61. Homework Inventor s Hall of Fame Biographies of 19th 20th century inventors in America . Masters of Photography Selected modern photographers with bios, http://www.marion.lib.in.us/TeenScene/Homework.htm

Marion Public Library 600 S. Washington Street Marion, Indiana 46953-1992 Phone: 765-668-2900 Fax: 765-668-2911 Contact us Directories Fine Arts Mythology ... Homework Hotline The Homework Hotline provides middle and high school students with math and science homework help free of charge and after school hours. Students who call the Hotline number will speak to a Rose-Hulman student tutor working from the Learning Center on Rose-Hulman's campus in Terre Haute, Indiana. The toll free number is 1-877-275-7673 - Sunday through Thursday from 7 to 10 p.m. Drive Home Safe A teen driving website center for parents and future teen drivers needing solutions, instruction, statistics and education on everything about safe teen driving. Go Ask Alice The mission of Go Ask Alice! is to increase access to, and use of, health information by providing factual, in-depth, straight-forward, and nonjudgmental information. How Stuff Works Find out how stuff works!

62. LBCC Library -- African-Americans: Overcoming Obstacles & Achieving Innovation: African American Inventor Series list of inventors and inventions Biographical Profiles http//www.africawithin.com/bios/bios.htm http://lib.lbcc.edu/handouts/aframersoc.html

Subject Guides: African-Americans African-Americans: The Bald Eagle, the American Badge of Freedom Between 1650 and 1750, African slaves were present in all of the colonies along with African-American freemen. By 1680, however, Virginians and others considered the African slaves vital to their economy and would not relinquish their grip on slavery or their newfound wealth born on the bent backs of others. The status of indentured servants who could obtain eventual freedom turned to legalized lifetime slavery for the individual and his/her progeny forever and ever. Jumping the Broom African-American wedding tradition born of slavery Freedom Denied American Slave Market by Taylor, 1852 See enlargement Some of the many injustices that the slaves endured were the laws making it illegal for them to marry, being traded and sold by the owner's will and not allowed to stay with their families, seeing their women raped and forced to bare children as additional slaves for their brutal white owners. Slaves were denied education and the opportunity to learn to read. Segregation in all aspects of life followed African-Americans well into the last century, including entrance into schools and into employment.

63. Who's Who In Magic History L-M | MagicTricks.Com: The Magician's Magic Shop dotpurple.gif (326 bytes), Use the Search Box to locate a specific name Magician, author and inventor of a number of magic effects, including Squeezaway http://www.magictricks.com/bios/whoswholm.htm

MAGIC SHOP LIBRARY MUSEUM SITE MAP ... REAL NAMES L-M Magicians' Biographies Use the Search Box to locate a specific name Use the Alphabetical Index to browse pages by first initial of last name Additions? Corrections? Please contact us This is an enormous project, and we realize that we still have a lot of bios to add. If you would like to contribute information about a well-known magician who should be listed here, please contact us and please include your source of information Enjoy the facts here, but please don't copy this information and post it on your own web site . It took many hours of research to compile and we thank you for not stealing our work. L Lafayette (1872-1911) German-born illusionist (real name Sigmund Neuberger) noted for his elaborate stage settings and spectacular showmanship. He began his career as an imitator of Ching Ling Foo , but became one of the highest-paid performers in vaudeville. His excellent quick-change routine as well as dramatic illusions such as his own

64. Who's Who In Magic History A-B | MagicTricks.Com: The Magician's Magic Shop dotpurple.gif (326 bytes), Use the Search Box to locate a specific name Magician and magic inventor who devised such effects as the Floating Ball, http://www.magictricks.com/bios/whoswhoab.htm

MAGIC SHOP LIBRARY MUSEUM SITE MAP ... REAL NAMES A-B Magicians' Biographies Use the Search Box to locate a specific name Use the Alphabetical Index to browse pages by first initial of last name Additions? Corrections? Please contact us This is an enormous project, and we realize that we still have a lot of bios to add. If you would like to contribute information about a well-known magician who should be listed here, please contact us and please include your source of information Enjoy the facts below, but please don't copy this information and post it on your own web site . It took many hours of research to compile and we thank you for not stealing our work. A BACK TO TOP Aba-Daba (b.1947) Mexican comedy magician (real name Carlos Calderon Ramirez). Abbot, Anthony Pen name of Fulton Oursler Abbott, Annie May Billed as the "Little Georgia Magnet", her act consisted of feats of weight and motion resistance. Despite her tiny size, large male volunteers would be unable to lift her or move a pool cue in her hand. She was most famous during the late 1800's, and was known throughout the world.

65. History US History (specific Sources) Spotlight on American inventors Links and biosof several dozen US inventors from the Smithsonian Institute. http://www.carmelhigh.org/Library/history.htm

U.S. History (General Sources) SCORE: History/Social Science Research and instructional resources for teachers and students created by Schools of California Online Resources for Education. American Memory The Library of Congress's historical archives of primary documents. Primary Source Digital Archives and Collections "Documents, images, recordings, diaries, letters, drawings, and memoirs, created by those who participated in or witnessed the events of the past." Chico High School's webliography of excellent web-based primary resources. Twentieth Century Resources by Decades Thanks to Chico High School Historic Documents of the United States of America. Historical and Cultural Maps U.S. History (Specific Sources) MayflowerHistory Complete site dealing with the Mayflower, the Pilgrims, and early Plymouth Colony. The Amistad Case The Cherokee Nation Background to the "Trail of Tears" presented by the state of Georgia, includes other tribes as well.

66. Speaker Bios A-H for Datapoint Corporation, the inventor of ARCnet, the first local area network . His specific expertise is in the development of SGML products and http://www2.gca.org/knowledgetechnologies/2001/bios.htm

HOME WHAT IS KT2001? WHO WILL ATTEND? WHY NOW? ... REGISTRATION CONFERENCE CHAIR Dianne Kennedy InfoLoom, Inc. PRESENTED BY: a b c d e ... z A Kal Ahmed , Principal Consultant, Ontopia Kal Ahmed is Principal Consultant with Ontopia, a company dedicated to creating topic map software. He has been involved in structured information standards for 6 years as a developer and consultant. He is a member of the Topicmaps.Org Working Group which produced the XML Topic Maps (XTM) specification and has presented a number of papers relating to topic maps and their practical uses. Kal is also the developer and maintainer of TM4J, an open source topic map processor written in Java. B Dave Beckett , Technical Researcher, Institute for Learning and Research Technology, University of Bristol David Beckett has worked as a Technical Researcher at the Institute for Learning and Research Technology at the University of Bristol since June 2000. His research interests include developing Internet technology for resource discovery based on metadata solutions such as the Dublin Core, RDF and XML with distributed web crawling. He previously held a research post at the University of Kent at Canterbury working on the Internet Parallel Computing Archive subject gateway and the UK Mirror Service project developing the RDF-based metadata management and resource discovery system.

67. EP1030237 Hewlett European Software Patent - Trusted Hardware Device In A Comput Once the hash has been returned, the final instruction calls the bios 0006The present inventors have appreciated that it is desirable to use a http://gauss.ffii.org/PatentView/EP1030237

Gauss Search: Login GaussFrontPage RecentChanges FindPage ... Show Parent Immutable Page Show Changes Get Info More Actions: Show Raw Text Show Print View Delete Cache Attachments Check Spelling Show Like Pages Show Local Site Map Rename Page Delete Page PatentView Software Patent: Trusted hardware device in a computer Table of contents: Bibliography Abstract Description Claims ... Sources Bibliography Title Trusted hardware device in a computer Title - german Vertrautes hardware-ger¤t in einem rechner Title - french Dispositif mat©riel de s©curit© dans un ordinateur EP Status Not valid. Application withdrawn Applicant Hewlett packard co US Inventors ... Equivalents None Filing date Publish date Grant Date Publication no. ... Application no. Abstract In a computing platform, a trusted hardware device (14) is added to the motherboard (10). The trusted hardware device (14) is configured to acquire an integrity metric, for example a hash of the BIOS memory (19), of the computing platform. The trusted hardware device (14) is tamper-resistant, difficult to forge and inaccessible to other functions of the platform. The hash can be used to convince users that that the operation of the platform (hardware or software) has not been subverted in some way, and is safe to interact with in local or remote applications. In more detail, the main processing unit (11) of the computing platform is directed to address the trusted hardware device (14), in advance of the BIOS memory, after release from 'reset'. The trusted hardware device (14) is configured to receive memory read signals from the main processing unit (11) and, in response, return instructions, in the native language of the main processing unit (11), that instruct the main processing unit to establish the hash and return the value to be stored by the trusted hardware device (14). Since the hash is calculated in advance of any other system operations, this is a relatively strong method of verifying the integrity of the system. Once the hash has been returned, the final instruction calls the BIOS program and the system boot procedure continues as normal.

68. EP1221123 Hewlett European Software Patent - Electronic Commerce System - Gauss Typically, in a personal computer the bios program is located in a special reserved which then hands control over to the platformspecific bios program, http://gauss.ffii.org/PatentView/EP1221123

Gauss Search: Login GaussFrontPage RecentChanges FindPage ... Show Parent Immutable Page Show Changes Get Info More Actions: Show Raw Text Show Print View Delete Cache Attachments Check Spelling Show Like Pages Show Local Site Map Rename Page Delete Page PatentView Software Patent: Electronic commerce system Table of contents: Bibliography Abstract Description Claims ... Sources Bibliography Title Electronic commerce system Title - german Elektronisches handelssystem Title - french Systeme de commerce electronique EP Status Pending application Applicant Hewlett packard co US Inventors ... Equivalents W , W , E Filing date Publish date Grant Date Publication no. ... Application no. Abstract A method of brokering a transaction between a consumer and a vendor by a broker, wherein the consumer, the broker and the vendor are all attached to a public network, the consumer having a secure token containing a true consumer identity. The method comprising the steps of: the consumer obtaining a temporary identity from the broker by using the true consumer identity from the secure token; the consumer selecting a purchase to be made from the vendor, the consumer requesting the purchase from the vendor and providing the temporary identity to the vendor; the vendor requesting transaction authorisation from the broker by forwarding the request and the temporary identity to the broker; the broker matching the temporary identity to a current list of temporary identities, and obtaining the true consumer identity; the broker providing authorisation for the transaction based on transaction details and true consumer identity.

69. Product Pending - Licensing Your Invention - Product Pending Licensing Opportuni AIM is a licensing agent for independent inventors and corporations and acts as a Contact The AIM Group New Product Press Releases Employee bios http://www.productpending.com/listofservices.html

New Patented Products Jeep® Wheelbarrow Dealers Jeep® Product Line Jeep® Wheelbarrows Homepage ... Employee Bios Licensing Your Invention LICENSING AGENTS FOR INDEPENDENT INVENTORS Since The AIM Group exclusively services individual inventors and small companies with limited financial resources, it does not require up-front fees for the evaluation, marketing and/or licensing functions that are provided. With this business philosophy, The AIM Group selects only those inventions that the firm feels have significant promise and are within The AIM Group niche of expertise. Once The AIM Group decides to undertake a project, it then prepares and submits a marketing agreement, which outlines the responsibilities of both The AIM Group and the inventor as licensor. Since we are investing our own time and capital, The AIM Group formulates a market strategy that is based on proven market entry principles to increase the chances for success of the marketing and/or license programs. Because each product is unique in the way it must be manufactured and marketed, there is no set formula for how your new invention will be sold. The AIM Group will provide you with a comprehensive marketing and licensing program that includes a comprehensive "License Agreement" that was developed by The AIM Group principals for their own inventions. Elements of this document are compiled from several Fortune 500 companies' licensing agreements with specific clauses designed to protect the independent inventor. Of course, we will tailor a licensing agreement to the individual inventor's product and vary the terms depending on the negotiation process with potential licensees.

70. Lowell Folk Festival 2002- Performer Bios (Text Only) 2004 Performer bios The African influence can be seen in the specific rhythmsused, including son, paseo, puya, and merengue, along with the small drum http://www.lowellfolkfestival.org/textpages/biographiestext.htm

July 23-25, 2004 Performers Activities Schedules Volunteer ... Festival Partners 2004 Performer Bios (Page Last Updated July 16, 2004 The Abyssinians Roots Reggae “Satta Massagana” became one of reggae’s most popular songs; a Rastafarian hymn based on the Ethiopian Amharic language. It was released on the most famous Jamaican roots label, Coxsone Dodd’s Studio One. The spiritual message of this song made it an anthem heard on radios, in dance halls, and even in the churches of Jamaica. A string of hits followed including “Declaration of Rights”, “Yimmasgan” and “Let My Days Be Long." So the Abyssinians are that rarest of entities, a founding band and original sound of reggae that can still be experienced in live concert. The Bronx New Heaven Shout Band African American gospel brass band "Praise him with sound of the trumpet; praise him with the psaltery and harp. Praise him with the timbrel [tambourine] and dance; praise him with string instruments and organs. Praise him upon the loud cymbals; praise him upon the high sounding cymbals. Let everything that hath breath praise the Lord." The United House of Prayer for All People takes literally this directive of Psalm 150: 3-6. Through their all brass "shout bands," congregants of the United House of Prayer offer up joyous sounds of praise through this unique African American sacred musical style. The Bronx New Heaven Shout Band is one of today’s most exciting bands to carry on this tradition.

71. DNA Bridges, Inc. > Our Team publication and presentation record and is an inventor on several issued Gorman, CM and Bullock C. (2000) Sitespecific integration techniques for http://www.dnabridges.com/bios/bio_cori.htm

DNA Bridges, - Bridging Science and Products Expert consulting and professional services in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical and diagnostic industries. Strategic solutions based on 30 years of industry experience. Home Services Our Team Hot Topics/News ... our team Cori Gorman, Ph.D., M.B.A. Cori Gorman, Ph.D., M.B.A., Principal DNA Bridges, Inc. 177 Post Street, Suite #900 San Francisco, CA 94108 415 DNA-0442 Telephone 415 421-5510 Fax cori@dnabridges.com EXAMPLES OF TECHNICAL BACKGROUND Amplification Systems Recombinant Antibody Expression PATENTS PATENT ISSUED TITLE Cationic lipid:DNA complexes for gene targeting Method for preparing soluble analogues of integrins Cationic lipid:DNA complexes for gene targeting Soluble analogues of integrins Host cells and method of producing soluble analogues of integrins Transient expression system for producing recombinant protein SELECTED PUBLICATIONS ** indicates a classic citation as deemed by Science Citations Gorman, CM

72. Invention Resources Nikola Tesla, Inventor Grades 5-12 - Bogdan R. Kosanovic, Students workingon inventor projects will find these bios a welcome change from the http://www.teachersfirst.com/lessons/inventor/invention.htm

Lesson Materials: Be Inventive - Here's a classroom activity from the Boston Museum of Science that asks students to create their own inventions to solve a problem of their own choosing. Based arounsd Leonardo DaVinci's and the properties of simple machines, the unit asks students to design their own invention. Moving Along with Simple Machines Grades 3-5 - Here's a four-week unit on simple machines developed by Georgia's Henry County Public Schools. The unit includes machine-specific activities, as well as connections to social studies, language arts, and other subject areas. Simple Machines Lesson - A 1995 paper delivered for Texas science educators, this page, nonetheless offers lots of activities and lesson ideas for teaching about simple machines. All text, but useful text! Web Resources: Ancient Inventions - Grades 4-8 This is a collection of inventions from antiquity compiled by students and faculty at Smith College. There are scores of ancient oddities, with photos and descriptions of each. It's a great site to show that people have been inventing things for centuries. Exploring Leonardo Grades 4 - 12 How Things Work Complete Computer Solutions - Grades K-12 Read a text explanation of how a fountain pen works or how a pneumatic hammer works. This would be a great reference for students of physics or inventions. It would also go well in a unit on inventions for any age, though the reading level is middle school or above.

73. Speaker Bios TOY FAIR Education Program 2005 Speaker bios. Tom Asacker, Author Previously,he was Vice President of Business Development and Inventor Relations at http://www.toy-tia.org/Content/NavigationMenu/TIA_Trade_Shows_and_Events/America

Advanced Search Members Login Contact Us Toy Net ... Education Program Speaker Bios TOY FAIR Education Program 2005 - Speaker Bios Tom Asacker, Author In management guru Tom Peter's newly released book, Re-imagine !, Peters refers to Asacker as a "marketing guru." More often described as a catalyst and non-conformist, Tom Asacker is a writer, brand strategist and public speaker with a unique specialization - advancing business relationships by helping organizations transition from being "economically driven" to being "emotionally driven." His philosophies are outlined in his highly acclaimed book series Sandbox Wisdom and in his leadership guide from Successories titled: A Brand New World . His latest book A Clear Eye for Branding , is due to be released in early 2005. Tom is a former corporate executive and high-tech business owner, as well as a student and critic of popular culture. Beyond his success as an entrepreneur and author, Tom is a recipient of the George Land Innovator of the Year Award; he holds medical patents and product design awards; and he is recognized by Inc. Magazine

74. GNED 117 Outline Describe the environments effecting the inventor If the invention is notidentified with a specific person you may focus on describing the people in http://www.witiger.com/centennialcollege/GNED117/assig117.htm

GNED 117 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY As taught by Prof. Tim Richardson Toronto, Canada BIOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENT The purpose of this assignment is to help you understand how individual persons can discover / invent some "technological application of science" which, depending on the surrounding circumstances, can have a long-term effect on human life. Sometimes an invention is special because if it did not take place, humans would continue to suffer some bad condition. Sometimes an invention is not really an invention of a new thing, but rather a "discovery" of a principle which, when understood, allows humans to do things which they could not previously understand.example: magnets. Sometimes an invention has strong social consequences which are beneficial eg. paper for communicating; and sometimes an invention or discovery has very negative consequences, eg. gunpowder used to propel projectiles You task is to choose a person (or group of people) from history (any time period) and describe: 1. The main discovery / invention that they are most famous for This must be something with clear technological implications, and not just pure science

75. Science Sizzlers The second set of sites includes a number of specific science subject resources Read through the Inventor s Handbook; learn about the Inventor of the http://www.crinkles.com/CC5.html

Science Sizzlers A number of "hot" science sites are outstanding resources. The first set of weblinks features both comprehensive sources that will provide a path to subject links and also lists outstanding sites that are well-established. The second set of sites includes a number of specific science subject resources that will be of interest. Sizzlin' Classics Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics and Environmental Education http://www.ericse.org/ Community Learning Network http://www.cln.org/ Eisenhower National Clearinghouse (ENC) http://www.enc.org/ Established in 1992, and funded through the U.S. Department of Education, the ENC is housed at the Ohio State University. The website features numerous links and curriculum resources for science and math educators. An exceptional site with a wealth of information. Eisenhower Clearinghouse: Digital Dozen http://www.enc.org/weblinks/dd/ Keep abreast of some of the best educational science and math websites by tuning in to this site on the first of each month which highlights 13 terrific sites. Eric's Treasure Trove of Scientific Biography http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/

76. Paul A. LaBerge - US Patent Inventor - Patent Storm Paul A. LaBerge Patented inventions by inventor Paul A. LaBerge. An applicationspecific integrated circuit has at least one standard cell, http://www.patentstorm.us/inventors/Paul_A__LaBerge-972279.html

Search Patents Home Browse by Inventor Browse by Date Resources Browse Inventor by Letter: A B C D ... Z Search Inventor by Name: Inventor Paul A. LaBerge Address: Shoreview, MN No. of patents: 38 Last patent issue date: 2005-05-24 Patent No. Patent Title Issue Date 6898648 Memory bus polarity indicator system and method for reducing the affects of... A method and system transfer read data from a memory device having a data bus and a data masking pin adapted to receive a masking signal during write operations of the memory device. The method includes placing a sequence of read data words on the data bus and applying a data bus inversion... 6880094 Cas latency select utilizing multilevel signaling A method of selecting CAS latencies in a system. Specifically, a system which includes a plurality of memory modules is provided. Because different memory modules may have different CAS latencies, multilevel signaling is used to standardize the CAS latencies throughout the system. A static pin is... 6851032 Latency reduction using negative clock edge and read flags A method of selecting CAS latencies in a system. Specifically, a system which includes a plurality of memory devices and a memory controller is provided. Because different memory devices may have different CAS latencies, a system CAS latency is selected wherein the system CAS latency is the... 6804750 Technique for reducing memory latency during a memory request A technique for reducing the latency associated with a memory read request. A bypass path is provided to direct the address of a corresponding request to a memory controller. The memory controller initiates a speculative read request to the corresponding address location. In the meantime, the...

77. Autodeskpress.com exercises appear onscreen while Autodesk Inventor™ is running to speed Author bios Daniel T. Banach earned his BS in Industrial Technology from the http://www.autodeskpress.com/inventor_source/index.aspx

Home Press Room About Us Contact Us ... CADCampus (students) Autodesk Student Version Software WebTUTOR Tech Support e.resources Sample Chapters ... and special offers! The Authorized Autodesk Inventor Resource! Autodesk Inventor 6: Essentials Daniel Banach, Travis Jones, Alan Kalameja Available Now Call Bob Camarota at 800-998-7498 ext. 2563 From basic sketching and modeling through advanced modeling techniques, Autodesk Inventor 6: Essentials is a “must” for students, mechanical engineers, and others who want to learn how to take maximum advantage of this powerful design tool. Chock full of examples and exercises written to Release 6 of the software, each chapter reinforces skills gained in previous chapters while introducing new functionality. Ideal for self-paced learning or for use in group-based instruction, this comprehensive how-to and reference manual also contains time saving project files on the back-of-book CD-ROM for completing exercises plus chapter-end review questions to underscore key points. exercises appear on-screen while Autodesk Inventor™ is running to speed learning and help readers optimize mission-critical features and functions step-by-step tutorials showcase practical skills, making it easy for users to apply professional techniques to their own projects

78. Personnel Bios - About Us - CAD - The CADD Productivity Specialists (Fairfield, Personnel bios for Advanced Micro Systems, Inc. both phone and onsitetechnical support of Autodesk products from AutoCAD to Autodesk Inventor. http://www.amsystems.com/about/personnel.asp

About Us Mission Statement Personnel Bios News ... CONTACT US Personnel Bios Dan Lorenz - Associate Technical Director Harry Morgan - Sr. Mechanical CAD Sales Consultant Ron Wilkins - Sr. Applications Engineer Andrew Madden - Sr. Applications Engineer ... Jeremy Owen - Marketing and Web Consultant Dan Lorenz Associate Technical Director As the Technical Director, Mr. Lorenz is responsible for managing all technical activities at AMS. One such area of activity is in the focus and direction of industry technical expertise for the AMS team. This means keeping up-to-date on industry trends and design and development opportunities that the AMS team can use to increase their level of experience and bring cutting-edge solutions to AMS clients. Mr. Lorenz also continues to play a large role in supporting AMS clients in several areas from providing general AutoCAD support to developing advanced web-driven CADD solutions. In addition, he is an expert in consulting, implementing, and customizing CYCO Engineering Document Management (EDM) solutions for the many existing AMS EDM clients. His greatest technical strengths are his problem-solving methodology and his creativity. Both lend themselves to Mr. Lorenz providing experienced, professional CADD Productivity consulting and solutions to AMS clients. Harry Morgan

79. Committee Bios Committee bios. Read on for more information about some of Canfei Nesharim s steering He is also the inventor of the Shanaton and associated products. http://canfeinesharim.org/bios.shtml

Home About Us Getting Involved Calendar of Events ... Science Advisory Board For Schools For Shuls Resources Tu b'Shvat Learning Links Contact Us Canfei Nesharim Committee Bios Read on for more information about some of Canfei Nesharim's steering committee members. Click here to meet the members of our committees! Executive Committee Halacha Committee Education and Curriculum Committee Science and Action Committee Administrative/Publicity Committee Executive Committee Evonne Marzouk Ora Sheinson Atara Weisberger Shai Spetgang ... Lisa Beltz Evonne Marzouk, Executive Director Evonne launched and currently leads the "Green Group" at Kesher Israel Congregation in Washington, DC, where she lives with her husband, Jerry Marzouk. As part of her work with Kesher Israel, she has coordinated Torah learning sessions, camping Shabbatons, Tu b'Shevat seders, fundraisers, and activities to reduce the environmental impact of the shul. She has served on the executive board of Shomrei Adamah, the local Jewish environmental group in Washington, DC, where she acted as an advocate for engaging the Orthodox community in environmental protection. She has given presentations at the Institute for the Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life on how to engage the Jewish community, and the Orthodox community specifically, in environmental concerns. She has also given numerous speeches and presentations on the importance of protecting the environment from a Torah perspective. In 2003, she received an "Unsung Hero Award" from EPA for her work with Canfei Nesharim.

80. Morgan And Finnegan Articles About M F Practice Groups bios News Articles The “on sale” bar forcesthe inventor to choose between seeking patent protection promptly http://www.morganfinnegan.com/articles/supreme120798.html

On Intellectual Property THE SUPREME COURT DECIDES WHEN THE CLOCK STARTS TICKING FOR AN ON-SALE BAR By Tony V. Pezzano Introduction The recent Supreme Court decision in Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.,1 which addressed the issue of an on-sale bar under 35 U.S.C. § 102(b) of the Patent Act, is grounded in long-standing policy and precedent evolving from as early as The Telephone Cases2 upholding the Alexander Graham Bell patent in 1888. The Court resolved once and for all the question whether an invention can be “on sale” within the meaning of Section 102(b) if it had not been actually reduced to practice. Section 102(b) provides that a patent cannot be obtained if “the invention was . . . on sale in this country” more than one year before the application for the patent was filed. This “on sale bar” to patentability is frequently raised as a defense in patent litigation. If an accused infringer can prove that the patentee placed “the invention” “on sale” more than one year before the filing of the patent application, the patent is invalid. In its November 10, 1998 decision in Pfaff, the Supreme Court unanimously held that an invention need not be “reduced to practice” to activate the on-sale bar. In other words, the Court held that an invention can be “on sale” within the meaning of Section 102(b) even though a working, physical embodiment of the invention had not been made. A decade earlier, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit had abandoned the reduction to practice requirement,3 beginning a decline into a morass of confusion over the standard of development that an invention was required to meet to trigger the one-year limitation on patentability. 4,5

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