Geotechnical Report Hunt's Bay - Portmore Causeway Study Economic Cost-benefit Analysis ... Bidders Bid package Supplementary Technical Data Preliminary Information Pre-feasibility Studies Land Acquisition Policy LEGISLATION Toll Road Act 2002 AGREEMENTS Concession Agreement GPD Loan Agreement Step-in Security Agreement Subordinated Loan Agreement ... Implementation Agreement Guarantee Agreement Construction Certificate of Insurance Shareholders Equity Undertaking Term Sheet for the Operation and Maintenance Contract Master Agreement for the Handing over of existing Road Sections. CONSUMER SURVEYS Stone Organisation Market Research Services Johnson's Research Inc. Related Links ... Feedback Toll Roads Have A Place In Jamaica History Tolls Roads Existed in 18th Century Toll roads have been a part of public transportation throughout the world for centuries and in Jamaica, toll roads included Hope Road from the Papine Estate to Matilda’s Corner, while Toll Gate in Clarendon was a fee collection point for travelers going across the southern plain. Toll roads in Jamaica existed in the 18th century as thoroughfares built on private estate land by the owners as a way to improve the movement of goods to markets or the wharves. They were usually in better condition than the public roads and so many persons would prefer to use the estate road near them to go about their business. The owners facilitated this and set up a gate through which users had to pay a toll to get through as a way to pay for maintaining the road.

42. History Of Jamaica: Information From Answers.com History of Jamaica Arawaks from South America had settled in Jamaica at around 1000AD and called the land Xamayca, meaning land of wood and water. http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-jamaica

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping History of Jamaica Wikipedia History of Jamaica Arawaks from South America had settled in Jamaica at around 1,000AD and called the land Xamayca, meaning land of wood and water. After Christopher Columbus ' arrival in 1494, Spain claimed the island and began occupation in 1509, naming the island Santiago . The Arawaks were exterminated by disease, slavery , and war. Spain brought the first African slaves to Jamaica in 1517. The 1907 Catholic Encyclopedia wrote, "A review of the period of Spanish occupation is one which reflects very little credit on Spanish colonial administration in those days. Their treatment of the aboriginal inhabitants, whom they are accused of having practically exterminated, is a grave charge, and if true, cannot be condoned on the plea that such conduct was characteristic of the age, and that as bad or worse was perpetrated by other nations even in later years." In May 1655, British forces in the form of a joint expedition by

43. New York Jamaica History And Universities Want to find out about a particular jamaica history College a guidance counselor pointed out? Check into our huge group of jamaica history college names, http://www.uscollegesearch.org/jamaica-new-york-history-colleges.html

College Search State Search New York Colleges Jamaica Colleges Jamaica New York History and Universities. Our Database Currently Includes Jamaica New York History and Universities. We're the perfect resource for high school students, parents, and anyone looking to go back to college. We maintain a database of 9203 4-year Universities, 2-year Colleges, Junior Colleges, Vocational Schools, Job Training Programs, and Technical Certification Programs. You can narrow your search by city or degree in the right hand column. Additional History Colleges College City State Cuny York College Jamaica NY St John S University-New York Jamaica NY Page 1 Choose another Degree Program: Jamaica Art Colleges Jamaica Beautician / Cosmetology Colleges Jamaica Business Colleges Jamaica Communications Colleges ... Jamaica Visual And Performing Arts Colleges Other New York Cities: Albany Alfred Amherst Amityville ... Yorktown Heights Other Searches: US College Search is the perfect tool for senior high students, parents, and anybody shopping for Jamaica History Colleges . US College Search has a database of 9734 Technical Certification Programs, Job Training Programs, 4 year Universities, 2 Year Colleges, Junior Colleges, Vocational Schools, and Technical Colleges.

44. Jamaican History A summary beginning with the first settlements to modern day. http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Jamaica/jamhis.html

Jamacian History The settlement of the first people The first people to come to Jamaica were people from Venezuela, known as the Arawaks. They are thought to have come to Jamaica in two major waves, the first in 650 AD, and the second in 900 AD. They were then joined by the Caribs, who came from Guiana. While the Arawaks were a peaceful people, the Caribs were cannibalistic and fierce fighters. Much fighting arose between these two groups. Invasion by Columbus and Conquistadors Columbus came to Jamaica in 1494. With him, he brought fear, disease and terror to the Jamaicans. He named the island Jamaica because he heard tthe natives call it Xaymaca. He brought smallpox and other horrible dieases, to which islanders had no antibodies. Most of them died out soon after Columbus arrived, and those that didn't were tortured and terrorized by Columbus and his sailors. He then left and returned several years later on his last voyage to the new world. During this voyage, he spent a year stranded on Jamaica trying to rebuild his boats. The First European Settlers Soon after Columbus, in about 1510, there was an influx of Spanish Europeans. The Spanish, under the rule of Jaun de Esquivel, treated the Jamaicans no better than Columbus had and even more of the aboriginal Jamaicans died. At first they settled a beautiful area near St. Ann's Bay, and made a exquiotselty beautiful town named New Seville (sfter the governor) but then had to move due to the area's climate and swampy conditions. They then settled in present day Spanish Town. They built a beautiful city, with 500 houses and several churches. Unfortunately, none of this city remains, have rotted away after years of neglect and disuse.

45. JAMAICAN HISTORY I The recorded history of jamaica may be roughly divided into six periods The third period of jamaican history covers the years between the abolition of http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/history1.htm

JAMAICAN HISTORY I COLUMBUS TO THE DESTRUCTION OF PORT ROYAL The recorded history of Jamaica may be roughly divided into six periods: The first period may be said to date from Columbus’ arrival in the island in 1494 to the destruction of Port Royal in 1692. This covers nearly 200 years. But very little is known about the days when the Spaniards were masters of Jamaica. On the other hand, a good deal is known about the first fifty years of Jamaica as a British colony. The second period of our history extends from.the destruction of Port Royal to the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. During this time Jamaica flourished as an agricultural colony and became very rich. It reached the height of its prosperity just before the slave trade was abolished; that is, just before the British Government decided that no more slaves were to be brought from Africa and sold as private property The third period of Jamaican history covers the years between the abolition of the slave trade and the Morant Bay rebellion in 1865. During the 46 years between the abolition of the slave trade and the rebellion, the country passed through many misfortunes and there was a great deal of misery and ill-feeling among the different classes of people in the island. The fourth period dates from 1865 to the end of July, 1914.

46. History And Geography Of Jamaica Print copies of the history and Geography of jamaica are available for purchase from any Gleaner Company office. For more information, contact the office http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/

Print copies of the History and Geography of Jamaica are available for purchase from any Gleaner Company office. For more information, contact the office nearest you. Topics Agriculture Features Government Parishes ... Tourism History: Chronological Order Click the Back button to return to this index. Go-Jamaica Discover Jamaica Gleaner Online webadmn@jamaica-gleaner.com to report problems or request assistance.

47. - Jamaica Land We Love Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Land We Love. Jamaica Information Historical information on jamaica from PreColombian jamaica to present. Compiled by Donna Essix, hosted by jamaicas.com http://jamaicans.com/info/brief.htm

Bulletin Boards Find an Old Friend Free Email Shopping ... Calendar of Events Jamaican Overview Home Jamaica Overview Brief History of Jamaica Compiled from various history books by Donna Essix I. Pre-Colombian Jamaica Prior to the arrival of Columbus in 1494, Jamaica was inhabited by Arawaks, living in simple communities based on fishing, hunting, and small scale cultivation of cassava. The impact of the contact with the Spanish was traumatic, and these communities disappeared in 70-80 years. Plunder, disruption of economic activities, new diseases, and migration decimated the indigenous population. Only a few artifacts-facts, examples of which are on display at the small museum at White Marl, and a few Spanish corruptions of place names (such as Ocho Rios) remain from this period. Otherwise, there is no Arawak influence on the subsequent development of life on the island. II. The Spanish Occupation, 1494-1655

48. History Of Jamaica The history of jamaica may be divided into the four categories to the left. This is not intended to be an exhaustive, but rather a brief snapshot of our http://www.jnht.com/jamaica/history.html

HOME ARCHAEOLOGY ORGANIZATIONS CHURCHES ... CONTACT US JAMAICA - History PRE-COLUMBIAN COLUMBIAN/SPANISH ENGLISH INDEPENDENCE The history of Jamaica may be divided into the four categories to the left. This is not intended to be an exhaustive, but rather a brief snapshot of our country. noelkingdesign.com

49. JNHT Home Page jamaica. history of jamaica Government Overview Politics in jamaica Our Flag Fast Facts about jamaica. FORT CHARLES. Fort Charles, Port Royal http://www.jnht.com/

HOME ARCHAEOLOGY CHURCHES JAMAICA ... MESSAGES JNHT CURRENT HERITAGE NEWS Emancipation Jubilee at Seville Heritage Park Earthquake Awareness Expo for Port Royal Tribute to Mrs. Marjorie Kalawan Students to mark anniversary of Columbus' arrival ... JNHT meets with Admiralty Corporation JAMAICA History of Jamaica Government Overview Politics in Jamaica Our Flag Fast Facts about Jamaica FORT CHARLES Fort Charles in Port Royal near Kingston was built in 1650-60. It remains in relatively good condition to this day. COMING EVENTS Sunday 7/31/2005 Emancipation Jubilee Heritage Calendar of Events 2005 Heritage Week Activities OTHER ITEMS National Monuments of Jamaica Guidelines for approval to restore Donations The Jamaica National Heritage Trust Act Guidlines for application permit Artifactual Collection NOTICE!

50. - Jamaica Land We Love Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Land We Love. Jamaica Information jamaica General Information includes information on history, National Hero s Symbols, Doing Business in jamaica, the Maroons, Historical Dates, http://www.jamaicans.com/info/brief.htm

Bulletin Boards Find an Old Friend Free Email Shopping ... Calendar of Events Jamaican Overview Home Jamaica Overview Brief History of Jamaica Compiled from various history books by Donna Essix I. Pre-Colombian Jamaica Prior to the arrival of Columbus in 1494, Jamaica was inhabited by Arawaks, living in simple communities based on fishing, hunting, and small scale cultivation of cassava. The impact of the contact with the Spanish was traumatic, and these communities disappeared in 70-80 years. Plunder, disruption of economic activities, new diseases, and migration decimated the indigenous population. Only a few artifacts-facts, examples of which are on display at the small museum at White Marl, and a few Spanish corruptions of place names (such as Ocho Rios) remain from this period. Otherwise, there is no Arawak influence on the subsequent development of life on the island. II. The Spanish Occupation, 1494-1655

51. Handbook Of Texas Online: JAMAICA BEACH, TX Community history and information. http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/JJ/hljmq.html

format this article to print JAMAICA BEACH, TEXAS . Jamaica Beach is on Farm Road 3005 and West Bay just south of Galveston Island State Park qv on Galveston Island, southwest Galveston County. The site, that of a former Karankawa burial ground, was developed in 1957 by Johnny Goyen and Earl Galceran of the Jamaica Corporation, as a resort subdivision by a marina. The 2,000-lot development, which attracted Houston buyers, was incorporated on May 12, 1975. By 1978 it had a population of 141, and in 1988 it reached 446 residents but had no businesses. In 1990 the population was 624. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Earl Wesley Fornell, The Galveston Era: The Texas Crescent on the Eve of Secession (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1961). Galveston County, Texas: An Economic Base Study (University of Houston Center for Research on Business and Economics, 1965). Ray Miller, Ray Miller's Galveston (Houston: Cordovan Press, 1983). Diana J. Kleiner top of page about search help ... suggest an article topic The Handbook of Texas Online is a joint project of The General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin and the Texas State Historical Association Please send us your comments Policy Agreement Produced in partnership with the College of Liberal Arts and the General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin

52. Listen The History Of Jamaican Music: Reggae Around The World (Jamaica) Latest articles in Listen to the history jamaica Music Listen the history of jamaican Music The Paragons Listen the history of jamaican Music The http://www.jamaicans.com/music/history/world.shtml

forums jamaican news send e-cards shopping ... Music and Concert Reviews Main Menu Channels Travel Guide Jamaican Culture Jamaican Recipes Destination Guide ... Home Site Search advertisement home jamaican music listen to the history jamaica music Listen the History of Jamaican Music: Reggae Around the World By Reggaeplus Radio Posted Friday, March 26, 2004 Reggae Around the World... Reggae music is the all-encompassing name for so many genres of Jamaican music. Ska, Rock Steady, Rub-A-Dub, Dancehall etc. To the world, it's simply Reggae and Reggae is a world-wide musical phenomenon. To countries around the globe, Jamaican people have emmigrated and settled. And in doing so, they've brought with them their culture and influence. The music itself has moved even further afield. Today Reggae music is listened to and appreciated by so many nationalities that it is truly global. No matter where you go, people are not only listening to Reggae music...they're actually playing it. In Africa, England, Denmark, Canada, the United States, Japan, throughout the West Indies, Mexico and South America...no matter where you go...Reggae music is a force to be reckoned with. Listen Now E-mail this page Printer-friendly page Latest articles in Listen to the History Jamaica Music Listen the History of Jamaican Music: The Paragons Listen the History of Jamaican Music: The Wailers Listen the History of Jamaican Music: Reggae Around the World ... History of Reggae: Christian Reggae Gospel Reggae is the fastest growing segment of Reggae music today. This month's history of Reggae series features Christian Reggae.

53. National Library Of Jamaica | History, Heritage & Governance The Postal history of jamaica 16621860. London Robson Lowe Ltd. The importance of St. Mary in the history of jamaica is in many ways un-rivalled. http://www.nlj.org.jm/docs/history.htm

History Notes This page covers a variety of information relating to Jamaica's culture, heritage and history. Chinese in Jamaica Christmas Jamaican Style Dances Emancipation Proclamation ... Traditional Foods in Jamaican Culture Chinese in Jamaica Shortly after Emancipation, the English Plantation owners realized that the African descendants having been freed from slavery were reluctant to work on the sugar estate. Based on this realization, they decided to import Chinese and East Indians to work for them. By 1854, the first group of four hundred and seventy two (472) Chinese come to Jamaica from Panama . Prior to this time there were about thirty Chinese living in Jamaica . The second batch, of about two hundred, coming from Trinidad and British Guiana arrived in Jamaica between 1864-1870. On June 12, 1884 , a third group of about six hundred and eighty arrived straight from China , all having three year contracts. In 1905, the Jamaican Government noticed the increased population of Chinese immigrants and passed a law that restricted entry to the country if certain criteria were not met. The law passed emphasized three main areas:

54. National Library Of Jamaica | History, Heritage & Governance - National Heroes The preparation for jamaica s independence in August 1962, demanded that many black organization in history, which at its highest had 6 to 11 million. http://www.nlj.org.jm/docs/heroes_emblems.htm

National Heroes and Emblems National Heroes of Jamaica The Flag National Anthem The Jamaican Coat of Arms ... Prayer, Pledge and Song The preparation for Jamaica's independence in August 1962, demanded that many issues of varying degrees of importance within their particular national context had to be considered and agreement reached as to what might be finally acceptable to the nation at large. Among these were such matters as the choice of a national flag and anthem as well as a number of other emblems which the country and the world in general would grow to accept as a representative of the many facets of Jamaica's political, cultural and economic life. Chief among these symbols are:- The black, green and gold Flag; the national tree - the Blue Mahoe; the national flower - Lignum Vitae; the coat of arms bearing the national motto "Out of Many One People"; the national bird - the Doctor Bird or Swallow Tail Humming Bird and the national fruit - the Ackee. The following Code for national symbols has been formulated. THE FLAG The Flag came into use on August 6, 1962, Jamaica's Independence Day.

55. Jamaica - History history. Christopher Columbus claimed jamaica for the King and Queen of Spain in 1494. The British arrived in 1655, defeated the Spaniards and claimed the http://www.jsdnp.org.jm/jam1.html

About Us Our Launch SDNP-Global J ... JSDNP Home JAMAICA - Country Profile HISTORY Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for the King and Queen of Spain in 1494. The British arrived in 1655, defeated the Spaniards and claimed the island for the King of England. On August 6, 1962, Jamaica became an independent sovereign state and a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. When Jamaica was discovered in 1494 it was inhabited by an estimated 60,000 Arawak Indians who lived near the coast and were dependent on the sea for much of their food. The Arawak fell victims of European diseases and harsh treatment, and died out by the mid-seventeenth century. The Spanish first settled in 1510, but did little to develop or populate the island in the nearly 150 years before the British arrived in 1655. The British developed plantation agriculture. Jamaica became one of England's most valuable agricultural colonies, as well as a major port in the Caribbean. In the first 150 years of British rule, the population of the island grew largely as a result of slave imports and white immigration The growth of the black population was almost entirely a result of the slave trade. Today Jamaica is a multi-ethnic society, with blacks predominating - 90.9 percent, East Indians, White and Chinese make up 3.1 percent and "other races"- 6.0 percent of the total population.

56. A Virtual Travel To Jamaica - Jamaica Tourism history of jamaica jamaica information by jamaican American Association. Pieces of the Past jamaica Gleaner articles about jamaica s rich history. http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/jamaica.htm

Advertise here One World - Nations Online the countries of the world Home Continents The Americas Jamaica Ja ma ica Destination Jamaica, a virtual travel guide to Xaymaca, how the Arawaks, the first inhabitants called their island, "The Land of Wood and Water". Here you will find comprehensive information about Jamaica in its diversity: geography, economy, science, people, culture, environment, government and history. You will have access to newspapers from Jamaica and you will find extensive travel and tourism information for the Caribbean island. Official Sites Map News Culture ... Additional Links Country Profile Flag of Jamaica Background: Jamaica is the third largest of the Caribbean islands, and the largest English-speaking island in the Caribbean Sea. Situated 90 miles south of Cuba, 600 miles south of Florida, USA, and 100 miles south-west of Haiti. In pre-columbian times Jamaica was inhabited by an estimated 60,000 Arawak Indians. In 1494 Christopher Columbus "discovered" the island and claimed it at once for the King and Queen of Spain. In 1517 first Africans brought to Jamaica by the Spaniards. The British arrived in 1655, defeated the Spaniards and claimed the island for the King of England. By the late 17th and early 18th centuries the island was virtually divided. Colonial planters and their slaves inhabit and worked in the costal plains, while high up in the Blue Mountains there lived fugitive slaves, the free community of the Maroons.

57. Jamaica: The Life Of Bob Marley Bob Marley Website presents and interesting view of the islands history. http://www.bobmarley.com/life/jamaica/

The Caribbean island of Jamaica has had a far greater impact on the rest of the world than one would expect from a country with a population of under three million. In the seventeenth century, for example, Jamaica was the world centre of piracy. From its capital of Port Royal, buccaneers led by Captain Henry Morgan plundered the Spanish Main, bringing such riches to the island that it became as wealthy as any of Europe's leading trading centres. In 1692, four years after Morgan's death, Port Royal disappeared into the Caribbean in an earthquake. Such a karmic sense of poetry is Jamaica A Rebellious Spirit A piratic, rebellious spirit has been central to the attitude of Jamaicans ever since. This is clear in the lives of Nanny, the woman who led a successful slave revolt against the English redcoats in 1738; of Marcus Garvey , who became the first prophet of black self determination in the 1920s, founding the Black Star shipping line, intended to transport descendants of slaves back to Africa; and of Bob Marley, the Third World's first superstar, with his musical gospel of love and global unity. Jamaica was known by its original settlers, the Arawak Indians, as the Island of Springs. And it is in the high country that Jamaica's unconscious resides: the primal

58. NWC National Water Commission Jamaica - History The National Water Commission is a statutory body providing potable water and waste water services to the people of jamaica. http://www.nwcjamaica.com/history.html

Search Advertisements Invitation to Tender Job Oppurtunity Energy Management Coordinator Toll Free: 1-888-Call NWC Coporate Office 5th Floor LOJ Centre 28-48 Barbados Ave. Kingston 5, Jamaica Tele: Fax: Email: pr@nwc.com.jm Best Viewed Using Your browser does not support script Browse History Overview Historical Facts Water Commission/KSAC National Water Authority/Parish Councils The National Water Commission Overview History records that one of the first ever piped water supply system for the Western Hemisphere originated in the town of Falmouth, Trelawny, Jamaica. The Falmouth water wheel, similar in design to the Seville water wheel shown above, is over 270 years old, and today stands solidly as a monumental example of one of the first ever water supply systems in Jamaica. In 1766, Roger Hope Elleston - owner of Hope Estate, constructed an open conduit to carry surplus water from his property to the then town of Kingston, with branches at Duke, King and Orange Streets. The Hope River was the source of this supply and the conduit was constructed at his own expense. The system fell into a state of disrepair and its operation was eventually discontinued in 1777. The development of piped water supplies in Jamaica, however, can be traced back to 1799 when the Falmouth Water Works Company was established with the Marthae Brae as source, to supply the town of Falmouth with water. It was therefore the first town in Jamaica to enjoy the convenience of a piped water supply system. Water was provided by constructing a dam across the Marthae Brae River. The water was lifted from this point by means of a Persian wheel and then conveyed to Falmouth in pipes.

59. Jamaica Country Guide - History And Government - World Travel Guide Provided By World Travel Guide jamaica - Overview, Visa and Passport requirements, vacation advice, holiday guide, international travel, travel agent, business trip, http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/jam/jam580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Caribbean/Jamaica/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Jamaica hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Jamaica Jamaica History and Government History: The island was inhabited by Arawak Indians prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494. A few years later, it was formally colonised by the Spanish whose rule lasted until 1655. They were displaced by the British who turned Jamaica into the most important of the British Caribbean slaving colonies. Within 100 years, virtually the whole island had been divided up into large plantations owned by absentee landlords and worked by forced labour imported from West Africa. After the abolition of slavery in 1834, Jamaica became relatively prosperous under orthodox colonial rule until the early 20th century when a spate of natural disasters, compounded by the depression of the 1930s, sent the economy into decline. The 1930s also saw the rise of black political activity and trade union organisation, forming the rivalries that characterise modern Jamaican politics in the process. Since independence in 1962, the political arena has been dominated by the struggle between the right-wing Jamaican Labour Party (JLP) and the leftist People’s National Party (PNP). The JLP held power throughout the 1960s, but lost the national election of 1972 to the PNP under the leadership of Michael Manley. Manley’s father Norman had founded the PNP and the younger Manley shared the radical socialist agenda of his father. The PNP programme was widely popular throughout the island and despite growing economic difficulties, the PNP were returned to office in 1976 with an increased majority. However, Manley had begun to develop close relations with Cuba, which inevitably brought down the wrath of the US government. The Americans provided substantial backing for the rival JLP and its leader, Edward Seaga.

60. FindArticles Search For "Jamaica / History" Crossing cultures jamaica s arts, heritage and history transform the traditional Caribbean vacation Caribbean Travel Guide An unusual trip to jamaica can http://www.findarticles.com/p/search?tb=art&qt=Jamaica / History

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