81. History Of South America The many varied indigenous tribes of south america enjoyed their own cultures indigenous People Facts from the History Channel. Latin america and the http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/history/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Travel South America for Visitors History Travel Go South America Essentials Plan Your Trip ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the South America for Visitors newsletter! See Online Courses Search South America for Visitors History of South America Enhance your knowledge of South America to enrich your travels with these resources about the historical background and current issues. Alphabetical Recent South American Wars Brief background and summaries of the wars occuring on the South American continent, from the wars of independence to the Ecuador-Peru conflict of 1995. History and Traditions of South America The many varied indigenous tribes of South America enjoyed their own cultures for years before the arrival of Europeans and subsequent immigrations. Here you'll find a sampling of the many books written about the history and traditions of South America. Jesuit Missions of South America The Jesuit Missions in South America began in Brazil, then spread to what is now Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay, with one in Uruguay. They are all on the tourist mission circuit, and a worthwhile visit to learn about Spanish and Portuguese colonial history.

82. Native American: Definition And Much More From Answers.com Native American n. A member of any of the indigenous peoples of the Western The general pattern of existence of these Algonquian peoples and their http://www.answers.com/topic/native-american

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Food Games ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Science Recipes WordNet Wikipedia Best of Web Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Native American Dictionary Native American n. A member of any of the indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere. The ancestors of the Native Americans are generally considered by scientists to have entered the Americas from Asia by way of the Bering Strait sometime during the late glacial epoch. Native American adj. USAGE NOTE Many Americans have come to prefer Native American over Indian both as a term of respect and as a corrective to the famous misnomer bestowed on the peoples of the Americas by a geographically befuddled Columbus. There are solid arguments for this preference. Native American eliminates any confusion between indigenous American peoples and the inhabitants of India, making it the clear choice in many official contexts. It is also historically accurate, despite the insistence by some that Indians are no more native to America than anyone else since their ancestors are assumed to have migrated here from Asia. But one sense of native is “being a member of the original inhabitants of a particular place,” and Native Americans' claim to being the original inhabitants of the Americas is unchallenged.•Accuracy and precision aside, however, the choice between these two terms is often made as a matter of principle. For many

83. Indigenous People In South America | A Political Awakening | Economist.com indigenous people in south america A political awakening. Feb 19th 2004 COTACACHI, The World Bank reports on the indigenous people of Latin america. http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=2446861

84. FORE: Religion-Indigenous Traditions-Introduction Selfdetermination by indigenous peoples, in which they have a voice in determining and Narrative in the south American Rain Forest (Berkeley, Calif. http://environment.harvard.edu/religion/religion/indigenous/

Machine translation powered by Systran Forum on Religion and Ecology Information Religion ... Islam Introduction to Indigenous Traditions Indigenous Traditions and Ecology John A. Grim Bucknell University From the perspective of political economy, the cultural characteristics of indigenous life which most directly relate to ecology are currently the most marginalized. That is, indigenous peoples are often the target of external economic domination by multinational businesses which seek to exploit indigenous homelands often with the help of the nation-state in which indigenous peoples reside. These issues of diversity and economic exploitation are central to any discussion of indigenous traditions and ecology as many of the indigenous peoples, their cosmologies, and ritual practices discussed below are actually in danger of being extinguished by absorption into mainstream societies and by destruction of indigenous homelands through resource extraction. Orientation Themes Themes which provide orientation for understanding the relations between indigenous religions and ecology are kinship, spatial and biographical relations with place, traditional environmental knowledge, and cosmology.

85. Oxfam America: Indigenous Rights In South America indigenous RIGHTS IN south america. Groups excluded from full enjoyment of based on their identity—whether indigenous people or minorities—deserve a http://www.oxfamamerica.org/whatwedo/issues_we_work_on/minority_rights/backgroun

Home Issues We Work on Minority Rights Background ... Slavery in the US Indigenous Rights in South America INDIGENOUS RIGHTS IN SOUTH AMERICA Groups excluded from full enjoyment of their rights based on their identity—whether indigenous people or minorities—deserve a chance to make their voices heard by policy makers. In 1996, in western Ecuador's lowland Amazon region, Shuar and Achuar indigenous people were informed that the government had granted concession of 200,000 hectares (494,000 acres) of environmentally fragile rain forest and farm land to ARCO for oil exploration and possible drilling. Oxfam partner FIPSE (Federacion Independiente del Pueblos Shuar del Ecuador, or the Independent Federation of the Shuar People of Ecuador) asked for legal training to understand the nature of the oil industry and to learn about the potential environmental impact of such activity. FIPSE members attended a series of workshops staged by the Center for Economic and Social Rights in order to analyze the potential benefits and risks of oil production on their lands, as well as what rights they have to defend their territories. They also learned about their rights to control activities on their ancestral lands, despite the government’s right to the sub-surface oil resources. FIPSE took ARCO to court to halt its negotiations with individual families and communities. The company offered sacks of rice and transport in its small plane to individuals and families in order to secure their support for oil operations in Shuar territory. These small gifts were leading to ad-hoc agreements and compensation amounts as low as $3,000 per community. FIPSE asked the courts to require the company to deal exclusively with FIPSE's General Assembly in its negotiations, and won.

86. Oxfam America: Luis Macas: Unifying The Indigenous Movement In Ecuador Where We Work south america News Publications Luis Macas Macas isassuming power of CONAIE at a time when the indigenous people need him to http://www.oxfamamerica.org/whatwedo/where_we_work/south_america/news_publicatio

Home Where We Work South America Luis Macas ... Local Partners Luis Macas: Unifying the Indigenous Movement in Ecuador by Elisa Maturana New leader of Ecuador’s largest indigenous organization to focus on its social role: consolidation of territory, human rights, and education. Indigenous people were not taken into account when the state was constructed in Ecuador around 200 years ago. We did not participate in that process, and indigenous peoples continue to be excluded today. There could be a way out, however. We need to begin building a society in which we can grow by sharing culture and knowledge in a context of rights, in which indigenous peoples can contribute to a harmonious society. The proposal for intercultural dialogue and the construction of a plurinational state does not mean creating a lot of small micro-states or dividing the state into small pieces, but recognizing diversity and that all cultures have a role in society. In this search for more just societies that recognize all cultures, the indigenous movement has made demands and protested, actions that have been perceived by some sectors as destabilizing democracy. How do you respond to this perception? What is your reading on the indigenous movement in the region and in Ecuador today?

87. No Aerial Spraying, Colombia S Indigenous People Plead PUERTO ASIS, Colombia The Organization of indigenous peoples of the of theOmbudsman of the People (Defensoría del Pueblo), the attorney general, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0722-05.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Headlines Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Monday, July 22, 2002 by Environment News Service No Aerial Spraying, Colombia's Indigenous People Plead PUERTO ASIS, Colombia - The Organization of Indigenous Peoples of the Putumayo Zone (OZIP) and the 128 Indigenous Governing Councils in the Department of Putumayo have issued a plea to the government of Colombia and the international community not to spray their lands with herbicide intended to kill illegal coca plants. Also See: U.S. Law Imperils Colombia Coca Spraying NY Times 7/11/02 US Pressures Colombia to Resume Drug Crop Spraying BBC 8/7/01 Bogota Judge Suspends Fumigation of Coca Fields in Southern Colombia AFP 7/28/01 Colombian Governors Demand Halt to Coca Fumigations Inter Press Service 7/17/01 Glyphosate Fact Sheet A Greenpeace Report 86 Demonstrate Against Fumigation in Colombia at Monsanto Headquarters in St. Louis; 6 Protesters Arrested School of the Americas Watch 6/25/01 U.S. May Be Wading into a Poisonous Quagmire

88. War On Terror Has Latin American Indigenous People In Its Sights Farther south in the Andes mountains, Mapuche organizations in southern Chile Maldós commented to IPS that Latin america s indigenous people are in the http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0606-03.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Headlines Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Monday, June 6, 2005 by Inter Press Service 'War on Terror' Has Latin American Indigenous People in Its Sights SANTIAGO, Chile - The ”war on terror”, identified in Amnesty International's annual report as a new source of human rights abuses, is threatening to expand to Latin America, targeting indigenous movements that are demanding autonomy and protesting free-market policies and ”neo-liberal” globalization. In the United States ”there is a perception of indigenous activists as destabilizing elements and terrorists,” and their demands and activism have begun to be cast in a criminal light, lawyer José Aylwin, with the Institute of Indigenous Studies at the University of the Border in Temuco (670 km south of the Chilean capital), told IPS. Pedro Cayuqueo, director of the Mapuche newspaper Azkintuwe, also from the city of Temuco, wrote that the growing indigenous activism in Latin America and Islamic radicalism are both depicted as threats to the security and hegemony of the United States in the ”Global Trends 2020 - Mapping the Global Future” study by the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC). NIC works with 13 government agencies, including the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), and is advised by experts from the United States and other countries. Cayuqueo described the report as ”a veritable x-ray” of potential ”counterinsurgency scenarios” from now to the year 2020.

89. Information On Native Americans: American Indian FAQ For Kids Most indigenous people in the US use american Indian, and most indigenous In fact, there are many more indigenous people in Central and south america http://www.native-languages.org/kidfaq.htm

Index of Native American Websites for Kids Submit an article More FAQ's American Indian FAQ for Kids (Information on Native Americans) FAQ Amérindien (French version) Hello, and welcome to Native Languages of the Americas! We are a non-profit organization working to preserve and promote American Indian languages, particularly through the use of Internet technology. Because of our website's mission, most of the information we provide is about individual tribes. There are many different Indian tribes and nations, and they all have unique cultures and traditions. On this page we have provided the answers to questions about Native Americans in general that we are frequently asked by younger readers. If you have a question that is not addressed on this page, please email it to us and we may add the answer to this page! Frequently Asked Questions about American Indians What is the difference between "American Indian," "Native American," "First Nations," and "indigenous people"? Which one should I use? Are Inuit/Eskimos Native American? What about Hawaiians? What about the Metis? What was Native American culture like in the past? What is it like now? ... What tribes are you from? Q : What is the difference between "American Indian," "Native American," "First Nations," and "indigenous people"? Which one should I use?

90. Brazil Indians - Brazilink information on indigenous people in Brazil. Center for World indigenousStudies US organization page on Central and south america (articles, http://www.brazilink.org/brazilianindigenous.asp

Politics Economy Environment Society ... International NGOs Brazil Indigenous People September 2005 For Brazil, Brazilian, indigenous people, Indians, aboriginal, tribes, rights, lands, self-determination, education, history, health, anthropology, law, inequality, equality, poverty, welfare, social exclusion, analysis, reports, research, publications, data, studies, surveys, statistics. Edited by E-Library Indigenous People News Hot Links Suggest a Link International Sources Academia NGOs ... Rural Issues E-Library New In pictures: Amazon Festival for the Dead , BBC News, 27 September 2005 Foreigners in Our Own Country: Indigenous Peoples in Brazil , Report, Amnesty International, 30 March 2005 Indigenous knowledge and rights must be protected , SciDev.Net (LAPress), 12 July 2004

91. Binghamton Univ. Libraries: Anthropology: Native/Indigenous Peoples Includes primary texts and information about indigenous peoples struggles. Earth s indigenous peoples. Pueblo Indio Focus on south American culture. http://library.lib.binghamton.edu/subjects/anthro/native.html

Home metaLINK infoLINK Subjects ... Hours Anthropology: Native/Indigenous Peoples Techniques for Evaluating American Indian Web Sites by Elaine M. Cubbins Very thoughtful guidelines for determining authenticity of American Indian web sites. Abya Yala Net (NativeWeb) Indigenous people's project to provide documents and information about native peoples in South and Meso America. Aboriginal Studies (WWW Virtual Library) Center for World Indigenous Studies Advances cooperation and consent between nations. Circumpolar Peoples (WWW Virtual Library) Broad range of topics on circumpolar peoples across over time. Ethnic Newswatch (1985-present) (Full Text) Includes full-text articles from current native peoples news publications such as Navajo Times, Lakota Times, Seminole Tribune, Fort Apache Scout, Ojibwe Akiing, and more. Fourth World Documentation Project (Center for World Indigenous Studies) Includes primary texts and information about Indigenous peoples' struggles. Hopi Cultural Preservation Office Current Issues includes Intellectual Property Rights and Respect for Hopi Knowledge. Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB) The ICPB is organized to assist indigenous peoples in the protection of their genetic resources, indigenous knowledge, cultural and human rights from the negative effects of biotechnology.

92. October 23, 1998 indigenous people in Cordoba will no leave their lands despite threats from COLOMBIA, south america FAX (571) 336-0011 or 352-0066 ext. 12504 http://colhrnet.igc.org/urgentaction/799indcordoba.htm

Indigenous people in Cordoba will no leave their lands despite threats from paramilitaries Published in El Colombiano, July 18, 1999 The indigenous community of Zorando, located in the Rio Verde basin, in the municipality of Saisa Alto Sinu, Cordoba, denounced that a group of paramilitaries (Autodefensas), threatening extermination, ordered the eviction of indigenous peoples living in those territories. The accusation pointed out that "the deadline for removal is July 18, after which the Autodefensas will not guarantee the safety of those remaining there." "We do not understand why we have to leave our territory given that we are not part of the armed conflict," said the statement with grave concern. According to indigenous spokespersons, this eviction threat adds to the serious violent incidents registered in the area during recent days: the murder of two drivers and the takeover of Saisa. This takeover resulted in eight peasants dead, fifteen houses destroyed, and two wounded Embera indians "who are not involved in the armed conflict." In this regard, the indigenous spokespersons indicated that one of the wounded, Rubén Mosquera Pernía, dissapeared when he was taken to the hospital in Monteria in an ambulance. Facing these threats, the community of Zorando del Alto Sinú, inhabited by 83 indigenous people, declared that they will not abandone their territory, "our Mother Earth," and issued a call to all human rights NGOs to help "guarantee the safety of our people and to bear witness to this difficult situation."

93. CIA - The World Factbook -- Venezuela on major sea and air routes linking North and south america; Angel Falls in the Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ve.html

Select a Country or Location World Afghanistan Akrotiri Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Arctic Ocean Argentina Armenia Aruba Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Baker Island Bangladesh Barbados Bassas da India Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dhekelia Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europa Island Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon Gambia, The

94. People In Nature; Wildlife Conservation In South And Central America; Edited By The worldview of the region’s indigenous peoples, which does not separate People in Nature highlights south and Central American approaches to wildlife http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/catalog/data/023112/0231127820.HTM

Order Info F.A.Q. Help Advanced ... BUY ONLINE January, 2005 cloth 464 pages 58 line drawings, 2 halftones, 3 color figs, 73 tables ISBN: Columbia University Press January, 2005 paper 464 pages 58 line drawings, 2 halftones, 3 color figs, 73 tables ISBN: Columbia University Press New Book Bulletins People in Nature Wildlife Conservation in South and Central America Edited by Kirsten M. Silvius, Richard E. Bodmer, and José M. V. Fragoso People in Nature compiles a wealth of information...The Book provides valuable advice for resource planner and managers." Biology Digest "In this book biologists and conservationists will discover potential management solutions to wildlife conservation in North America. It belongs in all working wildlife and conservation biology libraries... Recommended." Choice The most extensive, undisturbed tropical forests and wetlands on our planet are located in South and Central America. The persistence of intact ecosystems in South America, and to a lesser degree in Central America, is the result of the region’s unique mixture of human cultures and of its inhabitants'continued reliance on wild plants and animals for subsistence and economic use. The worldview of the region’s indigenous peoples, which does not separate humans and nature, has fused with the worldviews of African, European, and East Indian immigrants to produce a new conservation "philosophy." Biologists and resource managers in the region have developed research and conservation tools that are both scientifically rigorous and uniquely adapted to make use of the biological, economic, and spiritual links between humans and nonhuman nature.

95. UC Davis General Catalog: NAS Courses American indigenous people s contributions to the contemporary world, Social,political, cultural movements of indigenous south Americans in response to http://registrar.ucdavis.edu/UCDWebCatalog02_04/programs/NAS/NAScourses.html

General Information The Program Requirements Courses PDF File Courses in Native American Studies (NAS) Lower Division Courses 1. Introduction to Native American Studies (4) 5. Introduction to Native American Literature (4) 10. Native American Experience (4) 32. Native American Music and Dance (4) 33. Native American Art in the U.S. (4) 34. Native American Art Workshop (4) 46. Orientation to Research in Native American Studies (4) 55. Americanisms: Native American Contributions to World Civilization (4) 99. Special Study for Undergraduates (1-5) Prerequisite: consent of instructor. (P/NP grading only.) Upper Division Courses 101. Contemporary Indian Art (4) 107. Special Topics in Native American Languages (4) 115. Native Americans in the Contemporary World (4) 116. Native American Traditional Governments (4) 117. Native American Governmental Decision Making (4) 118. Native American Politics (4) 120. Ethnopolitics of South American Indians (4) 122. Native American Community Development (4) 125. Performance and Culture Among Native Americans (4)

96. Joint Written Statement Submitted By The Europe-Third World Centre (CETIM) Threats over the fundamental rights of indigenous peoples in Columbia In thisSouth American country, 20 people die daily of whom 15 are unarmed persons http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.2003.NGO.174.En?Open

97. Taller De Historia Oral Andina DECLARATION OF THE indigenous PEOPLE OF QULLASUYU BOLIVIA ON THE PERMANENTFORUM FOR It is also considered important that a south American indigenous http://www.aymaranet.org/thoa7english.html

What is THOA Communication Oral History and Tradition Investigation ... Email DECLARATION OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF QULLASUYU - BOLIVIA ON THE PERMANENT FORUM FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS The indigenous organisations of Bolivia: Also present at this meeting are representatives from other South American organisations, including Carmen Yamberla (FICI - Ecuador), Jesusa Valdivia, Rumimaki Departmental Federation (Puno - Peru), Aucan Huilcaman, All Territories Council (Mapuche - Chile), Maria Teresa Huentequeo, Women´s Association (Mapuche - Chile) and Marcial Arias (FPCI - Panama). During the meeting we examined how the idea of the Permanent Forum had progressed since it was presented in the Global Conference on Human Rights in Vienna in 1993. We also shared information on the process of monitoring and participation which the indigenous representatives have undergone with the Permanent Forum. We were also informed of the resolution taken by the Human Rights Council, its ratification by the Economic and Social Council ECOSOC and its adoption by the United Nations' General Assembly. After having exchanged and analysed various points of view on the course the Permanent Forum is taking, the participating organisations identified their lack of participation in its progression. However, in response to this reflection we confirmed our resolve to participate in the process of making eligible indigenous representation as South America proposes and from this moment forth we will take an active role in the development of the Permanent Forum's activities.

98. "The People's Paths!" North American Indian & Indigenous People! North American Indian Forums ~ general Discussion and Genealogy North AmericanIndian indigenous People s News ; NAIIP Articles http://www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net/paths.html

NLThomas There is now a second URL for the People's Paths the original Cherokee version http://www.YvwiiUsdinvnohii.net/mainindex.html An English version http://www.thePeoplesPaths.net/mainindex.html "the People's Paths!" "When we walk upon Mother Earth, we always plant our feet carefully because we know the faces of our future generations are looking up at us from beneath the ground. We never forget them." -Oren Lyons, Onondaga Nation Have You Seen This Person!?! Please take a moment to see if you could be a link in finding a loved one! Wolakota Statement from Chief Arvol Looking Horse June 21st, 2002 Phoenix, South Africa A Spiritual Message to America From the Nation's Native Elders "Letter to the World" From Grandfather William Commando [Keeper of the Sacred Wampum Belts of the Algonquin Nation.] Search ~*~ Find ~*~ Shop Search for the 'Friends of the Feather' Category "Give a gift of lasting knowledge and joy!" Visit the People's Paths Guestbook! "Let us and others know about your visit!" Visit 'the People's Paths NAIIP Message Forums' "Take part, meet and share with other People's Paths folks!"

99. LATIN AMERICA: 'War On Terror' Has Indigenous People In Its Sights LATIN america War on Terror Has indigenous People in Its Sights The reportersaid the emergence of increasingly organised indigenous movements and http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=28960

100. NATIVE AMERICAN SPIRITUALITY Religious traditions of aboriginal peoples around the world tend to be heavily south End Press, (1988). You can order this book; Native American Sites http://www.religioustolerance.org/nataspir.htm

NATIVE AMERICAN SPIRITUALITY Click below to visit our sponsors. Quotations: " The culture, values and traditions of native people amount to more than crafts and carvings. Their respect for the wisdom of their elders, their concept of family responsibilities extending beyond the nuclear family to embrace a whole village, their respect for the environment, their willingness to share - all of these values persist within their own culture even though they have been under unremitting pressure to abandon them. " Mr. Justice Thomas Berger, Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, (aka the Berger Inquiry). " Rather than going to church, I attend a sweat lodge; rather than accepting bread and toast [sic] from the Holy Priest, I smoke a ceremonial pipe to come into Communion with the Great Spirit; and rather than kneeling with my hands placed together in prayer, I let sweetgrass be feathered over my entire being for spiritual cleansing and allow the smoke to carry my prayers into the heavens. I am a Mi'kmaq, and this is how we pray. " Noah Augustine, from his article "

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