101. Jainism --  Encyclopædia Britannica jainism a religion of India that teaches a path to spiritual purity and enlightenmentthrough a disciplined mode of life founded upon the tradition of e ty http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105858

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction History Recent Jain history Important figures of Jain legend Doctrines of Jainism Time and the universe ... Jain ethics Ritual practices and religious institutions Monks, nuns, and their practices Religious activity of the laity Image worship Festivals ... Pilgrimage Jain literature Canonical and commentarial literature Philosophical and other literature Jainism and other religions Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism Jainism and Islam Additional Reading General sources Special Studies Literature Art and Iconography ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%!

102. Jain Traditions http//metalab.unc.edu/jainism/ A collection of articles of various conceptsand aspects of Jain tradition. Jain Friends http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/rel/jainism.htm

Jain Traditions Jain Data Base http://metalab.unc.edu/jainism/ [A collection of articles of various concepts and aspects of Jain tradition.] Jain Friends http://www.egroups.com/messages/jain-friends/ [An e-mail discussion list for (overseas) Jains and their friends. Previously was Jain-List at another location.] Jain Religion http://www.jainreligion.com/ [A relatively new site in Rajasthan (India) that is under construction.] Jain World http://www.jainworld.com/ Lord Mahavir and Jain Religion http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/mahavira.html [A very well-organized and comprehensive site compiled by Pravin K. Shah of the Jain Study Center of North Carolina, with files served from Colorado State University (USA). Topics include: Introduction, Directories, Songs and Prayers, Vegetarianism and Ahimsa, Jain Texts, Jain Pilgrimage, Jain Images, and Jainism in the Eyes of Others.] Rajasthan Online http://www.rajasthanonline.net/

103. Tolerance.it jainism is a very ancient religion whose roots like those of Buddhism Like Buddhism, jainism arose as a challenge to Vedic and Brahmanic orthodoxy. http://www.tolerance.kataweb.it/eng/cap_due/uno/religioni/giainismo.html

INTRODUCTION DIFFERENT YET EQUAL RELIGION A world of religions Are we religious animals? Various attitudes THIS IS MY PLACE MALE AND FEMALE ... List of religions / Jainism The raised hand tells the believer to stop and think before performing any action; the hand contains a wheel, which stands for the eternal cycle of rebirth, and which in turn contains the word "Ahimsa" (non-violence). Number of followers and their geographical distribution There are some 4 million Jainas in the world, mostly concentrated in north-west India. History Jainism is a very ancient religion whose roots - like those of Buddhism are sunk in the Hindu , tradition. Like Buddhism, Jainism arose as a challenge to Vedic and Brahmanic orthodoxy. There are twenty-four great Jaina teachers (or Jina, which in Sanskrit means "conquerors" - in the sense that they have conquered their passions): the last Jina was Vardhamana (also known as Mahavira, or "Great Hero"), and he lived in the 6th - 5th century B.C.E, more or less at the same time as the Buddha. According to Jaina tradition, Vardhamana came from a noble family and, at the age of twenty-eight, he left his wife and daughter to dedicate his life to religion and to ascetic practices. He reached inner enlightenment, re-founded the Jaina community and died of fasting at the age of seventy-two. During the 1st century CE, the Jaina community split into two main currents: the Digambara ("sky-clad") were more conservative and believed that monks should wear no clothes, while the Svetambaras ("white-clad") clothed themselves with seamless white cloth.

104. Jainism - Godulike - An Irreverent Look At The Faith Industry jainism Good today, dead tomorrow to be reborn into heaven, or yet anotherexhausting life. http://www.godulike.co.uk/faiths.php?chapter=54&subject=intro

105. Googlism : What Is Jainism jainism is not a religion and it is dharma and it means nature of substance and this universe we jainism is saying about the greatness of the soul http://www.googlism.com/what_is/j/jainism/

Googlism.com will find out what Google.com thinks of you, your friends or anything! Search for your name here or for a good laugh check out some of the popular Googlisms below. "BRILLIANT way of finding out what your name means on the web by cross-referencing Google search results." - Mirror.co.uk Who What Where When Who is What is Where is When is jainism jainism is earliest religion of the universe jainism is a religion of self that prescribes the code of conduct jainism is the most non jainism is the earliest religion of the universe jainism is a religion propounded by a `jina' jainism is a religion of self that prescribes the code of conduct for all human beings irrespective of creed jainism is nature in the purest and truest form jainism is an ancient faith rooted in the pre jainism is the most important reform movement to separate from the main body of hinduism and establish an independent unit jainism is one of world's oldest religion jainism is much older than buddhism and can be truly considered as one of the most ancient and living religions of the world jainism is an original jainism is a very jainism is a syncretistic religion jainism is an ecologically responsible way of life which is nonviolent in thought jainism is the oldest religion in the world jainism is one of the oldest religions of the world jainism is an ancient religion of india jainism is one of the oldest religion of world jainism is one of the three indian philosophies jainism is one of the oldest religions known today and its origins lie in the country of india

106. Jainism - Origin And HistorySpirituality - Indiatimes jainism is one of the ancient Indian religious traditions still in existence . The first Tirthankar, Rsabha, is the original founder of jainism, http://spirituality.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1951797337.cms

var ttrendlogmostviewed=1; var strchannel = 'spirituality'; var strpagetitle = 'spirituality'; var strfont = ''; var strlink = ''; var strendlink = ''; var bspeedera = false; var bloginbased = true; var bsinglelineformat = false; var strloginip = 'http://spirituality.indiatimes.com'; var strlogoutip='http://spirituality.indiatimes.com/logout.cms'; Search in Spirituality Indiatimes Web Advanced search Indiatimes Spirituality Religion Jainism Home Categories Metrospirituality The Speaking Tree Festivals Yoga And Mudras ... Hinduism Jainism True Perspectives Bahai Buddhism Islam ... Almanac Interactive Clubs Koans Confessions Divine Greetings ... Ask the Expert Jainism - Origin And History Jainism is one of the ancient Indian religious traditions still in existence. The name derives from the Sanskrit word 'ji ' (to conquer). It is the struggle and the subsequent victory of the Jain monks over passion and bodily senses. This victory is necessary for the complete purity of soul, which is the religious goal in the Jain system. This religion has survived in India for almost 2,500 years and is the only Sanskritic non-Hindu religious tradition to have done so. It was founded in the 6th century BC by Vardhamana Mahavira (Great Hero), who was the 24th Tirthankar or the religious Guru of the Jains.

107. Jainism-Religion-spirituality - Indiatimes jainism is one of the ancient Indian religious traditions still in existence.The first Tirthankar, Rsabha, is the original founder of jainism, http://spirituality.indiatimes.com/articlelist/1877347997.cms

document.domain='indiatimes.com'; var strchannel = 'spirituality'; var strpagetitle = 'spirituality'; var strfont = ''; var strlink = ''; var strendlink = ''; var bspeedera = false; var bloginbased = true; var bsinglelineformat = false; var strloginip = 'http://spirituality.indiatimes.com'; var strlogoutip='http://spirituality.indiatimes.com/logout.cms'; Search in Spirituality Indiatimes Web Advanced search Indiatimes Spirituality Religion Jainism Home Categories Metrospirituality The Speaking Tree Festivals Yoga And Mudras ... Hinduism Jainism True Perspectives Bahai Buddhism Islam ... Almanac Interactive Clubs Koans Confessions Divine Greetings ... Nirvana The ultimate objective of Mahavir's teaching is the attainment of total freedom from the cycle of birth, life, pain, misery, and death. A Way To Cleanse Like Buddhism and Yoga-Sankhya philosophy propagated by Maharishi Patanjali, Jainism is a non-theistic system of philosophical thought and religious belief. Jainism - Origin And History Jainism is one of the ancient Indian religious traditions still in existence. The first Tirthankar, Rsabha, is the original founder of Jainism, but very little is known of him. The Essence Jain philosophy divides the universe into two independent categories - soul or living substance (Jiva), which is present in natural forces such as wind and fire as well as plants.

108. Jainism jainism is one of the three Indian philosophies, the others being Charvaka andBuddhism, Jain Faith jainism is a religion without a belief in God. http://www.meta-religion.com/World_Religions/Jainism/jainism.htm

to promote a multidisciplinary view of the religious, spiritual and esoteric phenomena. About Us Links Search Contact ... Science home Religion sections World Religions New Religious Groups Ancient Religions Spirituality ... Extremism Science sections Archaeology Astronomy Linguistics Mathematics ... Contact The Web Metareligion More sections: Subscribe to the Metareligion Newsletter Photography Submit your site Suggest an article ... Polls Please, help us sustain this free site online. Make a donation using Paypal: Jainism Articles Ahimsa is not a religion Jain theism Meditation The Nature of Death Gurus and saints Mahavir Vardhamaana Mahaaveera Texts Holy Akaranga Sutra Jainism is one of the three Indian philosophies, the others being Charvaka and Buddhism, which do not accept the authority of Vedas. The most important Jain teacher Theerthankara was Mahaveera. The Jains accept three sources of knowledge. Perception, Inference and Testimony. Jains believe that every judgement is true only from a particular standpoint. To claim that a judgement is unconditionally true leads to dogmatism and intolerance.

109. India Book : Society And Culture: Religion: Jainism Web Directory And Search Eng India Web Links, Society and Culture Religion jainism Web Directory and SearchEngine, ,India Portal, Indian Web Directory, India Web Sites, indian search http://www.indiabook.com/Society_and_Culture/Religion/Jainism/

Skip to Content Home Indian Classifieds Web Directory ... Jokes India Web Links Pictures WebMaster India Portal News ... Religion : Jainism Login/Register Free Listing Free Submit Your Site to Search Engines! Small Web Hosting India Cheap Web hosting Just for 500 INR p.a Home Add a Site Modify a Site What's New ... Bookmarks Search the entire directory only this category Advanced Search Home Society and Culture Religion Jainism Society and Culture: Religion: Jainism Web Directory Jainism Subscribe India Web Links: Jainism and Jain Religion http://www.jainuniversity.org (1 vote Added: Wed Sep 08 2004 Votes: 1 Rating: 10.00) Provides information on Jainism, jain religion, community,colleges in gujarati and english languages Review It Rate It Bookmark It Philosophy of Jainism - Life of Mahavir ... http://www.top-education.com/religions/jainism1.htm (5 votes Added: Sat Apr 13 2002 Votes: 5 Rating: 5.20) Read more about Jainism, what is jainism?, philosophy of jainism and many more interesting texts. Review It Rate It Bookmark It Sanmarg Prakashan India ... http://www.jainpublications.com/ Publication house for book on jain, jain religion, jainism books in gujarati, hindi etc. Review It Rate It Bookmark It Web Resources Embroidery Digitizing Embroidery Digitizing VDS Web Hosting Web Hosting Directory ... Domain Shop Free Web References Free Clubs Free Poll Business Web Directory PPC Pay Per Click Search Engine Pay Per Click Search Engine,Advertising,Affiliate,PPC Search Engine

110. Books About Jainism Check out the most popular books about jainism that are available for purchase online. http://www.omsakthi.org/books/books_jainism.html

Om Sakthi! Books about Jainism Om Sakthi Home World Religions Books General Religion Buddhism Christianity Confucianism ... Major World Religions : Jainism Books Links to popular books about Jainism at Amazon.com are presented below. These links are updated regularly. All the books below can be purchased directly from Amazon.com after clicking on each picture and where you can find out all about the book and then decide if you would like it. Alternatively, you can browse the Jainism book category Most Popular Books on Jainism Last updated on Sun Apr 24 2005 at 10:19:05pm

111. 5: Jainism 5 jainism. Following the decline of the Vedic religion around 400BC, the Jainareligion (and Buddhism) became the prominent religion(s) on the Indian http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Projects/Pearce/Chapters/Ch5.html

Indian Mathematics MacTutor Index Previous page (4 II. Sulba Sutras) Contents Next page (6: The Bakhshali manuscript) 5: Jainism Following the decline of the Vedic religion around 400BC, the Jaina religion (and Buddhism) became the prominent religion(s) on the Indian subcontinent and gave rise to Jaina mathematics. N Dwary (and others) contend: ...According to the religious literature of the Janias, the knowledge of "Sankhyana" i.e., the science of numbers, which included arithmetic and astronomy was considered to be one of the principal accomplishments of Jain priests. [ND1, P 39] The main Jaina works on mathematics date from around 300BC to 400AD, but the Jaina religion was in its infancy as far back as 500BC. Further, as a point of slight interest, the Jaina religion has still not completely died out, and up till the 19 th century some very minor works were produced. Jaina mathematics played an important role in bridging the gap between 'ancient' Indian mathematics and the so-called 'Classical period', which was heralded by the work of Aryabhata I in the 6 th century.

112. IDS 3313 jainism is an ancient faith rooted in the preAryan Indus Civilization, Monks jainism is so austere that only the monk can hope to fulfill all the http://www.usao.edu/~usao-ids3313/ids/html/jainism.html

III. JAINISM Jainism is an ancient faith rooted in the pre-Aryan Indus Civilization, concerned primarily with teaching ways and means of escaping the entanglements of the world. Jainism is a life-negating, somber, pessimistic faith. Scriptures: Agamas (precepts) or Siddhantas (treatises). Gods: Jainism denies a creator-god. However, human teachers, Tirthamkaras (ford-makers), are worshipped once they have reached liberation. They consider Mahavira the last of twenty-four Tirthamkaras, the first being Rishabha. Terms and Concepts: Jiva: Life-monads (units of life), infinite in number, eternally blessed and omniscient, principles of goodness. Ajiva: Non-living matter, obscuring and entangling jiva , principle of evil. Karma (literally "action"): material force binding an individual to the round of birth and rebirth as a result of any (even morally good in our sense) activity. Omniscience: Experiential understanding of the true inner nature of reality. This kind of knowledge is considered the key to "salvation." Nirvana: State of liberation where the evil influence of karma has been completely eliminated; the liberated soul's continued isolated existence on the motionless summit of the world.

113. JAINPUSHP jainism is one of the oldest living religions of India, predating 800 BCE The Goal jainism is the complete purification of the soul to ascend to the http://www.jainpushp.org/introduction.htm

www.jainpushp.org JAINPUSHP Jai Mahavir ji universal message of Jainism and Jain philosophy Jainism Jainism- An Introductio n Home Mandir Jee News and views Jainism ... Contact Us In India the three great religions, namely Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism are well known worldwide. Jainism is one of the oldest living religions of India, predating 800 BCE recorded history as referenced in Hindu scriptures. It is an original system, quite distinct and independent from other systems of all other Indian philosophies. The Jains philosophy was not developed to oppose the elaborate hierarchical Vedic practice as well as it is not an offshoot of Hinduism. The Principle - Ahimsa (Non-violence) is the underlying philosophy of Jainism. The Goal - Jainism is the complete purification of the soul to ascend to the Moksha, a world beyond heaven and earth, where all the liberated souls dwell eternally in a state of energy, consciousness, and bliss. Jains believe in reincarnation. Their souls, which are believed to be a unique substance in the universe, take different living forms in the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. This cycle has been going on forever, the universe has no beginning or end, and it has always been and always will be. The ultimate goal is to get rid of one's karma on their soul so that they may end this cycle. Once this goal is reached their soul has attained all knowledge and it rests in the heavens forever (Nirvana).

114. Jain Philosphy jainism is an ancient, Indianborn philosophy, dating back to Vedic times. The ethical doctrines of jainism are based on the path of liberation, http://www.goindiago.com/religion/jain/jain.htm

Indian History Ancient India Medieval India Modern India India General Land and People National Symbols Law and Justice Defence ... Cinema Religion Hinduism Islam Christianity Sikhism ... Zorastrianism Art Literature Painting Craft Misc Vaastu Siddha Yoga Sports Cricket Hockey Tennis Golf ... Addresses of Sports Authorities Eduaction Top Colleges Addresses of colleges Jain Philosophy Jainism is an ancient, Indian-born philosophy, dating back to Vedic times. 24 preachers known as `Jinas' (conquerors) or `Tirthankaras' (fordmakers) propounded it across the river of life. Its first founder or `Tirthankara' was one Rishabhadeva mentioned in the Yajur Veda . The 24th and last Tirthankara was Mahavira. It is a Nastik (Atheist) philosophy and does not accept the Vedas to be revelations from God. In fact, it does not believe in a God, though it does believe in re-birth. The ethical doctrines of Jainism are based on the path of liberation, comprising right belief, right knowledge and right conduct. The prescriptions or rules of Jainism are about the way to achieve this liberation. They apply both to ascetics and householders. The householders have twelve Vratas or codes of conduct, five Anuvratas (small vows) and seven Shilavratas (supplementary vows). If the Anuvaratas are strictly performed, they become Mahavratas (Great vows). The Jains have two major sects

115. Indian Odysseys.com - Jain Page One jainism finds its legitimacy for its strong roots in reality or the jainism underscores that the foundation of cosmos is on the premise of sound logic http://www.indianodysseys.com/rnb/jain1.asp

Home Page: Vardhamana Mahavira (599 BC to 527 BC) was the proponent of the philosophy and belief of the triumvirate of tirthankaras, or the founders of the path. Rishaba, Ajithanantha and Aristanemi, the three find mention in the Yajurveda. Those who follow this ideation of a religion are called the Jainas. Although, the origins of the thirthankaras are traced to the Yajurveda, the Jainas do defy the authority of the Vedas on their belief. Although, Jainas are not averse to the idea of God, they do not acknowledge God as creator. Instead, they believe God's reflection through the lives of the 24 thirthankaras. Jainism finds its legitimacy for its strong roots in reality or the perceptions thereof to such substratum. Jainism underscores that the foundation of cosmos is on the premise of sound logic and irrefutable experience traced to retrospection and posterity.

116. Divine Digest - The Complete Guide To All Religions Lord Mahaveer jainism is one of the three Indian philosophies, The way todeliverance according to jainism is, through the Three Jewels, of Right Faith, http://www.divinedigest.com/jainism.htm

Visit our Sponsors Jainism Jainism is one of the three Indian philosophies, the others being Charvaka and Buddhism, which do not accept the authority of Vedas. The most important Jain teacher Theerthankara was Mahaveera. The Jains accept three sources of knowledge. Perception, Inference and Testimony. Jains believe that every judgement is true only from a particular standpoint. To claim that a judgement is unconditionally true leads to dogmatism and intolerance. Jains believe that all physical things are made of atoms. All living things possess a soul like light, the soul pervades the entire body which it inhabits. Consciousness is the essence of the soul. In its perfect condition, a soul possesses perfect knowledge. The karmic matter causes souls to fail to exercise their natural function. The three jewels of Jainism Jains believe that although a soul inherently perfect, usually it finds itself in bondage. A soul's past Karma determines the kind of body it receives and the consequent limitation. The way to deliverance according to Jainism is, through the Three Jewels, of Right Faith, of Right Knowledge and Right Conduct. Right Conduct This involves the practice of five virtues Ahimsa or non-violence Truth speaking Non-stealing Chastity Non-attachments to worldly things The Jains were the first to make non-violence a rule of life. Through the practice of the

117. Kutchi.com - The Internet Community Though many believe jainism and Buddhism are contemporary religions, With thecoming of jainism and Buddhism a new epoch began in the history of India. http://www.kutchi.com/Jainism.html

Jainism JAINA KOJAIN List of KDO Temples in India History of Jainism Though many believe Jainism and Buddhism are contemporary religions, Jainism predates Buddhism by a few decades. Both Jainism and Buddhism were originated by Kshatriya (warrior) class in a reaction against ceremonialism and orthodoxy of the Hindu religion. They both rejected the caste system. With the coming of Jainism and Buddhism a new epoch began in the history of India. Jain religion has survived in India for almost 2,500 years and is the only Sanskritic non-Hindu religion to have done so. The name Jainism derives from the Sanskrit word 'jina' (conqueror). According to Jain tradition, the main proponent of the religion, Mahavira (Great Hero) was born in 599 BC near Patna in Bihar. He was born in a Kshatriya family. At the age of 28 he became an ascetic and meditated for a long time till he attained enlightenment. He preached the principles of Jainism for 30 years and died at Pavapuri (Bihar) in 527 BC. Mahavira is the 24th Tirthankar (liberated souls) in a series of Tirthankars, stretching back through Parshva (the 23rd) to Rishabha. Rishabha, the first Tirthankara, is the original founder of Jainism. It is believed that there were an infinite number of Tirthankars before him, and there are an infinite number to come, although the next is not due for approximately 81,500 years.

118. Jainism: An Introduction Historical background of jainism and Mahaviria. This document contains anhistorical overview of jainism, Mahavira, and the relationship of jainism to http://www.ubfellowship.org/archive/readers/601_jainism.htm

Site Index E-mail us Religious Issues Archive An Introduction to Jainism Dr. Meredith Sprunger This document contains an historical overview of Jainism, Mahavira, and the relationship of Jainism to Hinduism and Buddhism. Basic scriptures are described as well as current day sects. Related Documents in this archive: The Social Problems of Religion Religion in Human Experience The Urantia Book's synopsis of Jainism II. JAINISM The Religion of Asceticism Jainism, founded by Mahavira in the sixth century, has around two million adherents in India most of whom are business people who have wealth and social importance far beyond their numerical significance. Mahavira was part of a great creative period of history which produced Gautama Buddha, Confucius, Lao-tzu, Zoroaster, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah, Thales, Anaximander, Xenophanes, Pythagoras, and Heraclitus. Jainism (conqueror) began as a reformed movement in Hinduism. Both Jainism and Buddhism denied the validity of the Vedas as inspired scripture and rejected the religious implications of the Indian caste system. Mahavira was the son of a minor ruler in northeast India. Before his birth his mother is said to have had fourteen marvelous dreams and their family suddenly prospered. Mahavira married and was the father of a daughter. Despite his position and wealth, he was not happy. At the age of thirty, after the death of his parents, Mahavira bade farewell to his family and his wife and child, turned his back on wealth and luxury and went off to join the ascetics in the pursuit of salvation.

119. Jain jainism, the first religion that taught humanity to be humane. jainism. BY.S.SRIPALL. Anyone who conquers the Karmic bondage accrued to his soul due to his http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/mirrors/vv/scripture/jain.html

Mahavira, (599 BC to 527 BC) The last of the 24 Thirthankaras who established the Jainism, the first religion that taught humanity to be humane JAINISM BY S.SRIPALL Anyone who conquers the Karmic bondage accrued to his soul due to his thoughts, words and deeds becomes Jina i.e. God. To be exact, he attains Godhood. The conqueror is Jina. From this word, Jina, the word Jain has emanated. It is necessary to look into the historicity and contribution of Jains to our country before trying to understand the tenets of Jainism. It is not my intention to propagate any principle or claim any greatness in dealing with the historicity of Jainism. I narrate below the views of scholars both foreign and Indian. It is for the readers to arrive at their own conclusions. 1. There are references to Jain Tirthankars in Rigveda and Yajurveda - ( H. Jacobi 2. Only one interpretation can be given to this and that is in those times, followers of Jainism were, in the main, representatives of pre-Aryan population of the country. This means that there is a basis to assert that the chief components of this non-Vedic religion were engendered by non-Aryan ethical environments.Many contemporary research scholars have also come to the conclusion that the roots of Jainism are significantly more ancient than the middle of the first millennium B.C. It is worthwhile turning attention to the Swastik signs, seen on the seals of cultures of Mohanjadaro and Harappa and which are common in the symbols of Jainism. Swasthika is the symbol of the 7th. Tirthankar, Suparsva, in the Jain tradition. (

120. Jainism jainism ie, the religion of Jina, religious system of India practiced by about5000000 persons. jainism, Ajivika, and Buddhism arose in the 6th cent. http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/society/A0825887.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites Hurricane Katrina Ramadan Children Inventors The Doctor's In ... 2006 TFK Almanac Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Encyclopedia Jainism u m] Pronunciation Key Jainism [i.e., the religion of Jina], religious system of India practiced by about 5,000,000 persons. Jainism, Ajivika , and Buddhism arose in the 6th cent. B.C. as protests against the overdeveloped ritualism of Hinduism , particularly its sacrificial cults, and the authority of the Veda. Jaina tradition teaches that a succession of 24 tirthankaras (saints) originated the religion. The last, Vardhamana, called Mahavira [the great hero] and Jina [the victor], seems to be historical. He preached a rigid asceticism and solicitude for all life as a means of escaping the cycle of rebirth, or the transmigration of souls . Thus released from the rule of karma , the total consequences of past acts, the soul attains nirvana , and hence salvation. Mahavira organized a brotherhood of monks, who took vows of celibacy, nudity, self-mortification, and fasting. Since the 1st cent. A.D.

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