61. Ron Jacobs: Rounding Out Iraq's History The People s history of iraq The iraqi Communist Party, The discussion of this period in iraq s history is quite valuable since very little is http://www.counterpunch.org/jacobs03312005.html

home subscribe donate about us ... events Inside the New Print Edition of CounterPunch: News from Pentagon-Babylon How a Tiny Alaskan Indian Tribe Got Billions in Pentagon Contracts by Jeffrey St. Clair; Dems and Dives by Alexander Cockburn; Spooky Grants: More on the CIA's Recruitment of Campus Professors by David Price. Remember these stories are available exclusively in the print edition of CounterPunch. CounterPunch Online is read by millions of viewers each month! But remember, we are funded solely by the subscribers to the print edition of CounterPunch. Please support this website by buying a subscription to our newsletter, which contains fresh material you won't find anywhere else, or by making a donation for the online edition. Remember contributions are tax-deductible. Click here to make a donation If you find our site useful please: Subscribe Now! Call Toll Free 1-800-840-3683 or write CounterPunch, PO BOX 228, Petrolia, CA 95558 Coming Soon from CounterPunch Books Other Lands Have Dreams: From Baghdad to Pekin Prison by KATHY KELLY Click Here to Order!

62. US And British Support For Hussein Regime - UN Security Council history of Oil in iraq British Colonialism and the Kurds Gulf War and a Decade of Sanctions British Colonialism and Repression in iraq http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/history/husseinindex.htm

about GPF What's New Newsletter Sitemap ... *Opinion Forum US and British Support for Hussein Regime Picture: Donald Rumsfeld, then special US envoy, shaking hands with Saddam Hussein during a visit to Iraq in December, 1983. US Intelligence Helps Saddam’s Party Seize Power in 1963 US and British Support for Saddam in the 1970s and 1980s History of Oil in Iraq British Colonialism and the Kurds ... British Colonialism and Repression in Iraq US Intelligence Helps Saddam’s Party Seize Power in 1963 Saddam Key in Early CIA Plot (April 10, 2003) According to former US intelligence officials and diplomats, the CIA's relationship with Saddam Hussein dates back to 1959, when he was part of a CIA-authorized six-man squad that attempted to assassinate Iraqi Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim. ( United Press International A Tyrant Forty Years in the Making (March 14, 2003) Roger Morris writes of the "regime change" carried out by the CIA in Iraq forty years ago. Among the CIA's actions were attempted political assassinations and the handing over of a list of suspected communists and leftists that led to the deaths of thousands of Iraqis at the hands of Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party. ( New York Times CIA Lists Provide Basis for Iraqi Bloodbath In this excerpt from his classic study of Iraqi politics, Hanna Batatu discusses how the Ba`ath Party seized power for the first time in a military coup in February 1963. He speaks of lists, provided by US intelligence, that enabled the party to hunt down its enemies, particularly the Communists, in a terrible bloodletting.

63. British Colonialism And Repression In Iraq- Global Policy Forum Tripp takes examples from the modern history of iraq to argue that US actions, like those of Britain at an earlier period, reflect the logic of imperial http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/history/britishindex.htm

about GPF What's New Newsletter Sitemap ... *Opinion Forum British Colonialism and Repression in Iraq Picture: Repairs of an armored car from No.1 Company in Iraq, British Royal Air Force, ca. 1923 (IWM HU. 49856, Fagg Collection) Britain set up a colonial regime in Iraq after a long military campaign during World War I. In response to Iraqi resistance, including a country-wide uprising in 1920, British forces battled for over a decade to pacify the country, using airplanes, armored cars, firebombs and mustard gas. Air attacks were used to shock and awe, to teach obedience and to force the collection of taxes. Winston Churchill, as responsible cabinet minister in the early years, saw Iraq as an experiment in high-technology colonial control. Though officials in London sometimes had qualms about the violence, colonial administrators on the ground like Gertrude Bell expressed enthusiasm for the power of the imperial military enterprise. History of Oil in Iraq British Colonialism and the Kurds Gulf War and a Decade of Sanctions US and British Support for Hussein Regime ... Hanna Batatu on Iraq Elections (1978) The great historian of modern Iraq, Hanna Batatu, describes parliamentary elections during British colonial rule. The British hoped that by staging these highly orchestrated elections they could marginalize the forces of secular nationalism. The excerpt also shows how the British relied heavily on the traditional rural leadership in Iraq as a conservative counterweight to nationalists.

64. The Art Newspaper -- News iraq’s history is our history too Archeologists and lawyers are urging the US government to take account of historic sites in iraq as the military draws up http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/article.asp?idart=10250

65. History Of Iraq - DKosopedia iraqhistory. From dKosopedia, the free political encyclopedia. Ancient history. iraq contains Mesopotamia, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates http://www.dkosopedia.com/index.php/Iraq:History

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Page history ... Printable version Not logged in Log in Help History of Iraq (Redirected from Iraq:History Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Ancient History 1.1 Early Civilization 1.2 Assyria's Rise and Fall 1.3 The Arabian Empire and its Successors ... 2.5 The Current Iraq War (2003-Present) Ancient History Iraq contains "Mesopotamia, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, named by the Greeks (meso: "between" potamia: "the rivers"). Mesopotamia is part of the "Fertile Crescent," which curves from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean's eastern shore. It was one of the earliest parts of the world to see surplus-generating agricultural production, which led to the formation of cities and the creation of economic and political systems: civilization. Early Civilization By 6000 BCE the Sumerian people had become established in this region, and the cities which they founded were among the eariliest to have systematic trade, law and written literature. The city period began around 3360 BCE, dominated by warring city states, and saw the rise of temporal monarchs, the creation of astrology and time keeping, and the establishment of organized religion. In 2334 BCE, Sargon I of Akkad established an empire among the city states. Sargon was a semite, and his empire would stand for two centuries, to be overthrown by the Guti, but ultimately falling under the dominion of a Sumerian empire based at the city of Ur. The Sumerian period ended around 2000, with the establishment of an empire centered on the city of Babylon, ruled over by the Amorites. It is this kingdom which was ruled over by

66. Iraq (History) Was Captured By British Forces During The First World War, When T iraq history - was placed under a League of Nations mandate, administered by the United Kingdom. http://www.arab.de/arabinfo/iraqhis.htm

Home page Arab Info Iraq Info Iraq Government ... Links to Iraq Iraq - History when Turkey was allied with Germany, the territory was captured by British forces. In 1920 Iraq was placed under a League of Nations mandate, administered by the UK. In 1921 Amir Faisal ibn Hussain, a member of the Hashemite dynasty of Arabia, was proclaimed King of Iraq, and his brother, Abdullah, was proclaimed Emir of neighbouring Transjordan, also administered by the United Kingdom under a League of Nations mandate. The two new monarchs were sons of Hussain (Hussein) ibn Ali, the Sharif of Mecca, who had proclaimed himself King of the Hijaz (now part of Saudi Arabia) in 1916. Relations with the Syrian Government deteriorated after a younger generation of Baathists seized power in Syria in 1970. A bitter rivalry existed thereafter between Syrian and Iraqi Baathists. Relations with Syria improved in October 1978, when President Assad of Syria visited Baghdad. Plans were announced for eventual complete political and economic union of the two countries. In mid-1990 the Iraqi Government criticized countries (principally Kuwait and the UAE) which had persistently produced petroleum in excess of the quotas imposed by OPEC.

67. AllRefer.com - Iraq : History : Early History Through British Influence, Middle AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information on iraq history Early history through British Influence, Middle Eastern http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/I/Iraq-history.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 22, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Middle Eastern Political Geography ... Iraq By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z I Iraq, Middle Eastern Political Geography Related Category: Middle Eastern Political Geography Iraq or Irak [both: E Pronunciation Key History- Early History through British Influence Iraq is a veritable treasure house of antiquities, and recent archaeological excavations have greatly expanded the knowledge of ancient history. Prior to the Arab conquest in the 7th cent. A.D. , Iraq had been the site of a number of flourishing civilizations, including the Sumer , which developed one of the earliest known writing systems, Akkad Babylonia , and Assyria . The capital of the Abbasid caliphate was established at Baghdad in the 8th cent. and the city became a famous center for learning and the arts. Despite fierce resistance, Mesopotamia fell to the Ottoman Turks in the 16th cent. and passed under direct Ottoman administration in the 19th cent. (see Ottoman Empire , when it came to constitute the three Turkish provinces of Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul. At this time the area became of great interest to the European powers, especially the Germans, who wanted to extend the Berlin-Baghdad railroad all the way to the port of Kuwait.

68. AllRefer.com - 1Up Info - Iraq : History : The Ascension Of Saddam Hussein, Midd Encyclopedia resource provides complete information on iraq, Middle Eastern Political Geography. Includes related research links. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/I/Iraq-history-the-ascension-of-sadda

You are here 1Up Info Encyclopedia Middle Eastern Political Geography Iraq ... Middle Eastern Political Geography SEARCH allRefer Encyclopedia A - Z A B C ... Z Iraq Related Category: Middle Eastern Political Geography Iraq or Irak [both: r Pronunciation Key History- The Ascension of Saddam Hussein In 1979, President Bakr resigned, and Saddam Hussein Takriti assumed control of the government. He immediately purged the Ba'ath party after an unsuccessful coup, killing leftist members. War between Iran and Iraq, primarily over the Shatt al Arab waterway, erupted full-scale in 1980 (see Iran-Iraq War ). The eight-year war became a series of mutual attacks and stalemates, as both countries' oil production fell drastically, the death toll rose, and great mutual destruction was inflicted. Poison gas was reportedly used by both sides, and by Iraq on Kurdish villages as the Kurdish rebellion continued. Eventually, a cease-fire under the auspices of the United Nations led to the war's end in 1988. Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990. Throughout 1989 and into 1990, Hussein's repressive policies and continued arms buildup caused international criticism, particularly in the United States, which had favored Iraq during the war with Iran. Hostility against Israel increased, particularly after Israel's bombing of the Osirak nuclear reactor in Iraq in 1981. Hussein accused neighboring Kuwait in July, 1990, with flooding world oil markets, causing oil prices to decrease and threatening Iraq's attempts to boost its war-torn economy. On Aug. 2, 1990, some 120,000 Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait, and Hussein declared its annexation (see

69. Iraq - History the Republic of iraq, is quite young, the history of the land and its people Indeed, iraq contains the world s richest known archaeological sites. http://countrystudies.us/iraq/11.htm

History Iraq Table of Contents The dual nature of the Tigris and the Euphratestheir potential to be destructive or productivehas resulted in two distinct legacies found throughout Iraqi history. On the one hand, Mesopotamia's plentiful water resources and lush river valleys allowed for the production of surplus food that served as the basis for the civilizing trend begun at Sumer and preserved by rulers such as Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.), Cyrus (550-530 B.C.), Darius (520-485 B.C.), Alexander (336-323 B.C.), and the Abbasids (750-1258). The ancient cities of Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria all were located in what is now Iraq. Surplus food production and joint irrigation and flood control efforts facilitated the growth of a powerful and expanding state. Mesopotamia could also be an extremely threatening environment, however, driving its peoples to seek security from the vicissitudes of nature. Throughout Iraqi history, various groups have formed autonomous, self-contained social units. Allegiance to ancient religious deities at Ur and Eridu, membership in the Shiat Ali (or party of Ali, the small group of followers that supported Ali ibn Abu Talib as rightful leader of the Islamic community in the seventh century), residence in the asnaf (guilds) or the mahallat (city quarters) of Baghdad under the Ottoman Turks, membership in one of a multitude of tribessuch efforts to build autonomous security-providing structures have exerted a powerful centrifugal force on Iraqi culture.

70. Iraq Resource Information Site - News History Culture People Archeology Mytholog Learn the truth about iraqi history, culture, people, archeology, mythology, and oppression (sanctions, saddam hussein, Persian Gulf Iran iraq Wars) with http://www.geocities.com/iraqinfo/home.html

Iraq Resource Information Site ( I.R.I.S. IRIS is an online collection of resources documenting the history, culture, people, archeology, Islam, mythology, current events, and oppression of modern day Iraq... more. Use the index on your left and the top frame as a guide. Need Help? NEWS Iraqi workers transfer sugar from Turkish trucks to Iraqi trucks on Tuesday, June 25 2002 at the Iraqi-Turkish border point in Faida, Iraq some 420 km north of Baghdad. Faida is an important border post for trade. Similar points are also serving investors and traders from Syria, Iran and Jordan. Another trading point will be opened soon in the Arar area for trade with Saudi Arabia for the first time in ten years. 6/22-29 News Reports by Peter Brooke, CASI Discussion Special Reports: Topple Saddam - but how? The Iraq Hawks Political Cartoons: See Gallery NEWS Featured Editorials Sanctions Against Iraq Are Genocide by George Bisharat, Seattle Post-Intelligencer (5/3/02) Iraq War: The Coming Disaster by Immanuel Wallerstein, LA Times (4/14/02) For a Lasting Peace In Iraq by Leah C. Wells, Jordan Times (3/29/02)

71. Iraq & Our Energy Future - Biochemical Arms History iraq s history and Current Involvement. iraq s involvement with chemical and biological warfare is assumed to have its roots in Soviet military aid. http://www.uwec.edu/grossmzc/xiongmn.html

Biochemical Arms History Mai Nhia Xiong xiongmn@uwec.edu Part of , by students of at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, USA, Spring 2003. Professor Zoltan Grossman IRAQ WAR Oil connections Costs of war Consuming resources Iraq ecosystems ... Nuclear options RENEWABLE ENERGIES Overview Global oil Solar Wind ... Animal waste A class project by students in International Environmental (Geography 378, Spring 2003, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire) Assistant Professor of Geography Zoltan Grossman grossmzc@uwec.edu P.O. Box 4004, Eau Claire, WI 54702 USA "In no future war will the military be able to ignore poison gas. It is a higher form of killing." German professor Fritz Haber, pioneer of gas warfare, upon receiving the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1919 It is simply not enough anymore that in these modern times biological and chemical weapons are being used in combat. Sudden occurrences of communicable diseases still plague our modern society just as they did during medieval times, only now, man can purposely inflict such terrible and uncurable illness upon eachother through bio-chemical warfare. Global Overview As found on the PBS NOVA online website, , the first documented occurrences of biochemicals being used in warfare date back to the early 1300's through the1400's. When loaded with diseased bodies, wood-frame catapults were biological weapons.

72. Asia Times -Iraq's History Already Written iraq s history already written By K Gajendra Singh US chief administrator L Paul Bremer unveiled iraq s 25member governing council in Baghdad on Sunday. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/EG15Ak01.html

Search Asia Times Advanced Search Middle East Iraq's history already written By K Gajendra Singh US chief administrator L Paul Bremer unveiled Iraq's 25-member governing council in Baghdad on Sunday. It now looks like the beginnings of the rule by the British Governor Sir Percy Cox in the 1920s, after the British had carved out three provinces of the Ottoman empire after its collapse in World War I. After a long national resistance, King Feisel II - of a British-appointed dynasty - and his prime minister, Nuri-as Said, were overthrown and killed in a 1958 military takeover. The new council (1) replacing Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party regime consists of 13 Shi'ite Arab members ( who form nearly 60 percent of Iraq's 24 million population but who had for many years been excluded by the Sunni elite), five Sunni Arabs, five ethnic Sunni Kurds, who have lived in autonomous north Iraq since 1991, one Turkoman and one Assyrian Christian. The council includes three women and some tribal leaders. But it is not yet clear whether the council will have one leader, or some kind of a joint or rotating leadership.

73. Iraq Country Guide - History And Government - World Travel Guide Provided By Col World Travel Guide iraq - Overview, Visa and Passport requirements, vacation advice, holiday guide, international travel, travel agent, business trip, http://www.travel-guide.com/data/irq/irq580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/MiddleEast/Iraq/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Iraq hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Iraq Iraq History and Government History: Mesopotamia – the core of modern Iraq – was at the heart of the Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires between the seventh century BC and AD 100. After brief spells under the rule of the Romans and the Sassanids (a minor regional power at the time), the Arabs conquered Iraq in AD 633. The Arab Caliphate had control of the territory during the late 12th and early 13th centuries before being dislodged by the Mongols. At the end of the 14th century Iraq, Azerbaijan to the north, Persia and parts of Turkey, Syria and Transcaucasia were conquered and subsumed into the empire ruled by Timur (also known as Tamerlane). The Turks were the next imperial invaders, ruling from the early 1500s until the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. In 1920, Iraq was placed under a League of Nations mandate administered by the UK, whose forces had occupied most of the country. The Hashemite Amir Faisal ibn Hussain, brother of the new ruler of neighbouring Jordan, Abdallah, was proclaimed King in 1921. The country achieved independence in 1932, but British forces intervened once again in 1941 to prevent a pro-Nazi coup. British troops were finally withdrawn in 1947. In 1958, the Hashemite Dynasty was overthrown by a group of radical army officers inspired by the example of Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, and led by Brigadier Abdul al-Karim Kassem. The new regime failed to consolidate its position, however, and relied on a precarious coalition of forces, which quickly disintegrated.

74. BBC NEWS | Middle East | History Lost In Dust Of War-torn Iraq Archaeologist Joanne Farchakh tells how iraq s past was looted and crushed in the chaos and unconcern of war. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/-/2/hi/middle_east/4461755.stm

News Sport Weather World Service ... Newswatch LANGUAGES Arabic Persian Pashto Turkish ... More Last Updated: Monday, 25 April 2005, 06:54 GMT 07:54 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version History lost in dust of war-torn Iraq By Joanne Farchakh Bajjaly Independent archaeologist and journalist Carved cylinders were rolled across soft clay to form an identifiable seal It is two years since looters ravaged one of the world's most important museums, in central Baghdad. Saddam Hussein's power had collapsed and the newly arrived US-led coalition forces were unable to prevent a crime against history. Professional smugglers connected to the international antiquities mafia managed to break some of the sealed doors of the Baghdad Museum storage rooms. They looted priceless artefacts such as the museum's entire collection of cylindrical seals and large numbers of Assyrian ivory carvings. More than 15,000 objects were taken. Many were smuggled out of Iraq and offered for sale. To date, 3,000 have been recovered in Baghdad, some returned by ordinary citizens, others by the police. In addition, more than 1,600 objects have been seized in neighbouring countries, some 300 in Italy and more than 600 in the United States.

75. How Iraq's History Is Being Written By The Aggressors How iraq s history is being written by the aggressors. The distortions and lies of the British media. By Redress Information Analysis http://www.redress.btinternet.co.uk/media.htm

Spotlight How Iraq's history is being written by the aggressors The distortions and lies of the British media 11 April 2003 HOME SPOTLIGHT MENU History is written by the victors. Already, before the Anglo-American conquest of Iraq is even complete, the creation of myths, the distortion of facts and the abuse of language is in full swing, with hacks, propagandists, "analysts" and politicians - some of whom cannot even pronounce the name "Iraq" - in the driving seat. Conquest has become liberation. The heroic resistance fighters have become terrorists. Looters and outright criminals have become figures of admiration, their crimes symbols of their newly-found freedom, to be marvelled at rather than condemned. Genuine joy at the fall of a tyrant is being deliberately and misleadingly portrayed as an expression of welcome for the invaders. Some of these misrepresentations may be the result of genuine ignorance and the lack of professionalism on the part of journalists, particularly the embedded ones, many of whom are poorly-trained and inexperienced but fiercely ambitious freelancers who have been temporarily hired by the big broadcasting networks specifically to cover the aggression against Iraq. For these journalists, this is their "big break", their chance to "make it" to the national and global media with false scoops and the distortion of events which, for them, become "news" only when simplified beyond any recognition. They have little time to check their sources or corroborate their facts, let alone learn about the history and culture of Iraq and its neighbours. Here, the soundbite and the drama are far more important than the truth, which might not appeal to their bosses and the political elite back home.

76. ALMISBAH: Regions, Nations And Peoples: Particular Regions: Arabic East: Iraq: H Keywords, iraq; history; conflict; H?usain, S?addam, DETAILS Keywords, turkmen; iraq; organizations; history; politics; human rights, DETAILS http://ssgdoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vlib/ssgfi/subject/almisbah_ssg0302020203_

ALMISBAH: Regions, Nations and Peoples: Particular Regions: Arabic East: Iraq: History, Politics (WWW) Source Type Newspapers and News Sites URL http://www.alshahid.com/ Keywords DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 2. Archives Hub : Collections of the Month March 2003: Iraq Source Type Source Materials Archives URL http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/mar03.shtml Keywords Great Britain; colonies; mandates; archives; archival resources; Iraq DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 3. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace : Proliferation News and Resources Source Type Topical Websites URL http://www.ceip.org/files/nonprolif/ Keywords Iran; Iraq; Israel; nuclear nonproliferation; nuclear arms control; online publications; treaties DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 4. Confronting Iraq : U.S. Policy and the Use of Force Since the Gulf War Source Type Single Articles / Books URL http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1146/ Keywords Iraq; United States; foreign relations; military policy; online publications DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 5. Crisis with Iraq

77. Iraq : History : Selected Internet Resources (Portals To The World, Library Of C Selected Internet Resources iraq history . Portals to the World contain selective links providing authoritative, indepth information about the nations http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/amed/iraq/resources/iraq-history.html

The Library of Congress Global Gateway Portals to the World Iraq Find in Portals Web Pages Global Gateway Pages All Library Web Pages Iraq : History May include timelines, chronologies, biographical dictionaries, auxiliary studies (e.g. stamps and coins). Created and maintained by the Collections and Services Directorate Arab Net (http://www.arab.net/) It is a major Arab website that contains information on the government, history, geography, business, culture, transport, tourism of each country, and provides links to other relevant websites. The Country and People of Arab Countries (http://www.hejleh.com/countries/) Arranges links to many web sites by topics. Encyclopedia.com (http://www.encyclopedia.com) From the Electronic Library, searching the Encyclopedia.com by country provides numerous narrative articles on its history, culture, politics. Fares.net (http://www.fares.net) Site includes a directory and a list of sites on a wide range of subjects including tourism, entertainment, culture, the media, news and business in English and Arabic. Search under the name of the country. Infoplease (http://www.infoplease.com/)

78. << CounterCurrents.org >> Vandalization of iraq s history. By Robert Fisk, In Baghdad iraq s history had already been trashed by the looters whom the Americans unleashed on the http://www.countercurrents.org/iraq-fisk13403.htm

Iraq Communalism Globalisation WSF In India ... Contact Us Vandalization of Iraq's History By Robert Fisk, In Baghdad 13 April 2003 They lie across the floor in tens of thousands of pieces, the priceless antiquities of Iraq's history. The looters had gone from shelf to shelf, systematically pulling down the statues and pots and amphorae of the Assyrians and the Babylonians, the Sumerians, the Medes, the Persians and the Greeks and hurling them on to the concrete. Our feet crunched on the wreckage of 5,000-year-old marble plinths and stone statuary and pots that had endured every siege of Baghdad, every invasion of Iraq throughout history ­ only to be destroyed when America came to "liberate" the city. The Iraqis did it. They did it to their own history, physically destroying the evidence of their own nation's thousands of years of civilisation. A queue of respectably dressed Baghdad ex-cops formed a queue outside the Palestine Hotel in Baghdad after they heard a radio broadcast calling for them to resume their "duties" on the streets. In the late afternoon, at least eight former and very portly senior police officers, all wearing green uniforms ­ the same colour as the uniforms of the Iraqi Baath party ­ turned up to offer their services to the Americans, accompanied by a US Marine. But there was no sign that any of them would be sent down to the Museum of Antiquity.

79. Iraqi History Books And Articles - Research Iraqi History At PART II THE history OF iraq 111 provision following the iraqi invasion of iraq, 1900 to 1950 A Political, Social, and Economic history http://www.questia.com/library/history/middle-eastern-history/iraq/iraqi-history

80. Juan Cole * Informed Comment * history, Middle East, South Asia, Religious Studies, War on Terror. specter of a development that many who know the history of iraq have long feared, http://www.juancole.com/

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=3463907"); Informed Comment Thoughts on the Middle East, History, and Religion Juan Cole is Professor of History at the University of Michigan Thursday, September 22, 2005 US Bombs Dhulu'iyyah Basra declares Noncooperation US warplanes bombed the small Sunni Arab city of Dhulu'iyyah (Thuluiya) on Wednesday. The bombing is unlikely to be an effective counter-insurgency measure. In fact, it appears to be a simple sort of tribal revenge, where the US military is punishing the city for the killing in the general area of 4 US private security guards the day before. I think it would have been better to do nothing rather than to reply to the incident with a bombing campaign, which will likely harm innocents and just drive more people into the arms of the guerrillas. You really have to wonder if this Reuters reporter and whoever wrote the headline are on the same page. The report is about how returnees to the city of Tal Afar find it still so insecure that they are leaving again, while many other former residents are afraid to return. The International Committee of the Red Cross is complaining about being excluded from inspections; apparently they are expecting to find substantial damage to buildings in the city. The Tal Afar campaign netted very few captives, and most guerrillas appear to have escaped. It involved setting Kurdish peshmerga fighters on Turkmen; given the severe tension between the two groups, this strategy may be sowing the seed of violence far into the future.

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